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专题 43 议论类完形填空关键词：完形填空,议论类,理解,语境,逻辑推理难度系数：推荐指数：【基础回顾】考点归纳： 议论文是高考完形填空中较难的一种文体，一般由三个要素组成：论点、论据、结论。要做好议论文类的完形填空最重要的是抓住作者的论点。不同的议论文论点的提出方式往往不同，大体有以下三种情况：（1）开门见山地提出论点。有些议论文在文章的一开始就提出论点。然后再通过具体的论据去说明论点，论据有时候既有正面的论据，也有反面的论据，最后总结全文。（2）导入式提出论点。有些议论文会先通过叙述生活中的一件具体的事情或描述生活中的现象，然后根据事情或现象所反映的问题提出自己的论点，再用具体的论据去说明自己的论点。（3）最后提出论点。有些议论文一开始作者仅仅是列举生活中的现象，而不表明自己的观点，而是通过对具体现象的分析，自然得出一种结论，这种结论往往就是作者的论点。对于纯议论形式的完形填空，要在掌握全文主旨的情况下，抓好每段的首句。抓住了每段的主旨句也就是把握了文章的脉络，理解文意就容易了。 基础必读：完形填空技巧之词汇复现词汇复现包括原词复现、同义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现以及结构复现等。完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义、相互照应等现象。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。一、原词或同根词复现原词或同根词复现是指相同的单词或同根词在原文中反复出现，达到衔接文章的目的。2015陕西卷 (节选) Dad had a green comb.He bought it when he married Mum.Every night，he would hand me his _26_and say, “Good girl, help Daddy clean it, OK？”26. A. bagB. walletC. comb D. brush二、同义词或近义词复现同义词或近义词复现是指意义相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。在做完形填空试题时，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，从而也就找到了试题的答案。这也包括了同源词复现，即相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。2015陕西卷 (节选)I was_27_to do it.At age five，this dull task brought me such_28_I would excitedly turn the tap_29_and brush the comb carefully.Satisfied that Id done a good job，I would happily return the comb to Dad. He would_30_ affectionately at me and place the comb on his wallet.27. A. annoyed B. relievedC. ashamed D. pleased28. A. joy B. sadness C. courage D. pain29. A. out B. overC. in D. on30. A. stare B. Smile C. shout D. laugh 解析27. Dannoyed恼怒的；relieved感到宽慰的，放心的；ashamed惭愧的；pleased高兴的。根据后文中的excitedly可以推断出此处所填词的意思是“高兴的”，故选D。28. Ajoy高兴；sadness悲伤；courage勇气；pain痛苦。根据后文中的修饰词excitedly，carefully，satisfied等可以推断出作者对此任务很有兴趣，故选A。29. D根据前文中的clean和后文中的brush可知，动词短语的意思是“打开”，介词用on。turn the tap on意思是“打开水龙头”。故选D。30. B stare at sb盯着某人看；smile at sb对某人微笑；shout at sb向某人大喊大叫；laugh at sb嘲笑某人。根据修饰词affectionately可知爸爸对“我”的表现很满意，所以他应该是对“我”微笑，故选B。【点评】文中的excitedly和pleased是同义复现。本段中的总体脉络：从excitedly， Satisfied，happily，affectionately可以看出是高兴，快乐的主题。反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。我们可以利用这一衔接手段在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。 2013浙江卷 (节选)I love how people can seem so different, but end up being so_Agenerous BindependentCsimilar Ddistant解析 C从前文的different知，虽然人们看起来是多么不同，但最终却又如此相似(similar)，故选C项。此处different与similar是一对反义词。四、结构复现有时空格处的信息并不局限于与前一句中某个信息点的重复，可能是与前几句中的某个信息点的重复，也不局限于同词复现或同义复现，甚至连句式结构都非常类似。Many people now think that teachers give pupils too much homework. They say that it is _1_ for children to work at home in their free time. _2_， they argue that most teachers do not _3_ plan the homework tasks they give to pupils.1A.unnecessary BuninterestingCunfortunate Dunimportant2A.Nevertheless BhoweverCTherefore DMoreover3A.considerably BfavourablyCproperly Dpleasantly【技能方法】完形填空题要求考生具备的能力之一就是“正确的阅读理解能力”，同时，还要具备扎实的语法、词汇和文化知识的综合积淀，是一种全面考查考生语言运用能力的题型。做完形填空应该从以下几个方面入手：一、利用首句信息，扑捉文章大意。完形填空题的首句是全文的关键句，或者称为主导句，它是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对理解全文有着重要的启示作用因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索，展开对文章发展的预测。二、利用逻辑推理，确定语段关系。逻辑推理是通过逻辑连词来实现的，逻辑连词是构成语篇的纽带，考生在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑连词，深刻体会句段之间的理解关系。常用的逻辑连词主要有：（1）词（包括连词、副词和少数介词），如and, but, or, because, though, however, yet, therefore, otherwise, despite等；（2）短语，如in other words, or rather, in addition, as a result, so that, on the contrary, instead of等；（3）分句和独立结构，如that is to say, what is more, all things considered等。三、利用词汇复现，寻找解题线索。语篇复现的信息包括原词复现、同义词和反义词复现、上义词和下义词复现、概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。因此，利用上下文寻找解题信息，确定正确答案。四、利用上下文意，甄别词语差异。 高考完形填空选项的设置一般均属于同一词类，有的甚至在意义上也非常接近。为了顺利解答此类问题，考生在平时记忆单词时，要在例句中把握其用法并能在考试中结合语境，比较四个选项的细微差别，推敲什么是最佳答案。五、利用语法分析，破解句子结构。对语法、词法等基础知识的考查也是完形填空题的命题角度之一。对于这种题，要针对地对语法结构、句式特点、对短文中所设空格中需填的词在句子里作什么成份、哪类词适合、应采取什么形式等等进行必要的分析思考，从而迅速解决问题。比如，选用动词就要考虑各种时态、语态、语气、主谓搭配以及其如何与其他词类使用等一系列问题。六、利用文化常识，轻松选定答案。当对语言的把握不很准确时，可充分利用自己已掌握的文化背景和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，先找出并理解文章主题和主线，并根据主题猜测细节，注意从重复出现的词语中寻找、体会文章表达的氛围。这样将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路轻松解题。【基础达标】【河南省南阳市第一中学2017届高三上学期第一次月考】完形填空I guess a boss must be pleased to hear that his employees are sorry to hear hes leaving and that they respected him and appreciated the job hed done. Cards and emails are great, but maybe its just 1 heartwarming to know that kind words are being said 2 “behind your back” .I like to do the 3 for my students. Of course I give them my own compliments, but I love to let them know when other adults have 4 their good behavior and attitudes. I want them to know that we arent spending our lunch and meeting times 5 about them all the time! I want them to know that we often express our 6 in working with this 7 group of kids, and I want them to know why!I 8 myself when someone finds how my teenage grandchildren are turning into such fine young people. Then its absolutely 9 to let them know it too! I want them to know that people notice them, and that it 10 when what they notice is good and praiseworthy.Ive known, from the other side, how much this can 11 . I often lack confidence in my own abilities as a teacher, so it gave me quite a 12 when a friend who works with families in the community 13 that he has heard several times from parents how glad they are to have their kids in my class. It just feels more important 14 to have the words said by people who dont know Ill ever hear when they can be 15 honest. Great to hear it and great to 16 !Sure, its pleasant when we can say nice things about other people. It feels good! And I think its a 17 compliment for people to know of the times when others are saying nice things even 18 ear shot.Watch for your next opportunity to be the 19 ! Make sure to tell them about the nice things being said behind their backs! Because how will they know 20 we tell them.1.A. tooB. quiteC. extraD. rather2.A. even B. alreadyC. slightlyD. ever3.A. rest B. sameC. exampleD. job4.A. picked B. recognizedC. receivedD. noticed5.A. chattingB. complainingC. blamingD. arguing6.A. pleasureB. interestC. difficultyD. hope7.A. important B. particularC. excellentD. active8.A. understand B. thankC. showD. distinguish9.A. worthyB. rightC. necessaryD. great10.A. considers B. mattersC. mindsD. depends11.A. mean B. playC. markD. perform12.A. evidence B. giftC. liftD. answer13.A. delivered B. referredC. announcedD. mentioned14.A. somehow B. stillC. otherwiseD. therefore15.A. properly B. partlyC. totallyD. obviously16.A. remember B. appreciateC. enjoyD. share17.A. relativeB. comparableC. specialD. complete18.A. because of B. out ofC. withinD. without19.A. reminder B. reporterC. readerD. carrier20.A. thoughB. onceC. ifD. unless【解析】试题分析：作者通过自己的亲身经历告诉我们别人夸奖的重要意义，会让我们变得更好更出色，即使有时不是自己亲耳听到的。3.B考查代词。A. rest其余的，剩下的；B. same同样的事物；C. example例子，榜样；D. job工作。我也喜欢做同样的事，the same“同样的”，故选B.4.D考查动词。A. picked挑选；B. recognized识别，认出；C. received接收；D. noticed注意。我也给学生们我的夸奖但我愿意让他们知道其他成年人也注意到了他们好的行为和态度，下文反复提到对孩子多加注意发现亮点，故选D.5.B考查动词。A. chatting聊天，闲谈；B. complaining抱怨；C. blaming责备；D. arguing争论。我想让他们知道我们不会花费午饭和他们见面时间一直抱怨，此处指不能见到孩子就抱怨，根据常识选B.6.A考查名词。A. pleasure快乐；B. interest兴趣，爱好；C. difficulty困难；D. hope希望。我想让他们知道我们总是表达和他们在一起的快乐，指愿意和他们在一起，故选A.7.B考查形容词。A. important重要的；B. particular特别的，独有的；C. excellent极好的，杰出的；D. active积极的，活跃的。此处指在我眼里这些孩子都是特殊的，独有的。故选B.8 .D考查动词。A. understand理解；B. thank感谢；C. show显示，展示；D. distinguish使突出。当别人发现我把孩子们教育地很好时，我显得很突出。此处指我的教育效果很好，故选D.9.C考查形容词。A. worthy值得的；B. right正确的；C. necessary必要的；D. great伟大的。我认为让孩子们也知道是完全必要的，让孩子们也有成就感。故选C.10.B考查名词。A. considers考虑；B. matters要紧，有关系；C. minds介意；D. depends依靠。当他们被关注的结果是好的或值得表扬时关系对他们是很大的。此处指称赞的正能量作用，故选B.11.A考查动词。A. mean意味，想要；B. play游戏，玩耍；C. mark标志，做记号；D. perform执行，完成。此处指我知道从别的方面这意味着什么，有多么大的意义，故选A.12.C考查名词。A. evidence证据；B. gift礼物；C. lift搭手；D. answer回答，答案。作为老师我对我的能力缺乏信心，所以看到孩子们的优点确实给了我很多帮助，此处指帮助了我，故选C.13.D考查动词。A. delivered递送；B. referred参考，涉及；C. announced宣布；D. mentioned提及，提到。此处指朋友提到家长们因为孩子在我的班高兴的事，故选D.14. A考查副词。A. somehow以某种方法，莫名其妙地；B. still仍旧；C. otherwise否则；D. therefore因此。以某种方式听到不认识的人说这些话感到更重要，此处指通过朋友转述听到信息，故选A.15.C考查副词。A. properly适当地；B. partly部分地；C. totally完全地；D. obviously明显地。因为他们并不认识我也不会想到我会听到这些话，这证明他们非常诚实，故选C.16.D考查动词。A. remember记得；B. appreciate欣赏，感激；C. enjoy享受；D. share分享。此处指我很高兴听到这些话很高兴分享这些快乐，故选D.17.C考查形容词。A. relative相对的；B. comparable可比较的，比得上的；C. special特别的；D. complete完全的。人们知道别人在说他们的好话这是特别的称赞，这是别人对自己的认可，故选C.18.B考查介词短语。A. because of因为；B. out of在外；C. within在之内；D. without没有。此处指即使在听觉所及范围外听到别人夸自己，指前面别人的转述,不是亲耳听到的，故选B.考点：考查社会生活类短文阅读。【能力提升】 【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2017届高三9月月考】完形填空As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常规) basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this 1 at work in people of all 2 . For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about 3 with their new toys. But their 4 soon wears off and by January those 5 toys can be found put away in the basement. The world is full of 6 stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument(纪念碑) to someones 7 interest. When parents bring home a pet, their child 8 bathes it and brushes its fur. Within a short time, however, the 9 of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents. Adolescents(青少年) enter high school with great 10 but are soon looking forward to 11 . The same is true of the young adults going to college. And then, how many 12 , who now complain about the long drives to work, 13 drove for hours at a time when they first 14 their drivers licenses? Before people retire, they usually 15 to do a lot of 16 things, which they never had 17 to do while working. But 18 after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes(消遣) become as boring as the jobs they 19 . And, like the child in January, they go searching for new 20 .1.A. principle B. habit C. wayD. power2.A. parties B. racesC. countriesD. ages3.A. working B. livingC. playingD. going4.A. confidence B. interestC. anxietyD. sorrow5.A. same B. extraC. funnyD. expensive6.A. well-organized B. colorfully-printedC. half-filled D. newly-collected7.A. broad B. passingC. different D. main8.A. silentlyB. impatientlyC. worriedlyD. gladly9.A. promise B. burdenC. rightD. game10.A. courageB. calmnessC. confusion D. excitement11.A. graduation B. independenceC. responsibilityD. success12.A. childrenB. studentsC. adultsD. retirees.Com13.A. carefully B. eagerlyC. nervouslyD. bravely14.A. requiredB. gained C. noticedD. discovered15.A. need B. learnC. planD. start16.A. great B. strangeC. difficultD. correct17.A. time B. moneyC. skillsD. knowledge18.A. only B. wellC. evenD. soon19.A. lostB. choseC. leftD. began20.A. pets B. toys C. friendsD. Colleagues2.D考查名词。A. parties聚会；B. races比赛； C. countries国家；D. ages年龄。后面详细描述了不同年龄的人的情况，因此可知本句话的意思是：其实，我们在不同年龄的人在工作时都会看出这一点。故选D.3.C考查动词。A. working工作；B. living生活；C. playing玩；D. going去。此处指在圣诞节的早晨，孩子们兴奋地玩他们的新玩具。故选C.4.B考查名词。A. confidence信心.；B. interest 兴趣；C. anxiety焦虑；D. sorrow痛苦。根据语境可知，但是孩子们对这些玩具的兴趣很快就越来越少了。故选B.5.A考查形容词。A. same相同的；B.extra额外的；C. funny有趣的；D. expensive昂贵的。到一月份可以发现同样的那些玩具就被放在了地下室里，说明还没持续几天兴趣就没了。故选A.6.C考查形容词。A. well-organized组织好的；B. colorfully-printed涂得五颜六色的； C. half-filled完成一半的；D. newly-collected新收集来的；。此处指这个世界充满了装了一半的集邮册和为完成的模型，这又是一个不能把兴趣保持下去的例子。故选C.7.B考查形容词。A. broad宽的；B. passing短暂的；C. different不同的；D. main主要的。此处指每一个都如一个立在那里的纪念碑来纪念某个人短暂的兴趣，passing短暂的，故选B.8.D考查副词。A. silently沉默地；B. impatiently不耐烦地；C. worriedly担心地；D. gladly高兴地。当父母带回家一只宠物，孩子高兴地给它洗澡、给它刷毛。小孩子对宠物很感兴趣，故选D.9.B考查名词。A. promise承诺；B. burden负担；C. right权利；D. game游戏。如果兴趣变成了每天必做的事孩子就坚持不下去了，很快照顾宠物的责任就由父母来承担了。指照顾宠物的负担，故选B.10.D考查名词。A. courage勇气；B. calmness镇静；C. confusion混淆；D. excitement兴奋。青少年进入高中时很激动。根据常识可知，一开始进入新环境人们应该是兴奋、激动的。故选D11.A考查名词。A. graduation毕业；B. independence独立；C. responsibility责任；D. success成功。但是有的人不能坚持，过不久就盼着毕业离开了。根据语境选A.14.B考查动词。A. required需要；B. gained获得；C. noticed注意；D. discovered发现。此处指他们首次获得驾照，故选B.15.C考查动词。A. need需要；B. learn学会；C. plan计划；D. start开始。在退休前人们经常计划着做很多的事，对未来生活的憧憬应该用plan更合适。故选C.16.A考查形容词。A. great伟大的；B. strange奇怪的；C. difficult困难的；D. correct正确的。结合前面的例子可知，自己以前没有做成的事，一开始总是觉得很伟大，很了不起。故选A.17.A考查名词。A. time时间；B. money金钱；C. skills技能；D. knowledge知识。这些事在工作期间没有时间去做，等到退休了再去做。此处指以前忙于工作而没有时间做，故选A.18.D考查副词。A. only仅仅；B. well好；C. even甚至；D. soon不久。但是退休后不久，打高尔夫、钓鱼、读书和所有其他的消遣方式都变得无聊了。此处指兴趣一旦变成每天必须做的事时，老人也一样难以坚持。故选D.考点：考查人生哲理类短文阅读。【终极闯关】As soon as I saw the cat in our yard, I knew he was a stray (流浪儿). He looked 1 a wounded warrior with a badly scarred body.I started putting out food for him each day, but he wouldnt come near me if other people were 2 . Winter came, and he still wouldnt 3 us. Then, one day, a car hit him so we took him to the vets. After a week, we were eager to bring him home to 4 our family. But when we went to take the cat home, the vet told us we should put him to 5 immediately because the cat was so fierce and mean that he would 6 become tame , let alone a pet. But I have always had 7 in loves power to 8 even the wildest beasts. I told the vet, “I want to take him home.” We 9 him Paws.Three days went by, and we only knew Paws was 10 the bed because when we walked past it we heard deep growling.I wanted to somehow let him know he was 11 and loved. So I put on a hard hat and a pair of welding gloves. I 12 under the bed toward Paws, with my face to the 13 and only the top of my head facing him. I 14 out to stroke (抚摩) him gently over and over again.He growled and tried to 15 and bite me. It was scarybut I knew he couldnt 16 me, so I just kept going. Slowly, he began to 17 . Then I slid out from under the bed and left the room.Several hours later, I noticed a cat on the bed. It was Pawsall 18 on the pillows! I couldnt believe it.That dear cat became the 19 of our household. Although Paws finally died of cancer, his legacy(遗赠)my 20 and firm belief in the power of love lives on.1. A. cuteB. strongC. fierceD. smart2.A. around B. in C. outD. away3.A. loveB. attackC. refuseD. trust4.A. pleaseB. joinC. seeD. satisfy5. A. deathB. sightC. observationD. sleep6.A. simplyB. hardlyC. easilyD. gradually7.A. senseB. interestC. faithD. feeling8.A. comfortB. convinceC. protectD. tame9.A. namedB. appointedC. acceptedD. made10.A. onB. besideC. underD. inside11.A. hopefulB. pitifulC. carefulD. safe12. A. hidB. slidC. shelteredD. slept13.A. bedB. skyC. floorD. feet14.A. turnedB. pickedC. pulledD. reached15.A. playB. scratch C. lickD. push16.A. hurtB. botherC. avoidD. betray17.A. get angryB. give upC. run awayD. calm down18.A. stepped outB. stood outC. stretched outD. stuck out19.A. hopeB. loveC. supportD. comfort20.A. normalB. nobleC. strangeD. continued2.A词义辨析。around在周围。如果周围有人，它就不会靠近我，也不会吃东西。故选A。3.D 动词辨析。A爱B攻击C拒绝D信任；冬天来了，它仍然不信任我。仍然和我保持距离。故选D。4.B动词辨析。A使高兴B加入C看见D使满意；我们想带它回家，加入我们的家庭。故选B。5.D上下文串联。A. death死；B. sight视力；C. observation观察；D. sleep睡眠。根据下文so fierce and mean可知兽医建议我们让他永远睡着（杀死它）。故选D。6.B上下文串联。考查副词。A. simply仅仅；B. hardly几乎不；C. easily容易地；D. gradually渐渐地。根据so fierce and mean可知它很凶猛，故说明它难以驯服。故B正确。7.C固定搭配。A. sense感觉；B. interest兴趣；C. faith信仰；D. feeling感觉。have faith in信任；对于爱的力量充满信心，认为爱心可以打败一起。故选C。8.D词义辨析。A舒服B使相信C保护D驯服；我相信爱的力量可以驯服这只猫。故选D。9.A 动词辨析。A命名B任命C接受D生产；我们给它起名叫做Paws。Name后面接双宾语。故选A。10.C上下文串联。根据7空under the bed可知这只猫躲在床下面睡觉。故选C。11.D形容词辨析。A. hopeful有希望的；B. pitiful可怜的；C. careful细心的；D. safe安全的。我想用我的爱心让它感觉到我们的爱以及它是安全的。故选D。12.B动词辨析。A躲B滑C庇护D睡觉；因为它在床下面，所以我也滑到床下面。故选B。13.C上下文串联。我也到了床下面，那么必须是趴在那里，脸朝着地板。故C正确。14.D 动词辨析。A转身B伸手C拉D捡起；我一次又一次地伸手去抚摸它。故选D。15.B动词辨析。A玩耍B雕刻C舔DPush推开；它想把我推开，也想来咬我。故选B。【名师点评】本文讲述了我用自己的爱心征服了一个很有戒备之心的夜猫，使它成为我们全家都很喜欢的宠物，说明了爱的力量是无穷无尽的。本文要求考生具有扎实的英语词组、短语、习惯用法等英语搭配的知识，这对于理解文章的逻辑关系特别有利。文章的逻辑关系不外乎列举、原因、结果、让步、对照、补充、目的、条件等关系。解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并记忆相关信息的能力。考点：考查人生哲理类阅读
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