英国文学8.2讲解Sonnet.ppt

WilliamShakespeare(15641616),“Alltheworldsastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”WilliamShakespeare,WilliamShakespeare(15641616),1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet18,5.HisPoems,1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.,Sonnet,Apoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abbaabba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)ababcdcdefefgg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119),IambicPentameter,抑扬格(iambic):如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。,IambicPentameter,英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。,诗行的长短以音步数目计算：英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。（各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter六音步诗：hexameter七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.）,音步：我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.Imgladtohearthenews.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：,Aloneshecutsandbindsthegrain,Andsingsamelancholystrain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。,在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗：AnEMPTYHOUSEAlexanderPopeYoubeatyourpate,andfancywitwillcome:Knockasyouplease,theresnobodyathome.（你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。fancy，动词：以为，想象。）在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。,Hamlet,Oldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeople,Hamlet,Oldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)layst,makst,canst,whilst,Hamlet,Oldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning,6.TextStudy:Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummersleasehathalltooshortadate;,ShallIcompareyoutoasummersday?Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMayAndsummerisfartooshort:,可否把你比作美丽的夏天？可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd;,Attimesthesunistoohot,Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,Bymisfortuneorbynaturesplannedoutcourse.,有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，他金色的脸也会经常暗退。所有的美丽总会不免衰落，偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;NorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowst;,Butyouryouthshallnotfade,Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.,但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。你不会失去你拥有的美丽，死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；这时你将于诗中永存与日。,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.,SpeakersCorner,Solongastherearepeopleonthisearth,Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.,只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，诗行也会同长，使你命芳。,Sonnet18ofShakespeare,Structureproposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14),Sonnet18,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,aAndSummersleasehathalltooshortadate;b,Sonnet18,Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd；dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,cBychance,ornatureschangingcourse,untrimmd;d,Sonnet18,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouowst;fNorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,eWhenineternallinestotimethougrowst;f,Sonnet18,Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.g,Rhetoricinsonnet18,1.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversion,Sonnet18,WilliamShakespeare,SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryAsonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme-thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.,OldPoeticUse,Thou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.,Questions,Analysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summersday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?,ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.Thisquestioncompares“Thee”toasummersdaybecausesummerisconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummersdayand“thee”.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Why?,RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummersleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmd;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornatureschangingcourseuntrimmd;,五月花蕾恶风落地，夏日租约转瞬到期，有时天眼高灼炎炎难耐，更见乌云常蔽金色面容古今红颜难逃色衰，命运无常季候摧残；每一个美人总要失去美貌，即使没有突发的以外事件，也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁,Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwanderstinhisshade,你的永恒夏日欲将长存，美貌红颜必也永世不减,死神难夸你在他影中踯躅，,Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.,因你芳名已成不朽诗篇。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。,Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anotherthemeisthepowerofthespeakerspoemtodefytimeandlastforever.,诗人表达了这样一种思想：美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽；文学是人所创造的，因此这有宣告了人的不朽。,一个重读音节与一或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数（meter)。轻读音节是“抑”，重读音节是“扬”，如一轻一重，为抑扬格。英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。,MeterandFeetThemeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数”（meter)。英文诗行的长度范围一般是一至五音步一音步诗：monometer二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter,Forexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpentameter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressedsyllableandastressedsyllable.如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iambic）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。ShallIcomparetheetoasummersday?,Comedy,aplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedysdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque讽刺模仿andfarce闹剧.,十四行诗(Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。,anoctave+asestet,3quatrains+acouplet,abbaabbacdecde,ababbcbccdcdee,ababcdcdefefgg,ItalianSonnet:,SpenserianSonnet:,ShakespearianSonnet:,3quatrains+acouplet,FrancescoPetrarch,5-footIambus(IambicPentametre),（五步抑扬格）,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Thou=You的主格Thee=You的宾格Thy=YourThine=Your用在元音前Methink=ItseemstomeHie=goquicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=NodoubtQuoth=SaidPerchance=BychanceMead=Meadow,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Damsel=MaidenBefide=HappenWeal=Well-beingBard=PoetVale=ValleyFoe=EnemyWoe=SorrowValiant=BraveForlorn=LonelyWarrior=FighterYonder=Overthere,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Behold=SeeSunder=BreakSwine=PigsSwain=PeasantMain=SeaLowly=HumbleIngrate=Ungrateful,Mute=SilentFond=FoolishReckless=CarelessDoleful=sorrowfulArtless=InnocentHapless=UnluckyHaply=PerhapsAnon=Atonce,TheWordsUsedinPoetry,Erst=FormerlyQuit=leaveWax=GrowSojourn=LodgeTarry=RemainWrought=WorkedFare=walk,Clad=ClothedWilt=WillShalt=ShallCanst=CanDost=DoDidst=DidEre=BeforeAlbeit=Although,Tragedy,aseriousplayornovelrepresentingthedisastrousdownfallofacentralcharacter,theprotagonist.AccordingtoAristotle,thepurposeistoachieveacatharsisthroughincidentsarousingpityandterror.Thetragiceffectusuallydependsonourawarenessofadmirablequalitiesinheprotagonist,whicharewastedterriblyinthefateddisaster.,Monologue,anextendedspeechutteredbyonespeaker,eithertoothersoralone.Significantvarietiesincludethedramaticmonologue(akindofpoeminwhichthespeakerisimaginedtobeaddressingasilentaudience),andthesoliloquy(inwhichthespeakerissupposedtobe“overheard”whilealone).独白,Soliloquy,adramaticspeechdeliveredbyonecharacterspeakingaloudwhileundertheimpressionofbeingalone.Thesoliloquistthusrevealshisorherinnerthoughtsandfeelingstotheaudience,eitherinsupposedself-communionorinaconsciouslydirectaddress.Itisalsoknownasinteriormonologue.内心独白,