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初中易混淆知识点讲解一、spend,cost,take和pay都可以表示“花费”,但用法却不尽相同 It takes(took) sb. +金钱或时间 to do sth Sb. spend(spent) +金钱或时间 on sth Sb. spend(spent) +金钱或时间 (in) doing sth Sth cost(cost) + 金钱 Sb. pay(paid)+ 金钱 for sth spend的主语必须是人, 常用于以下结构:(1) spend time money on sth. 在上花费时间(金钱)。例:I spent two hours on this maths problem. 这道数学题花了我两个小时。(2) spend time money (in) doing sth. 花费时间(金钱)做某事。例:They spent two years (in) building this bridge. 造这座桥花了他们两年时间。(3)spend money for sth. 花钱买。例:His money was spent for books. 他的钱用来买书了。 cost的主语是物或某种活动, 还可以表示“值”, 常见用法如下:(1)sth. costs (sb.) 金钱, 某物花了(某人)多少钱。例:A new computer costs a lot of money. 买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。(2) (doing) sth. costs (sb.) 时间,某物(做某事)花了(某人)多少时间。例:Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time. 他花了大量时间才记住了这些单词。 注意:cost的过去式及过去分词都是cost,并且不能用于被动句。 take后面常跟双宾语, 常见用法有以下几种:(1) It takes sb. 时间to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。例:It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。(2)doing sth. takes sb. 时间, 做某事花了某人多少时间。例:Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon. 他花了一下午修车。 pay的基本用法是:Pay money for sth. 付钱(给某人)买。例:I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month. 我每个月要付20英磅的房租。二、情态动词1.can表示“能够”,cant是“不能” 2.must表示“必须,应该”,mustnt是“禁止”恰恰相反 3.neednt表示“不必要的” 4.be allowed to表示“被允许做某事” 5.have to表示“不得不,必须” dont have to 表示“不应该做某事”6.must和have to都表示“必须”,must强调主观看法,have to强调客观情况三、go on working:继续做手中的活 go on to work:停下手中的活,接着做另外一件活Mr.White was going on working throughout the night.瓦特先生工作一夜未停。After a short rest,the two boys went on to work on another problem.两个男孩休息了一会儿,接着解决另外一个问题。四、1.other可作形容词或代词,做形容词时,意思是“别的,其他”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。如: Do you have any other question(s)? 你还有其他问题吗? Ask some other people. 问问别人吧! Put it in your other hand. 把它放在你另一只手里。 2.the other指两个人或物中的一个时,只能用the other,不能用another,此时的other作代词。如: He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker. 他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人。 the other后可加单数名词,也可加复数名词,此时的other作形容词。如: On the other side of the street,there is a tall tree. 在街道的另一边,有一棵大树。 Mary is much taller than the other girls. 玛丽比其他的女孩高得多。 He lives on the other side of the river. 他住在河的对岸。 3.others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”,“其余的”。在句中可作主语、宾语。如: Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. 我们一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞,其余的从事体育活动。 Give me some others, please. 请给我别的东西吧! There are no others. 没有别的了。 4.the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”。特指某一范围内的“其他的(人或物)”。是the other的复数形式。如: Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. 两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里。 the others=the other +复数名词,这在第2条中已经有所介绍。 5.another=an+ other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如: I dont like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。 I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker. 我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人五、across, cross, through,over的用法区别:across, cross是横过的意思,across是介词,通常在用go, run, swim. 等搭配;cross是动词,通常可以直接放在句子中;through是穿过,跟across一样介词,通常在用go, run, swim.等搭配through与cross的不同在于:through是从中通过across是从事物表面穿过;over 是越过,在上方。eg. I went across the road = I cross the road. 我横过马路(经斑马线) The river runs through our city.这条河流经我们市。 He passed through the hall. 他穿过大厅 I swam across the Changjiang River 20 years ago. 20年前我横渡了长江。 Look left and right before you go across the street. 过马路时要左右看。 She put a blanket over the sleeping child. 她给熟睡的孩子盖上毯子。 She climbed over the wall. 她翻过墙去。 a bridge over the river 横跨河面的桥 They held a large umbrella over her. 他们给她撑起一把大伞。六、has been in在.地方一般表示的在某地怎么怎么样子,一般接地点,还要有具体的表示时间的段时间概念 has been to去了.地方(人未回) 是去过某个地方,后接地点has gone to 是去了某个地方,有可能还没到,反正人没在这儿
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