2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前模拟强化练习题21（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题The managers job is not to make decisions but to carry out the decisions the director makes.问题1选项A.fulfillB.accomplishC.implementD.affect【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 fulfill“实现；满足；使结束”；B选项 accomplish “完成；实现；达到”；C选项 implement “实施，执行；实现，使生效”；D选项 affect“影响”。句意：经理的工作不是做决定，而是执行主管做的决定。结合此处关键词 make decision（做决定），得知C选项正确。2. 单选题Although the study of animal communication has played a vital role in our understanding of human communication ever since the dawn of time, recent research in this area has revealed a number of striking similarities between animal and human communication. Researchers have discovered that animals 1 with humans a number of characteristics, including 2 associated with attraction and mating, territoriality, familiar ties, division of labor, and a number of other traits that we once 3 were uniquely “4”.For example, the 5 between squirrel monkey mothers and infants is not unlike that of human. When infants are separate from their mothers, they emit loud, easily 6, and individually recognizable sounds. 7, the mother can find her child and 8 its needs. 9, mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese ”, or adult speech that is 10 in order to communicate with their infants.问题1选项A.resembleB.shareC.contrastD.differ问题2选项A.whatB.thatC.thoseD.ones问题3选项A.assumedB.guessedC.justifiedD.reasoned问题4选项A.animalsB.humaneC.humanityD.human问题5选项A.bondB.tiesC.affectionD.joint问题6选项A.simulatedB.locatedC.situatedD.detected问题7选项A.In this wayB.ThusC.Because of thisD.Therefore问题8选项A.supplyB.helpC.getD.serve问题9选项A.ConverselyB.LikelyC.LikewiseD.Comparatively问题10选项A.alteredB.modifiedC.revisedD.adapted【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A第6题:B第7题:A第8题:A第9题:C第10题:D【解析】1.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 resemble“ 类似”；B选项 share“共用”；C选项contrast“对比；对照；显出明显的差异”；D选项differ“不同”。句意：人类交流研究人员发现，动物和人类有许多共同的特征。这里是说动物和人类有许多共同的特征，由此可知B选项正确。2.考查非限定性定语从句。A选项 “what”以及B选项 “that”不能引导非限定制性定语从句，故排除A，B选项。选项D “ones” 只能作为代词，不能引导非限定性定语从句，故排除。因此选项C为正确答案。3.考查上下文语义辨析。A选项assumed“假设；（承担）责任”；B选项 guessed “猜想”；C选项justified“调整；证明正当”；D选项reasoned“说服”。上文说到研究者对动物交流的研究就在我们理解人类交流方面起着至关重要的作用，可推测此处应填研究者的推论，B选项guess指的是毫无根据仅凭个人主观臆断，可排除，由此可知A选项正确。4.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 animals “动物，动物世界；牲畜”；B选项 humane “仁慈的，人道的；高尚的”；C选项 humanity“人道；仁慈；人文学科”；D选项 human“人类”。中文翻译为：我们猜想我们是独一无二的人类，判断出此处D选项正确。5.考查名词词义辨析。A选项 bond“纽带”；B选项ties “结”；C选项 affection “喜爱，感情；影响；感染”；D选项 joint“关节；接缝”。句意：松鼠猴的母亲和婴儿之间的纽带就像人类一样。判断出A项正确。6.考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 simulated“ 模拟的；模仿的；仿造的”；B选项 located“ 处于，位于；坐落的”；C选项 situated“位于的；处于境遇的”；D选项 detected“检测到的”。根据下文，the mother can find her child（妈妈能找到她的孩子）。可知B选项正确。7.考查连词。A选项 In this way“这样；用这种方法”；B选项 Thus “因此；从而；这样；如此”；C选项 Because of this“因为这个”；D选项 Therefore“因此”。由上文“当婴儿与母亲分开时，他们会发出响亮的、容易定位的、单独可识别的声音”的这种方式，可推测A选项正确。8.考查动词词义。A选项 supply“供给，提供；补充”；B选项help“帮助”；C选项get “使得；获得；受到；变成”；D选项serve“ 招待，供应”。根据find“找到”以及后文its needs “它的需要”， D选项“serve”所提供的服务是虚拟的，A选项“supply”所提供的服务是现实的，可知A选项正确。9.考查副词词义辨析。A选项 Conversely“相反地”；B选项Likely“很可能；或许”；C选项Likewise“同样地；也”；D选项Comparatively“比较地；相当地”。联系下文mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese”.（松鼠猴妈妈有自己的妈妈语），可知C项正确。10.考查动词词义辨析。A选项 altered“改变，改动，修改”；B选项 modified“修改；更改”；C选项 revised“修改；校订；复习”；D选项adapted“ 使适应，改编”。根据上文mother squirrel monkeys have their own form of “motherese ”（松鼠猴妈妈也有自己的妈妈语），下文in order to communicate with their infants.（以便与婴儿交流），B选项modified强调细小的变化，常含“缓和”的意味，可排除，D选项adapted（适应，改编）符合题意，D选项正确。3. 单选题In 1517 a German monk, Martin Luther, challenged certain Catholic teachings and renounced his obedience to the papacy.问题1选项A.announcedB.followedC.deniedD.proclaimed【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项announced “宣布；宣称”；B选项followed “跟着；听从；继承”；C选项denied“ 拒绝；拒签”；D选项 proclaimed“正式宣布”。句意：1517年，一位德国修道士马丁路德挑战了某些天主教教义，宣布放弃对教皇的服从。结合此处关键词 challenged “挑战”，可排除选项B，C选项不符合题意，也可排除。A选项虽有“宣布”的意思，但不够正式，根据句意，推测马丁路德的宣布内容应更为正式，得知D选项正确。4. 单选题The company makes a periodical review of expenditure every month.问题1选项A.regularB.immediateC.prevalentD.temporary【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 regular “定期的；有规律的；合格的；整齐的；普通的”；B选项 immediate “立即的；直接的；最接近的”；C选项 prevalent “流行的；普遍的，广传的”；D选项 temporary “暂时的，临时的”。句意：公司每月定期检查支出情况。结合此处关键词periodical “数 周期的；定期的”，得知A选项正确。5. 翻译题A good book is often the best urn of a life enshrining the best that life could think out; for the world of mans life is, for the most part, but the world of his thoughts. Thus the best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters. “They are never alone,” said Sir Philip Sidney, “that are accompanied by noble thoughts.”The good and true thought may in times of temptation be as an angle of mercy purifying and guarding the soul. It also enshrines the germs of action, for good words almost always inspire to good works.【答案】好书常如最精美的宝器，珍藏着人生的思想的精华；因为人的生活世界主要是他的思想世界。因此，最好的书是金玉良言和崇高思想的宝库，这些良言和思想若铭记于心并多加珍视，就会成为我们忠实的伴侣和永恒的慰藉。菲利普西德尼爵士说过：“有高尚思想做伴的人永不孤独。”在我们受到诱惑的时候，美好真实的思想可以作为一种仁慈的视角，净化和保护我们的灵魂。这同样孕育着行为的萌芽，因为金玉良言总能激励善行。6. 单选题The historic meeting of the presidents of these two countries will greatly promote _ relationship and cooperation at all levels.问题1选项A.bilateralB.benignC.significantD.fundamental【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 bilateral “双边的；有两边的”；B选项 benign “良性的；和蔼的，亲切的；吉利的”；C选项 significant “重大的；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的”；D选项 fundamental “基本的，根本的”。句意：两国元首的历史性会晤将有力地推动双边的关系和各层次合作。结合句意，A为正确答案。7. 单选题Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out, that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book The Limits to Growth was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the worlds population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25%-50%, as has so often been predicteD.And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and three factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be a wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass mediA.They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: Two thirds of the worlds forests lost forever. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.The third factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if Americas trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.1. The first paragraph intends to show that _.2. The facts and figures provided in paragraph two suggest that _.3. In paragraph four, the writer expresses his concerns about _.4. The writer quotes from the World Wide Fund for Nature to illustrate how_.5. What is the writers view of Americas waste problem?问题1选项A.the environment is getting worse and worseB.the environment problems involve many aspectsC.the writer does not agree with the statementsD.the writer draws a picture of environment problems问题2选项A.there is a mismatch between our understanding and realityB.the book The Limits to Growth is valuableC.there is a need to conduct a survey and correct the figuresD.economic growth can help alleviate environment problems问题3选项A.the need to produce resultsB.the lack of financial supportC.the problem of scientific researchD.the desire to solve all problems问题4选项A.influential the mass media can beB.effective environmental movements can beC.the mass media can help environmental groups raise fundsD.environmental activists can exaggerate their claims问题5选项A.It will get worse as Americas population increasesB.It is not as serious as has been assumed to beC.It is caused by poor peoples conceptionD.It is ignored because USA is large in size【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段 “They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out, that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planets air and water are becoming ever more polluted.” 中文翻译为：他们列出了我们主要担心的一系列问题：自然资源正在枯竭，人口不断增长，留下越来越少的食物；物种正在大量地灭绝，地球的空气和水正变得越来越污染。因此答案为B选项：环境问题涉及很多方面。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段中“And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exaggerated, or are transient associated with the early phases of industrialization and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it.” 中文翻译为：最后，大多数形式的环境污染要么是被夸大了，要么是暂时的与工业化的早期阶段有关，因此最好的解决办法不是限制经济增长，而是加速经济增长。可知D项“经济增长有助于缓解环境问题”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第四段“One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be a wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.” 中文翻译为：一是科学研究固有的不平衡。科学基金主要用于有很多问题的领域。这或许是一项明智的政策，但它也会给人留下这样一种印象，即存在的潜在问题要比实际情况多得多。因此，C选项“科学研究问题”最符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第五段 “Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: Two thirds of the worlds forests lost forever. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.”，中文翻译为：其次，环保组织需要被大众媒体关注。他们还需要让资金源源不断地流入。或许可以理解，他们有时会夸大自己的论点。例如，1997年，世界自然基金会发表了一份题为“世界森林的三分之二永远消失”的新闻稿。事实是接近20%。故D选项“环保人士可能会夸大他们的说法”最符合题意。5.推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到尾段 “The third factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if Americas trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st century will still take up only one-12,000th of the area of the entire United States.” 中文翻译为：第三个因素是个体知觉差。人们担心，每个人都扔掉的东西的数量无止境的增加，将导致世界耗尽处理垃圾的地方。然而，即使美国的垃圾产量像过去一样继续增长，即使美国人口到2100年翻一番，美国在整个21世纪所产生的垃圾仍只占美国国土面积的1 / 12000。可以得知B项“它不像人们认为的那样严重”最符合。8. 单选题In _ times human beings did not travel for pleasure but to find a more favorable climate.问题1选项A.primeB.primitiveC.primaryD.preliminary【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 prime “主要的；最好的；基本的”；B选项 primitive “原始的，远古的；简单的，粗糙的”；C选项 primary “主要的；初级的；基本的”；D选项 preliminary “初步的；开始的；预备的”。句意：在原始时代，人类旅行不是为了娱乐，而是为了寻找更适宜的气候。因此B选项正确。9. 单选题The subject of safety must be placed at the top of the _.问题1选项A.agendaB.bulletinC.routineD.timetable【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项agenda“议程；日常工作事项；日程表”；B选项bulletin“公告，公报”；C选项routine“常规，惯例；生活乏味；（演出中的）一套动作；（计算机）例行程序”；D选项timetable “时间表；时刻表；课程表”。句意：安全问题必须放在议程的首位。结合此处语境，A选项正确。10. 单选题He made a _ speech that caused a great deal of argument.问题1选项A.successfulB.provocativeC.touchingD.hostile【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 successful“成功的；一帆风顺的”；B选项 provocative“刺激的；挑拨的；煽动的”；C选项 touching“动人的，令人同情的”；D选项 hostile“敌对的；敌方的；怀敌意的”。句意：他做了一个演讲引起了一番争论。根caused a great deal of argument（引起大量的争论）可推测B选项与其意思对应正确，因此选项B符合题意。11. 单选题We often _ our energies in trivial occupations.问题1选项A.dissipatedB.indulgedC.unscrambledD.took【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 dissipated“消散；浪费 ”；B选项indulged “沉溺；满足；放任”；C选项unscrambled “使还原；译出；理顺，理清”；D选项 took “拿；取；接受”。句意：我们经常我们的精力在琐碎的工作上。根据单词trivial occupations （琐碎的工作），可推测我们经常会浪费我们的精力在一些琐碎的工作上，结合此处语境，选项A为正确答案。12. 单选题Perfectly matched pearls, strung into a necklace, bring a far higher price than the same pearls sold _.问题1选项A.collectivelyB.invariablyC.reluctantlyD.individually【答案】B【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项 collectively “集体地，共同地”；B选项 invariably “总是；不变地；一定地”；C选项 reluctantly “不情愿地；嫌恶地”；D选项individually “个别地，单独地”。句意：相互般配的珍珠，串成一条项链，就能卖到比同等珍珠卖出的好得多的价钱。根据句意，A选项及C选项都可排除。D选项“individually”也不符合句意，也可排除。因此B选项正确。13. 单选题Condemned to death, Socrates could have escaped but chose to die by drinking poisonseeking truth even to the _ end.问题1选项A.strongB.deadC.dyingD.lethal【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 strong“强壮的”；B选项 dead“无生命的；呆板的；废弃了的”；C选项dying“垂死的；临终的；濒临消亡的；快要结束的”；D选项lethal“致命的”。句意：判处死刑，苏格拉底本可以逃脱但选择喝毒药寻求真理。根据poison（毒药），A，B，C项都不能与poison（毒药）进行搭配，结合句意，选项D为正确答案。14. 单选题Cambridge University was easily _, and he returned there to begin his major research activities.问题1选项A.accessibleB.attributableC.attainableD.attachable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 accessible “易接近的；可进入的；可理解的”；B选项 attributable “可归于的；可归属的”；C选项 attainable “可得到的；可达到的；可到达的”；D选项 attachable “可附上的；可连接的；可逮捕的；可没收的”。句意：剑桥大学很容易进入，他回到那里开始了他的主要研究活动。根据句意可知A选项正确。15. 单选题The material support and advisory services offered by these projects _ the will of the poor to help themselves and enable them to lead self-sufficient lives.问题1选项A.prolongB.enforceC.reinforceD.inform【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项prolong “延长；拖延”；B选项 enforce “实施，执行；强迫，强制”；C选项 reinforce “加强，加固；强化；补充”；D选项 inform “通知；告诉；报告”。句意：这些项目提供的物质支持和咨询服务了穷人自助的意愿，使他们能够过上自给自足的生活。根据The material support and advisory services by these projects（这些项目提供的物质支持和咨询服务）可推测这些项目对来说是有利的，A选项不符合题意，可排除。B选项含贬义也可排除。D选项不符合题意，可排除。结合句意，C选项正确。16. 单选题Susan Teller traveled and lectured throughout the country to _ education and professional skills so that women could enter the public world.问题1选项A.advocateB.acquireC.proclaimD.prosecute【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 advocate “提倡，拥护；为辩护”；B选项 acquire “获得；取得；学到；捕获”；C选项 proclaim “宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬”；D选项 prosecute “检举；贯彻；从事；依法进行；起诉；告发；做检察官”。句意：苏珊泰勒在全国各地旅行和演讲，宣扬教育和专业技能，使妇女能够进入公共世界。根据句意，C选项正确。17. 单选题Diet-related diseases also cost society in terms of decreased work productivity, increased absenteeism, poorer school performance, and reduced fitness on the part of military _, among other negative effects.问题1选项A.recruitsB.reengineeringC.weaponD.scene【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 recruits“新兵；新成员”；B选项 reengineering “企业再造；再造工程；重建”；C选项weapon “武器，兵器”；D选项scene “场面；情景；景象；事件”。句意：与饮食有关的疾病也对社会造成负面影响，如工作效率下降、旷工增多、学习成绩差、身体素质下降等。根据military（军队）以及fitness（身体素质）可推测空白处应该填“人”的单词，因此B、C、D选项都可排除。A选项recruits（新兵）符合，结合句意，A选项为正确答案。18. 单选题At home their losses to farming and industry had to be made good, as far as possible, with more foreign workers and prisoners-of-war.问题1选项A.compensatedB.constructed wellC.managed properlyD.terminated【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项 compensate “补偿”；B选项 construct well “构造得很好”；C选项 manage properly “妥善处理”；D选项 terminate “使终止；使结束；解雇”。句意：在国内，他们在农业和工业上的损失必须尽可能用更多的外国工人和战俘来弥补。结合此处关键词 made good “补偿”，得知A为正确答案。19. 单选题That country is disturbed at the developments which seem unfavorable to its interests.问题1选项A.adverseB.adherentC.controversialD.disagreeable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项 adverse“不利的；相反的”；B选项 adherent “粘着的；遵守的”；C选项controversial“有争议的；有争论的”；D选项 disagreeable“不愉快的；厌恶的；不为人喜的”。句意：那个国家对似乎不利于其利益的事态发展感到不安。A选项adverse（不利的）最符合题意，B， C， D选项都可排除。结合句意，A选项正确。20. 翻译题China Dream is the guiding ideology put forward by President Xi Jinping. He believes that it is the greatest dream of the Chinese nation in modern times, and states that the dream can definitely be realizeD.The core objective of China Dream is to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. To be more specific, that is to realize national prosperity and rejuvenation, as well as the well-being of people. And its fundamental requirement is to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Only when the country is developed comprehensively and scientifically, can individuals realize their dreams. Similarly, only when everyone is full of passion, can China Dream be beautiful.【答案】中国梦，是习近平主席提出的指导思想。他认为，这是近代以来中华民族最伟大的梦想，这个梦想一定能够实现。中国梦的核心目标是实现中华民族伟大复兴。具体来说，就是要实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。其根本要求是全面建设小康社会。只有国家全面科学发展，个人才能实现自己的梦想。同样，只有每个人都充满激情，中国梦才会美丽。