2022-2023年考博英语-河北农业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第40期

2022-2023年考博英语-河北农业大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Stress is a state of imbalance between demands made on us from outside sources and our capabilities to meet those demands. Often, it precedes and occurs concurrently with conflict. Stress, as you have seen, can be brought on by physical events, other peoples behavior, social situations, our own behavior, feelings, thoughts, or anything that results in heightened bodily awareness. In many cases, when you experience pain, anger, fear, or depression, these emotions are a response to a stressful situation like conflict.Sometimes, in highly stressful conflict situations, we must cope with the stress before we cope with the conflict. Relieving some of the intensity of the immediate emotional response will allow us to become more logical and tolerant in resolving the conflict.People respond differently to conflict just as they respond differently to stress. Some people handle both better than others do. Individual differences are not as important as learning how to manage the stress we feel. The goal in stress management is self-control, particularly in the face of stressful events.Controlling physical symptoms of stress requires relaxation. Sit in a comfortable position in a quiet place where there are no distractions. Close your eyes and pay no attention to the outside world. Concentrate only on your breathing. Slowly inhale and exhale. Now, with each exhaled breath say “relax” gently and passively. Make it a relaxing experience. If you use this method to help you in conflict situations over a period of time, the word “relax” will become associated with a sense of physical calm; saying it in a stressful situation will help induce a sense of peace.Controlling your thoughts is the second major element in stress management. Managing stress successfully requires flexibility in thinking. That is, you must consider alternative views. Your current view is causing the stress! You must also keep from attaching exaggerated importance to events.Everything seems life-threatening in a moment of panic; things dim in importance when viewed in retrospect.1. The main point of this reading is that _.2. Controlling your thoughts always involves _.3. Human response to stress is _.4. The authors primary purpose in writing the selection is to _.5. Which of the following statements included in the selection most directly supports the writers view that stress is controllable?问题1选项A.Stress is an imbalance of internal and external demandsB.Controlling physical reactions and thoughts is an effective means of managing stressC.Relaxation is the key to successful stress managementD.Stress management requires a problem-solving approach问题2选项A.considering the situation in alternative viewpointsB.visualizing yourself managing the stressfulC.relaxation techniques to eliminate physical symptomsD.a sense of being overwhelmed by the situation问题3选项A.universalB.variable according to sexC.unchangingD.individual问题4选项A.explain the relationship between stress and conflictB.instruct the reader how to control stressC.describe relaxation techniquesD.persuade the reader to reduce stress through breathing问题5选项A.Things dim in importance when viewed in retrospect.B.Stress is an imbalance between demands.C.People respond differently to conflict, just as they respond differently to stress.D.Managing stress successfully requires flexibility in thinking.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:D【解析】1.观点态度题。文章第一二段对压力这个话题进行引入后，第三段最后一句The goal in stress management is self-control（压力管理的目标是自我控制）交代下文主要内容，第四段讲述Controlling physical symptoms of stress requires relaxation.（可以控制压力的身体症状需要放松。），第五段讲述Controlling your thoughts is the second major element in stress management.（控制思想是压力管理的第二个主要因素），第六段对文章进行结尾，文章用了一半多的篇幅讲述如何管理压力，综上可知，本文的主要观点是B选项“控制身体的反应和思想是管理压力的有效方法”。A选项“压力是内在和外在需求的不平衡”：仅在第一段提到作为引入，没有贯穿全文，故错误。C选项“放松是成功管理压力的关键”：仅仅是主要观点的一个方面，故错误。D选项“压力管理需要一种解决问题的方法”：文章没有提到在解决问题的层面缓解压力，故错误。因此B选项正确。2.事实细节题。根据第五段第三句That is, you must consider alternative views.（也就是说，你必须考虑不同的观点。），可知控制思想需要考虑不同观点，所以A选项“用不同的观点来考虑情况”正确。B选项“想象自己管理压力”文章没有提到，故错误。C选项“消除身体症状的放松技巧”：属于身体范畴，不是思想范畴，故错误。D选项“被形势压倒的感觉”：根据第五段最后一句You must also keep from attaching exaggerated importance to events.（你也必须避免夸大事件的重要性），表明要避免被形势压倒的感觉，故错误。因此A选项正确。3.事实细节题。根据第三段第一句People respond differently to conflict just as they respond differently to stress.（人们对冲突的反应和对压力的反应是不同的。），可知人们对压力的反应因人而异，所以D选项“个人的”正确，A选项“普遍的”错误。B选项“根据性别变化”：文章没有提到男女在面对压力的不同。C选项“不变的”：文章主要内容讲如何调节压力，可知对压力的反应可以改变，故错误。因此D选项正确。4.作者意图题。根据第一段stress is a state of imbalance（压力是一种失衡的状态）讲述压力是什么，通过Often, it precedes and occurs concurrently with conflict.（它通常伴随冲突出现，并出现在冲突之前。）讲述为什么产生压力，根据第二段Relieving some of the intensity of the immediate emotional response will allow us to become more logical and tolerant in resolving the conflict.（减轻一些强烈的即时情绪反应将使我们在解决冲突时变得更有逻辑性和宽容）讲为什么要管理压力，在第三到第五段讲怎样管理压力，综上分析，可知作者的主要目的是让读者认识压力和学习管理压力，所以B选项“指导读者如何控制压力”正确。A选项“解释压力和冲突之间的关系”：属于为什么产生压力，不全面，故错误。C选项“描述放松技巧”和D选项“说服读者通过呼吸来减轻压力”：属于怎样管理压力，不全面，故错误。因此B选项正确。5.推理判断题。A选项“回想起来，事情就不那么重要了”：事情重要与否和压力能否控制不是一回事，不能相提并论，故错误。B选项“压力是需求之间的不平衡”：这里点出为什么会有压力，却没有表示需求和控制压力的关系，故错误。C选项“人们对冲突的反应不同，就像他们对压力的反应不同一样”：只是点出压力因人而异，没有提到能否控制，故错误。D选项“成功地管理压力需要思维上的灵活性”：这里点出了成功地管理压力，表示压力可以通过管理而得到控制，因此D选项正确。2. 单选题Many women, according to this_, would rather work than marry.问题1选项A.hypothesisB.hierarchyC.synthesisD.syndrome【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项hypothesis“假设”；B选项hierarchy“等级制度”；C选项synthesis“结合；（人工的）合成”；D选项syndrome“综合征；典型表现”。句意：根据这一_，许多女性宁愿工作也不愿结婚。根据语境，许多女性宁愿工作也不愿结婚更可能是一个假设，A选项hypothesis“假设”符合题意。因此A选项正确。3. 单选题Lucy doesnt mind lending you her dictionary.She_. Ive already borrowed one.问题1选项A.cantB.mustntC.needntD.shouldnt【答案】C【解析】考查情态动词。A项“不能”；B项“禁止”；C项“不必”；D项“不应该”。句意：露西不介意把她的词典借给你。不必了，我已经借到了一本。只有C项符合。4. 单选题All the doctors efforts were _ and the patient soon died.问题1选项A.in tearsB.in vainC.in turnD.in all【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项in tears“流着泪”；B选项in vain“无效”；C选项in turn“轮流；依次；反过来”；D选项in all“总共，合计”。句意：医生的所有努力都是_，病人很快就死了。根据语境，医生的努力没有成功救回病人，in vain“无效”符合题意。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Some materials will conduct heat better than others. These materials are said _good conductors.问题1选项A.to beB.areC.having beenD.being【答案】A【解析】考查动词用法。said后接不定式，said to be“被认为”。句意：有些材料导热比其他材料好，这些材料被叫作热的良导体。所以选A。6. 单选题I _ at the maturity of such a young child.问题1选项A.surprisedB.marveledC.shockedD.moved【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项surprised“使感到意外”；B选项marveled“大为赞叹”；C选项shocked“惊愕；休克”；D选项moved“使感动”。句意：我对这样一个孩子的成熟感到_。根据语境，这里是指没想到这么小的小孩子竟然这么成熟，带着褒奖的意味，所以marveled“大为赞叹”符合题意。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题For decades, arms control talks centered on nuclear weapons. This is hardly surprising, since a single nuclear bomb can destroy an entire, city. Yet, unlike smaller arms, these immensely powerful weapons have not been used in war in over 50 years.Respected military historian John Keegan writes: “Nuclear weapons have, since August 9, 1945, killed no one. The 50,000,000 who have died in war since that date have for the most part, been killed by cheap, mass-produced weapons and small ammunition, costing little more than the transistor radios and dry-cell batteries which have flooded the world in the same period. Because small weapons have disrupted life very little in the advanced world, outside the restricted localities where drug-dealing and political terrorism flourish, the populations of the rich states have been slow to recognize the horror that this pollution has brought in its train.”No one knows precisely how many small arms and light weapons are in circulation, but experts estimate that military-style firearms may number about 500million. In addition, tens of millions of civilian-type rifles and pistols are owned by private citizens. What is more, new weapons are produced and fed into the market each year:Why have small arms become the weapons of choice in recent wars? Part of the reason lies in the relationship between conflict and poverty. Most of the wars fought during the 1990s took place in countries that are poortoo poor to buy sophisticated weapon systems. Small arms and light weapons are a bargain. For example, 50 million dollars, which is approximately the cost of a single modern jet fighter, can equip an army with 200,000 assault rifles.Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal. A single rapid-fire assault rifle can fire hundreds of rounds a minute. They are also easy to use and maintain. A child of ten can be taught to strip and reassemble a typical assault rifle. A child can also quickly learn to aim and fire that rifle into a crowd of people.The global traffic in guns is complex. Huge supplies of guns pass legally from nation to nation. After the Cold War, armies in both the East and the West were reduced, and governments gave or sold excess equipment to friends and allies. According to an estimate since 1995 the United States alone has given away more than 800,000 rifles, pistols, machine guns, and grenade launchers. It is reasoned that giving weapons away is cheaper than dismantling or storing and guarding them.The illegal trade, however, may be much larger. Black-market weapons usually have to be purchased. In some African wars, paramilitary groups have bought hundreds of millions of dollars worth of small arms and light weapons, not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas.Weapons are also linked to the illegal trade in drugs. It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction as they use exchange to smuggle guns in the other.1. It is implied in the passage that_.2. All of the following are the reasons why small arms have become the choice in recent wars except_.3. Why did US government give away a large number of small arms?4. We can conclude from the passage that_.5. The best title for this passage is probably_.问题1选项A.small arms control is even more important than nuclear arms-controlB.it is hardly surprising that the nuclear arms-control talks have not reached an agreementC.nuclear weapons power to kill people has been exaggeratedD.nuclear weapons are not as powerful as small weapons问题2选项A.small arms are cheapB.Small arms are powerful antipersonnel weaponsC.small arms are easier to useD.small arms are easier to get问题3选项A.Because it wants to arm their friends and allies.B.Because it is less expensive than keeping them.C.Because it wants to save the resources.D.Because it is better to store and guard them in other countries.问题4选项A.small arms are not expensive in the black-marketB.it is unfair to exchange small arms for diamondC.criminals use the same passage to smuggle drugs and small armsD.where there are drugs, there are small arms问题5选项A.Small Arms Talks, Not Nuclear Arms TalksB.Neglect of Small Arms ControlC.Global Traffic in Small ArmsD.Small Arms, Big Problems【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。文章第一段对人们对于核武器与小型武器的重视程度和各自使用频率进行对比，第二段对比两种武器伤害的人的数量，可知这篇文章想要人们更重视小型武器，所以A选项“小型军备控制甚至比核军备控制更重要”正确，C选项“核武器杀伤力被夸大”和D选项“核武器不如小型武器强大”不是表达的重点，故错误。B选项“核军备控制谈判没有达成协议不足为奇”：文章没有涉及，故错误。因此A选项正确。2.事实细节题。A选项“小型武器很便宜”：根据第四段第四句Small arms and light weapons are a bargain（小武器和轻武器很便宜。），所以便宜是小型武器运用在近年战争的原因，故A选项错误。B选项“小型武器杀伤性强”：根据第五段第一句Another reason why small weapons are so popular is that they are lethal.（小型武器如此流行的另一个原因是它们的是致命性。），故B选项错误。所以C选项“小型武器使用更容易”：They are also easy to use and maintain.（它们也易于使用和维护。），故C选项错误。D选项“小型武器更容易买到”：根据第六段第一句The global traffic in guns is complex.（全球枪支贩运很复杂。），可知小型武器不容易买，故正确。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第六段最后一句It is reasoned that giving weapons away is cheaper than dismantling or storing and guarding them.（有理由认为，交出武器要比拆除、储存和看守它们便宜。），可知美国送出武器是因为经济原因，所以B选项“因为这比保留它们更便宜”正确，C选项“因为它想节约资源”和D选项“因为放在其他国家储存和保护更好。”不具体，故错误。A选项“因为它想武装自己的朋友和盟友。”文章没有提到，故错误。因此B选项正确。4.语义推测题。A选项“黑市上的小型武器并不贵”和B选项“用小武器交换钻石不公平”：根据第七段最后一句not with money, but with diamonds seized from diamond-mining areas（不是用钱，而是用从钻石矿区夺得的钻石），用钻石交换武器来说明在黑市小型武器很贵，没有提到公平与否，故错误。C选项“罪犯利用同一途径走私毒品和小型武器”和D选项“哪里有毒品，哪里就有小型武器”：It is not unusual for criminal organizations to use the same routes to smuggle drugs in one direction as they use exchange to smuggle guns in the other.（犯罪组织利用走私毒品的途径走私枪支的现象并不罕见。），可知C选项正确，不代表毒品走私和小型武器走私一定连在一起，故D选项错误。因此C选项正确。5.主旨大意题。文章在开头点出人们对小型武器的忽视，再点出小型武器在杀伤力、生产、保存、贩卖等各个方面带来的问题，可知这篇文章主要讲小型武器带来的问题，要人们重视小型武器，所以D选项“小型武器，重大问题”正确，B选项“对小型武器控制的忽视”和C选项“全球小型武器贩运”是其中的一方面，不能概括全文，故错误。A选项“小型武器谈判，而非核武器谈判”：文章没有重点讲谈判，故错误。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题The doctor has difficulty _ this infection.问题1选项A.for treadingB.to treatC.in treatingD.being treating【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：医生在治疗这个感染病上遇到困难。做某事遇到困难用sb. have difficulty (in) doing sth.，所以C选项in treating符合题意，故正确。其余选项语法错误。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题A moments drilling by the dentist may make us nervous and upset. Many of us cannot stand pain. To avoid the pain of a drilling that may last perhaps a minute or two, we demand the needlea shot of novocainethat deadens the nerves around the tooth.Now its true that the human body has developed its millions of nerves to be highly aware of what goes on both inside and outside of it. This helps us adjust to the world. Without our nervesand our brain, which is a bundle of nerves- we wouldnt know whats happening. But we pay for our sensitivity. We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body. The history of torture is based on the human body being open to pain.But there is a way to handle pain. Look at the Indian fakir who sits on a bed of nails. Fakirs can put a needle right through an arm, and feel no pain. This ability that some humans have developed to handle pain should give us ideas about how the mind can deal with pain.The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it. If the dentist says, this will hurt a little, it helps us to accept the pain. By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation, we can handle the pain without falling apart. After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.1. The passage is mainly about _.2. The sentence “But we pay for our sensitivity” in the second paragraph implies that _.3. When the author mentions the Indian fakir, he suggests that _.4. The most important thing to handle pain is _.5. The authors attitude towards pain is _.问题1选项A.how to suffer painB.how to avoid painC.how to handle painD.how to stop pain问题2选项A.we should pay a debt for our feelingB.we have to be hurt when we feel somethingC.our pain is worth feelingD.when we feel pain, we are suffering it问题3选项A.Indians are not at all afraid of painB.people may be senseless of painC.some people are able to handle painD.fakirs have magic to put needles right through their arms问题4选项A.how we look at painB.to feel pain as much as possibleC.to show an interest in painD.to accept the pain reluctantly问题5选项A.PessimisticB.optimisticC.radicalD.sarcastic【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据第三段第一句But there is a way to handle pain.（但有种方法可以缓解疼痛），可知下文的内容在讲如何缓解疼痛，故C选项“如何缓解疼痛”正确，A选项“如何承受疼痛”和D选项“如何停止疼痛”：文章没有提到，故错误。B选项“如何避免疼痛”：文章只是讲到通过打针避免疼痛，但这不是主要内容，故错误。因此C选项正确。2.语义推测题。根据第二段倒数第二句We can feel pain when the slightest thing is wrong with any part of our body.（当我们身体的任何部位出了一点问题，我们都能感觉到疼痛。），可知疼痛反映身体部位的情况，故D选项“我们感到疼痛时，代表我们的身体正在承受疼痛”正确。A选项“我们应该为我们的感觉偿还债务”：句意不通，故错误。B选项“如果我们有感觉就会受伤”：有感觉和受伤没有因果关系，故错误。C选项“我们的疼痛值得感受”：文章没有提到疼痛是否值得，故错误。因此D选项正确。3.语义推测题。根据第四段第三句By staying relaxed, and by treating the pain as an interesting sensation, we can handle the pain without falling apart.（保持放松，把疼痛当作一种有趣的感觉来对待，我们就能处理疼痛而不会崩溃。），可知个人对于疼痛的承受力可以改变，苦行僧就是一个例子，故C选项“有些人能够承受疼痛”正确。A选项“印度人一点也不怕疼痛”：苦行僧不等同于印度人，故错误。B选项“人们可能对痛苦毫无知觉”：上文说到我们的身体出了一点问题，我们都能感觉到疼痛，故错误。D选项“苦行僧有把针穿过他们手臂的魔法”：这不是苦行僧的魔法，只是他们对疼痛的耐受力比较高。没有提到。因此C选项正确。4.语义推测题。根据第四段第一句The big thing in withstanding pain is our attitude toward it.（在忍受痛苦的过程中，最重要的是我们对它的态度。），可知我们如何看待疼痛是最重要的，故A选项“我们如何看待疼痛”正确。B选项“尽可能多地感受疼痛”：文中没有提到，故错误。C选项“对疼痛感兴趣”：文中说的是treating the pain as an interesting sensation（把疼痛当作一种有趣的感觉来对待），而不是对疼痛本身感兴趣，故错误。D选项“不情愿地接受疼痛”：根据文章，自愿接受疼痛才是可行的，故错误。因此A选项正确。5.观点态度题。根据第四段最后一句After all, although pain is an unpleasant sensation, it is still a sensation, and sensations are the stuff of life.（毕竟，虽然疼痛是一种不愉快的感觉，但它仍然是一种感觉，而感觉是生命的组成部分。），可知作者对疼痛持正向包容态度，认为疼痛是正常的，并不是多么可怕的坏事，故B选项“乐观的”正确。A选项“悲观的”，C选项“激进的”和D选项“讽刺的”都不符合题意，故错误。因此B选项正确。10. 单选题The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than companies. Sir Humphrey Gilbert was the first Englishman to send colonists to the New World. His initial expedition, which sailed in 1578 with a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth was defeated by the Spanish. A second attempt ended in disaster in 1583, when Gilbert and his ship were lost in a storm. In the following year, Gilberts half brother, Sir Water Raleigh, having obtained a renewal of the patent, sponsored an expedition that explored the coast of the region that he named “Virginia”. Under Raleighs direction efforts were then made to establish a colony on Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587.The survivors of the first settlement on Roanoke returned to England in 1586, but the second group of colonists disappeared without leaving a trace. The failure of the Gilbert and Raleigh ventures made it clear that the tasks they had undertaken were too big for any one colonizer. Within a short time the trading company had supplanted the individual promoter of colonization.1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?2. The passage states which of the following about the first English people to be involved in establishing colonies in North America?3. According to the passage, which of the following statements about Sir Humphrey Gilbert is true?4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about members of the first Roanoke settlement?5. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the second settlement on Roanoke Island is true?问题1选项A.The Regulation of Trading Companies.B.British-Spanish Rivalry in the New World.C.Early Attempts at Colonizing North America.D.Royal Patents Issued in the 16th Century.问题2选项A.They were requested to do so by Queen Elizabeth.B.They were members of large trading companies.C.They were immediately successful.D.They were acting on their own.问题3选项A.He never settled in North America.B.His trading company was given a patent by the queen.C.He fought the Spanish twice.D.He died in 1587.问题4选项A.They explored the entire coastal region.B.Some did not survive.C.They named the area “Virginia”.D.Most were not experienced sailors.问题5选项A.Its settlers all gave up and returned to England.B.It lasted for several years.C.The fate of its inhabitants is unknown.D.It was conquered by the Spanish.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。整个文章从吉尔伯特第一次尝试殖民北美到最后英国成功殖民北美的过程，所以C选项“殖民北美的早期尝试”正确。A选项“贸易公司的管理”和B选项“英国和西班牙在新世界的竞争”不是表达的重点。D选项“皇家专利颁发于16世纪”错误，这个是伊丽莎白女王允许吉尔伯特到北美的专利。因此C选项正确。2.推理判断题。根据第一句The first English attempts to colonize North America were controlled by individuals rather than companies.（英国第一次殖民北美的尝试是由个人而不是公司控制的。），可知他们自己决定怎样行动，D选项“他们自主行动”正确。A选项“伊丽莎白女王要求他们这样做”：根据第三句His initial expeditio