2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解8

2022年考博英语-南京大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Always since the creation of celluloid, plastics have been found to have a multitude of industrial and com mercial uses.问题1选项A.AlwaysB.plasticsC.to haveD.a multitude of【答案】A【解析】根据题意，A选项句首应该为ever since“自从”，句意：自从发明了电影胶片，人们发现塑料有很多商业和工业的用途。选项A符合题意。2. 单选题The republication of the poets most recent works WUl certainly（ ）his national reputation.问题1选项A.magnifyB.strengthenC.enlargeD.enhance【答案】D【解析】考查近义动词辨析。magnify “放大，赞美”；strengthen “增强力量”；enlarge “扩大，使增大”；enhance “提高，增强（品质、吸引力）”。句意：这位诗人近期作品的再次出版会提升他在整个国家的声誉。指价值的提升。选项D符合题意。3. 单选题The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a（ ）visit to theirs.问题1选项A.bilateralB.reciprocalC.considerateD.rewarding【答案】A【解析】近义词辨析。Bilateral“双边的、双方的”，reciprocal“互惠的，相应的”，considerate “体贴的，考虑周到的”，rewarding “有益的”。句意：11月份美国学生来我校参观，我们也要参观他们的学校。选项A符合题意。4. 单选题Stanley was（ ）by what I had said and when I realized this, I apologized to him for being so tactless. 问题1选项A.woundedB.frustratedC.resentedD.offended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Wound“伤害，使受伤”；frustrate“挫败，阻挠”；resent“怨恨，愤恨”；offend“冒犯”。句意：斯坦利对我的话感到了被冒犯，当我意识到这一点，我为我的不得体向他道歉。5. 单选题Ill go to the airport tomorrow morning to （ ） a good friend who leaves for Australia.问题1选项A.see offB.send offC.turn offD.say departure【答案】A【解析】词组辨析。see off“送别，送行”；send off“发送，派遣”；turn off“关掉，拐弯”；say departure“说离开”。句意：明天早上我将去机场，跟我即将去往澳大利亚的朋友送别。选项A符合题意。6. 单选题In most earthquakes the Earth s crust cracks like porcelain. Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers and the crust slips to relieve the stress. Some earthquakes, however, take place hundreds of kilometers down in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile that it flows instead of cracking, even under stress severe enough to deform it like putty. How can there be earthquakes at such depths?That such deep events do occur has been accepted only since 1927, when the seismologist Kiyoo Wadati convincingly demonstrated their existence. Instead of comparing the arrival times of seismic waves at different locations, as earlier researchers had done, Wadati relied on a lime difference between the arrival of primary (P) waves and the slower secondary (S) waves. Because P and S waves travel at different but fairly constant speeds; the interval between their arrivals increases in proportion to the distance from the earthquake focus，or a rupture point.For most earthquakes, Wadati discovered, the interval was quite short near the epicenter, the point on the surface where shaking is the strongest for a few events, however, the delay was long enough at the epicenter. Wadati saw a similar pattern when he analyzed data on the intensity of shaking. Most earthquakes had a small area of intense shaking, which weakened rapidly with increasing distance from the epicenter, but others were characterized by a lower peak intensity, felt over a broader area. Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes: the more common shallow events, in which the focus lay just under the epicenter, and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.1.The passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred from the passage that if the S waves from an earthquake arrive at a given location long after the P waves, which of the following must be true?3.The passage suggests that which of the following must take place in order for any earthquake to occur?4.The authors explanation of how deep events occur would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?问题1选项A.demonstrating why the methods of early seismologists were flawedB.defending a revolutionary theory about the causes of earthquakes and methods of predicting themC.discussing the evidence for the existence of deep events and the conditions that allow them to occurD.comparing the effects of shallow events with those of deep events问题2选项A.The earthquake was a deep event.B.The earthquake was a shallow eventC.The earthquake focus was distant.D.The earthquake had a low peak intensity.问题3选项A.Stress must build up.B.Cool rock must descend into the mantle.C.A fracture must occur.D.Both A and C.问题4选项A.Deep events are far less common than shallow events.B.Deep events occur in places other than where crustal plates meet.C.Mantle rock is more ductile at a depth of several hundred kilometers than it is at 50 kilometers.D.The speeds of both P and S waves are slightly greater than previously though.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，“How can there be earthquakes at such depths”，首先提出了问题， “这么深的地方是如何发生地震的”，文章第二段介绍了地震学家证明了这种深层地震的存在，根据第三段，“Both the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns suggested two kinds of earthquakes”，地震学家继续论证了P-S间隔和强度模式表明存在两种地震。选项C符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第三段，“and the deep events, with a focus several hundred kilometers down.”，可推断P-S间隔很长的就被称作deep events，选项A符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第二句，“Stress builds up until a fracture forms at the depth of a few kilometers”，可知地震形成的条件包括压力的断裂。选项D符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“the more common shallow events,”，可知A选项是原文已经提到了，可排除。根据第一段，“in the Earths mantle, where high pressure makes rock so ductile”，可知选项C是原文中提到的，可排除。根据文章第三段，“the P-S intervals and the intensity patterns”，P-S间隔会对不同类型的地震形成有影响，P和S的速度同时增加不会形成间隔，所以D选项可排除。选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Some sociologists are worried about the （ ） throughout the whole society.问题1选项A.fraudulentB.generousC.dynamicD.compulsive【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。fraudulent “欺诈的”； generous “慷慨的”；dynamic “动态的”; compulsive “极有趣的”。句意：一些社会学家担心整个社会的欺诈问题。选项A符合题意。8. 翻译题1.科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然,在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人,他们具有特殊的能力进行思考与分析,具有无限的耐心进行观察与收集数据。2.当时我们所面临的最关键的问题是熟练劳动力的缺乏,用以培训这种劳动力的大学师资不足,以及我们的大学中由于用于教育和科研的师资和现代化设备短缺造成的研究能力衰退。3.科学是讲求实际的。科学是老老实实的学问,来不得半点虚假,需要付出艰巨的劳动。同时,科学也需要创造,需要幻想,有幻想才能打破传统的束缚,才能发展科学。4.如果你着手干一番事业而失败了,不要丧失信心。“我失败了三次”与“我是一个失败者”之间有着天壤之别。只要你对自己不持否定的想法,不把自己与失败等同起来,而是试图从失败中吸取教训,你很可能在未来取得成功。【答案】1. Scientists are a group of people who possess special abilities to think and analyze things and have endless patience in observing and data collecting. They all try to discern the nature and find out regulations through the disorderly appearance.2. The most vital problems we faced with at that time were the shortage of laborers, the lack of university teachers in the training of those laborers, and the decline in the researching capability caused by the lack of university teachers and modern equipment used for education and technology research.3. Science always focuses on realities. It needs the conscientious requirement for knowledge and permits of no false. Meanwhile, it involves peoples creation and imagination. And imagination can break the limitation of traditions and develop the science constantly.4. Dont be disappointed if you fail in the career you have done. The word “I have experienced failure for three times” is absolutely different from the word “I am a loser”. As long as you dont deny yourself, do not identify yourself with the failure, and try to learn something from your failure, you will be likely to succeed in the future.9. 单选题They are still in the （ ）stage between the old and new government.问题1选项A.transactionB.transplantingC.transitionalD.transforming【答案】C【解析】形近异义词词义辨析。transaction “交易”；transplanting“移植”；transitional “过渡期的”；transforming “转化，转变”。句意：他们还处在新政府到旧政府的过渡期。选项C符合题意。10. 单选题If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to（1 ）that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science（2 ） it can make informed decisions and not （3 ） them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude（4 ） science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of（5 ） that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesnt understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon （6 ） of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important （7 ） behind support for the Green parties.What can be done to（8 ）this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often（9 ） in a dry and uninteresting manner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they dont see its（10 ）to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematics ideas, they frighten most people.问题1选项A.assessB.discernC.ensureD.anticipate问题2选项A.becauseB.so thatC.despite thatD.though问题3选项A.clutchB.leaveC.fabricateD.nurture问题4选项A.aboutB.withC.uponD.toward问题5选项A.livingB.lifeC.survivalD.lives问题6选项A.literatureB.personC.artD.figure问题7选项A.roleB.conceptC.elementD.index问题8选项A.constrainB.harnessC.fosterD.extinguish问题9选项A.presentedB.conductedC.portrayedD.utilized问题10选项A.meaningB.contributionC.applicationD.relevance【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:A第6题:D第7题:A第8题:C第9题:C第10题:B【解析】（1）名词词义辨析。assess “评估”;discern “辨别”; ensure “确保”;anticipate “预期”。句意：我们不能阻止科学和技术改变我们的世界，我们至少可以努力确保这些改变是正确的。选项C符合题意。（2）逻辑推理。根据文意，在民主社会中，公民需要对科学有一个基本的了解，以便于他们可以自己做出明智的决定。选项B符合题意。（3）动词词义辨析。clutch “抓住”;leave “留给”;fabricate “编造”;nurture “养育”。句意：人们可以做出明智的决定，而不会把问题都留在专家手中。选项B符合题意。（4）短语搭配。attitude towards “对的态度”，选项D符合题意。（5）短语搭配。根据文意，人们想要提高生活水平，故 “standard of living” 生活水平符合题意。选项A符合题意。（6）根据文意，人们对科学的不信任，体现在动画中塑造的那些科学家卡通人物，他们在实验室制造科学怪人。选项D符合题意。（7）名词词义辨析。role “角色，任务”； concept “概念，想法” ；element “要素” ；index “指数”。句意：这个在支持绿党中发挥着重要作用。选项A符合题意。（8）动词词义辨析。constrain “强迫”；harness “利用”；foster “ 培养”；extinguish “ 熄灭”。句意：为了让公众们做出明智的决定，我们应该怎么做去培养他们的兴趣以及给他们提供科学背景呢？选项C符合题意。（9）动词词义辨析。present “提出”；conduct “指挥，管理”，portray “描绘” ；utilize “利用”。句意：但是在学校，科学往往是以一种枯燥无味的方式描绘出来的。选项C符合题意。（10）名词词义辨析。meaning “ 含义”；contribution “ 贡献”；application “应用”；relevance “相关性”根据文意，孩子们学习科学只是为了通过考试，不了解科学对他们周围的世界带来的好处。选项B符合题意。11. 单选题Put on dark glasses or the sun will（ ） you and you wont be able to see.问题1选项A.discernB.distortC.distractD.dazzle【答案】D【解析】考查形近义异词解析。discern “辨别，看清楚”;distort “扭曲，曲解”；distract “转移，分心”；dazzle “使目眩，使眼花”。句子的意思为：戴上太阳眼镜，否则阳光很刺眼，会让你看不见任何东西。选项D符合题意12. 单选题They are no longer on speaking terms because she（ ）his confidence.问题1选项A.exposedB.destroyedC.provedD.betrayed【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。expose“揭露，曝光”;destroy“毁灭，破坏”;prove“证明，检验，显示”;betray“背叛，出卖”。句意：他们不再和睦相处了，因为她背叛了他的信任。选项D符合题意。13. 单选题Please do not be（ ）by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract attention.问题1选项A.distractedB.disregardedC.irritatedD.intervened【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。distract “使心烦意乱”；disregard “忽视，不尊重”；irritate “刺激，激怒”；intervene “干涉，调停”。句意：请不要被他无礼的评论所激怒，因为他只是想引起注意。选项C符合题意。14. 单选题According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modem comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (17601840) when 10 to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoon as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870s，but did not become common in the United States until the 1920s.In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just 50 hours by the start of the 1930s. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.The Depression years of the 1930s brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37. 5-hour workweek, and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6-to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.Compared to preindustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century （ ）.3.What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the United States during the 1930s?4.Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?问题1选项A.Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week.B.Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week.C.A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries.D.Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution.问题2选项A.remained constantB.decreased slightlyC.decreased significantlyD.increased significantly问题3选项A.Several people sometimes shared a single job.B.Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United StatesC.Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.D.The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek问题4选项A.To discourage workers from asking for increased wages.B.To establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek.C.To allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers.D.To restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。根据文章第一段，作者主要对工业化前后，人们工作时间的变化。选项B符合题意。2.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，工业革命前，人们每天花三到四个小时来完成生活必需的劳动，到了现代，人们每周需要工作六天，每天工作十到十二小时，可以得出，工作时间是不断增长的。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段，“The Depression years of the 1930s brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around”，工作的大萧条时代到来，使他们有了工作分担的想法，所以有时候几个人会同事做同样的工作。选项A符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据最后一段，“In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940，and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States.”，8小时5天的工作制就开始了，选项B符合题意。15. 单选题The spelling of many Old English words has been （ ）in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.问题1选项A.preservedB.preemptedC.revisedD.improved【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。Preserve “保留，保护”；preempt “先占，取代”；revise“修订，校订”；improve “改善，提高”。句意：许多古英语中单词的拼写在现代语言中被保留了，尽管它们的发音有变化。选项A符合题意。16. 单选题As the worlds largest grain exporter, the United States has （ ） power over the world food distribution system.问题1选项A.assortedB.unrivaledC.compoundedD.intrigued【答案】B【解析】形容词词义辨析。Assorted “各种各样的”；unrivaled “至高无上的,无敌的”；compounded “复合的,”intrigued “好奇的，被迷住的”。句意：美国作为世界上最大的粮食出口国，对世界粮食分配系统有着最高的权利。选项B符合题意。17. 单选题It is none of your business; you have no right to （ ）.问题1选项A.disturbB.interfereC.interruptD.obtain【答案】B【解析】近义词解析。disturb “打扰，妨碍”；interfere “干涉”；interrupt “打断”；obtain “获得”。句意：不关你的事，你没有权利干涉。选项B符合题意。18. 单选题The pioneers of the teaching of science imagined that its introduction into education would move the conventionality, artificiality, and backward-lookingness which were characteristic of classical studies, but they were gravely disappointed. So, too, in their time had the humanists) thought that the study of the classical authors in the original would banish at once the dull pedantry and superstition of mediaeval scholasticism. The professional schoolmaster was a match for both of them，and has almost managed to make the understanding of chemical reactions as dull and as dogmatic an affair as the reading of Virgils Aeneid.The chief claim for the use of science in education is that it teaches a child something about the actual universe in which he is living in, making him acquainted with the results of scientific discovery, and at the same time teaches him how to think logically and inductively by studying scientific method. A certain limited success has been reached in the first of these aims, but practically none at all in the second. Those privileged members of the community who have been through a secondary or public school education may be expected to know something about the elementary physics and chemistry of a hundred years ago, but they probably know hardly more than any bright boy can pick up from an interest in wireless or scientific hobbies out of school hours.As to the learning of scientific method, the whole thing is palpably a farce. Actually, for the convenience of teachers and the requirements of the examination system, it is necessary that the pupils not only do not learn scientific method but learn precisely the reverse，that is, to believe exactly what they are told and to reproduce it when asked, whether it seems nonsense to them or not. The way in which educated people respond to such quackeries as spiritualism or astrology, not to say more dangerous ones such as racial theories or currency myths, shows that fifty years of education in the method of science in Britain or Germany has produced no visible effect whatever. The only way of learning the method of science is the long and bitter way of personal experience, and, until the educational or social systems are altered to make this possible, the best we can expect is the production of a minority of people who are able to acquire some of the techniques of science and a still smaller minority who are able to use and develop them.1.The author implies that the professional schoolmaster” (line 6) has（ ）.2.The author blames all of the following for the failure to impart scientific method through the（ ）.3.If the author were to study current education in science to see how things have changed since he wrote the piece, he would probably be most interested in the answer to which of the following questions?4.All of the following can be inferred from the text except（ ）.问题1选项A.no interest in teaching scienceB.thwarted attempts to enliven educationC.supported the humanistsD.been a pioneer in both science and humanities.问题2选项A.lack of interest on the part of studentsB.poor teachingC.examination methodsD.the social and education systems问题3选项A.Do students know more about the world about them?B.Do students spend more time in laboratories?C.Can students apply their knowledge logically?D.Have textboo