2022-2023年考博英语-山东大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第2期

2022-2023年考博英语-山东大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题Motorcyclists should wear helmets to（ ）them from injury.问题1选项A.saveB.shieldC.shelterD.defend【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。save意为“使免于受到的损伤”；shield指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害；shelter通常指寻找安全地方躲避危害；defend指用武力或其他措施使人或物不受损害。题中是指运用头盔这种工具躲避伤害。选项B符合题意。2. 翻译题Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, theyll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.【答案】根据调查证据思考发现，尽管许多人在他们的生命里都想拥有科学和宗教，但是目前他们只会保留前者，而以后者为代价。3. 单选题The UN official said aid programs will be _ until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.问题1选项A.multipliedB.arrestedC.spannedD.suspended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。multiple “增加”；arrest “逮捕”；span “跨越”；suspend “推迟，延缓”。句意：这位联合国官员说救援项目将会被推迟，直到对救援人员有足够的保护为止。选项D符合题意。4. 单选题Endangered species are plants and animals that are in immediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many more species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes of climate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation （捕食）.Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment （侵犯）on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the worlds environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of natural habitats （栖息地）.Drainage of wetlands （沼泽地），cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases and parasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another important cause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save declining species. Laws were made in some countries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, approved by 51 nations. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulating and restricting trade in certain species. How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement （实施）and support by the people and the courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segments of society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch and kill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.1.According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?2.In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word “islands” refers to_.3.This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinction of man species except_.4.According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?5.How does the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?问题1选项A.Human beings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B.Some endangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C.The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D.The worlds climate has changed so greatly that most species cannot survive.问题2选项A.the lands that are completely surrounded by waterB.the wild animals breeding grounds protected by lawC.the pieces of land separated by modem buildings and roadsD.the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species问题3选项A.natural selection of speciesB.various natural disastersC.commercial trade and killingD.destruction of natural surroundings问题4选项A.Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B.People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C.Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D.Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.问题5选项A.Worried.B.Optimistic.C.Indifferent.D.Confident.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段第五句，“the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment on natural ecology systems.”，可知灭绝速度加快的原因是人类人口的增长和科学技术对自然生态系统的侵犯。选项C符合题意。2.语义题。根据第二段第三句，“As the various surroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas”，可知环境变成了碎片，剩下的动物聚集在更小的区域里，下文的small islands就是指这些区域。根据“Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind”，可知生活在这个小区域里的物种与其他同类中种群失去了联系。所以是孤立的。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。考查对物种灭绝的原因的理解。根据文章第一段第一句，“a normal process in the course of evolution”，可知物种灭绝是进化中的一个正常过程，选项A可排除。根据第二段第一句，“the destruction of natural habitats”，栖息地的破坏也是物种灭绝的原因，选项D可排除。根据文章最后一段第二句， “protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing.”，商业买卖和杀害也是原因，选项C可排除。选项B符合题意。4.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“How effective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement and support by the people and the courts.”，使法律有效发挥作用的关键在于人们和法院的实施和支持，所以相关法律需要在人们的支持下制定和实施是最重要的。选项C符合题意。 5.作者态度题。根据文章最后一段最后一句，“the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.”，可知作者认为尽管有法律保护，许多物种的未来仍然尚存疑问。所以作者是担忧的态度。选项A符合题意。5. 翻译题Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.【答案】直到人类意识到把人口减到一半，直到能使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物，否则人们将必须接受更多的“人造食品”。6. 单选题A 1994 World Bank report concluded that _ girls in school was probably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.问题1选项A.enrollingB.assigningC.involvingD.consenting【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。enroll “登记，注册”；assign “分配，指派”；involve “涉及”；consent “允许，赞成”。句意：1994年世界银行的报告总结道，学校注册招收女孩可能在现今的发展中国家中是对抗贫困最有效的政策。选项A符合题意。7. 单选题Scientists are searching for the oldest tree _ because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.问题1选项A.livelyB.aliveC.livingD.live【答案】B【解析】同根词词义辨析。lively “活泼的，充满生气的”；alive “活着的”；living “现存的”；live “生动的”。句意：科学家正在寻找活着的古老的树，因为可以教他们许多有关于气候变化的问题。选项B符合题意。8. 单选题Since the authors unflattering references to her friends were so _, she was surprised that her _ were recognized.问题1选项A.laudatory. stylesB.obvious. anecdotesC.oblique. allusionsD.critical. eulogies【答案】C【解析】形容词和名词词义辨析。laudatory “赞美的”；obvious “明显的”；oblique “不光明正大的”；critical “批判的”。style “风格”；anecdote “轶事，奇闻”；allusion “暗示，提及”；eulogy “悼词，颂词”。句意：作者间接地指出了她的朋友们的不当之处，但是使她惊讶的是，这种暗示得到了大家的认可。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题John was so in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.问题1选项A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbedD.concentrated【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。absorbed “全神贯注的”；engaged “使用中的”；occupied “已占用的”；concentrated “集中注意力的”，本题用be absorbed in“全神贯注于”更为合适。句意：约翰如此全神贯注地阅读书籍，以至于他没有听到门铃。选项C符合题意。10. 写作题Describe children surfing the net briefly and give your comments.【答案】Nowadays, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources for people. Almost all households have access to the Internet ； however, before people connecting the Internet, they need to be aware of its disadvantages and advantages. Children of net users have become a big concern. Most parents do not realize the dangers involved when their children log onto the Internet. When children are online, they can easily be lured into something dangerous. When children talk to others online, they do not realize they could actually be talking to a harmful person. As a result, there have been many cases where children have been convinced to meet people they have talked with online. In addition, children may also receive pornography online by mistake; therefore, causing concern among parents everywhere. Whether surfing the Web, reading newsgroups, or using email, children can be exposed to extremely inappropriate material. Pornographic sites tend to make sure they are the first sites to be listed in any search area； thus, children come across such sites easily.We could control the issue from the following three aspects. First and foremost, parents are responsible for their own children on the Internet because there are available services to protect children. Further, to keep children safe, parents and teachers must be aware of the dangers. They must actively guide and guard their children online and should talk to children about what is online and what might happen online. In addition, the companies should develop a number of tools available today that may help keep the Internet environment safer for children. In other words, children want to explore things； however, there are people on the Internet that are just too persuasive.11. 单选题On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35, 000 a year, lost approximately $ 175, 000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $ 20 and left. On his second visit he lost $ 800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer，a “Fun Card”，which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”.( 1) .In 1997 he lost $ 21，000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $ 72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a. m. , then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a. m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williamss got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williamss gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(2) .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun. and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “ helplessly addicted to gambling ”，intentionally worked to “ lure” him to “ engage in conduct against his will”. Well.(3) .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(4) .Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(5) .Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on you might say addicted to revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers, dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1, 800 virtual casinos every week. With $ 3. 5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Webs most profitable business.问题1选项A.Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B.It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C.By the time he had lost $ 5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5, 500, but he did not quit.D.Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E.David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.F.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G.The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?问题2选项A.Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B.It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C.By the time he had lost $ 5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5, 500, but he did not quit.D.Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E.David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.F.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G.The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?问题3选项A.Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B.It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C.By the time he had lost $ 5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5, 500, but he did not quit.D.Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E.David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.F.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G.The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?问题4选项A.Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B.It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C.By the time he had lost $ 5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5, 500, but he did not quit.D.Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E.David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.F.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G.The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?问题5选项A.Although no such evidence was presented, the casinos marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B.It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C.By the time he had lost $ 5, 000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $ 5, 500, but he did not quit.D.Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.E.David Williamss suit should trouble this gambling nation. But dont bet on it.F.It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.G.The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:F第5题:D【解析】1.考查上下文语义题。根据空格上文，描述了Williams从一开始不赌博到输钱的数目越来越大，说明他的赌瘾也越来越大，空格后文也提到了他玩老虎机也输了很多钱，所以根据上下文语境，推断出空格中的内容应该和他输钱的经历相关，用输钱的具体数据进行对比，最能说明他上瘾的过程。选项C符合题意。2. 逻辑关系题。空格上文提到威廉姆的朋友将他送进了戒毒中心，并且赌场也把威廉姆纳入了禁止赌博人名单内，认为赌博行为对他造成了心理和健康伤害，在下次进入赌场前，需要提供赌场不会给他造成安全和健康威胁的证明。空格下文提到尽管赌场知道他成瘾了，但是仍然诱惑他做违背自己意愿的事，还是继续纵容他。前后形成了一个转折，尽管威廉姆没有出示证明，赌场仍然给他发邮件，而且进赌场使用娱乐卡并没有被发现。所以赌场并没有按上文说的抑制他赌博成瘾的行为，而是继续诱惑纵容他。选项A符合题意。 3. 考查上下文语义题。根据上文，“worked to lure him to engage in conduct against his will”，赌场明明知道他赌博成瘾还试图引诱他从事一些违背自己意愿的行为，所以空格是对这一段内容的一个承接，是对上一句话的进一步补充，B选项中也有lure和will两个单词，所以选项B符合题意。 4. 考查上下文语义题。空格前一句提到，心理障碍诊断统计手册第四版为“病理赌博”下了定义，其表现为：持续、反复且无法自控地对金钱的追求，寻求意外之财的冒险的刺激。空格应该是对“病理赌博”这一医学术语进行了进一步解释，下文出现“character flaw