2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）第15期

2022-2023年考博英语-江西师范大学模拟考试题（含答案解析）1. 单选题The teacher laid a lot of _ on practice.问题1选项A.attentionB.focusC.emphasisD.word【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. attention 注意 B. focus 关注C. emphasis 强调 D. word 词语【考查点】固定搭配【解题思路】结合选项推测，原句语义为“这个老师非常重视实践”，原文使用的表达为laid a lot of _ on。C选项emphasis“强调”符合搭配要求，其常用搭配为put/lay/place emphasis on sth.“强调/重视某事”。【干扰项排除】A选项attention“注意”，常用搭配为pay/draw/attract attention to，不符合原句搭配；B选项focus“关注”，常用搭配为the focus of/on sth.，不符合原句搭配；D选项word“词语”，不用于原文搭配。【句意】这个老师非常重视实践。2. 单选题You can order _ books online as you would like at one time.问题1选项A.as manyB.manyC.muchD.as much【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. as many 一样多（可数） B. many 许多（可数）C. much 许多（不可数） D. as much 一样多（不可数）【考查点】固定搭配【解题思路】本题考查的是固定搭配as+形容词或副词+as“和什么一样怎么样”。首先，原句中空格后有“像你想买的一样（as you would like）”；其次，空格后的名词为复数可数名词books，因此，A选项as many“一样多（可数）”符合要求。【干扰项排除】B选项many“许多（可数）”，缺少as；C选项much“许多（不可数）”，缺少as，且与复数可数名词books搭配不当；D选项as much“一样多（不可数）”，与复数可数名词books搭配不当。【句意】你在网上一次想买多少书就能买多少书。3. 翻译题Directing the union are technological advances that have made it easier to store and rapidly transmit information into homes and offices. Fiber-optic cable, for examplemade up of hair-thin glass fibersis a tremendously efficient carrier of information. Lasers shooting light through glass fiber can transmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire, or tens of thousands of paragraphs such as this one every second.The greatly increased volume and speed of data transmission that these technologies permit can be compared to the way in which a highway with many lanes allows more cars to move at faster speeds than a two-lane highwayhence, the information superhighway.【答案】【参考译文】引导联合的是技术进步，技术的进步使信息更容易存储和迅速传输到家庭和办公室。例如，由细如发丝的玻璃纤维制成的光纤是一种非常高效的信息载体。通过玻璃纤维发的激光可以传输标准电话线25万倍的数据，或者每秒传输数万段这样的段落。这些技术极大地增加了数据传输的量和速度，可以与多车道高速公路比双车道高速公路允许更多的汽车以更快的速度移动的方式相比较因此，信息高速公路由此得名。4. 单选题I deem the girl was in bad health because the handshake with her was so _.问题1选项A.limpB.lameC.softD.strong【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. limp 无生气的，无力的 B. lame 瘸的，没说服力的C. soft 柔软的 D. strong 强壮的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】由主句“我认为这女孩身体不好（in bad health）”可推测，the handshake with her（和她的握手）应该是“无力的”。故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项不符合句子逻辑。【句意】我认为这女孩身体不好，因为与她的握手很无力。5. 翻译题III. (本题3段，每段10分)Theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics constitute a system of scientific theories including Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of Three Represents, and the Scientific Outlook on Development and other major strategic thoughts. This system represents the Partys adherence to and development of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and embodies the wisdom and hard work of several generations of Chinese Communists leading the people in carrying out tireless explorations and practices. It is an open system that keeps developing. Practices since the publication of the Communist Manifesto nearly 160 years ago have proved that only when Marxism is integrated with the conditions of a specific country, advances in step with the times arid, is tied to the destiny of the people can it demonstrate its strong vitality, creativity and appeal. In contemporary China, to stay true to Marxism means to adhere to the system of theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Education should be wild, exciting, intoxicating. These days, more and more tertiary education establishments specialize in courses that took like a short-cut to a sexy job: you can study sport, or journalism, or television, or pop music, even fashion. The errorthe heresyis to think that the entire purpose of education is to get you a better job; that the entire function of an individual life is to make as much money as possible. Its a terrible shame, and I feel horribly sad for the people who must go through it all, carrying the burden of economic expectation rather than the spirit of exploration and adventure. We were all too busy trying to suss out the meaning of life to be sidetracked by such side-issues as careers, until the time came to meet reality head on. The purpose of modern education is to make you a wealthy person.In a speech that will set Chinas direction for the future, he spoke of the need to address the problems of environmental degradation, political corruption and income inequality between the rich cities on the eastern seaboard and villages in the poor western interior. He told Chinese: “Growth is not our only goal. Sustainability and cutting inequality is high on agenda.” But, he admitted that the party had struggled to keep pace with the rapid changes in society. “While recognizing our achievements, we must be well aware that they still fall short of the expectations of the people.” he said, “The government capability of the party falls somewhat short of the need to deal with the new situation and tasks.”【答案】中国特色社会主义理论体系，是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观等重大战略思想在内的科学理论体系。这是我们党对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的坚持和发展，是几代中国共产党人领导人民不懈探索和实践的智慧和汗水的结晶。它是一个不断发展的开放体系。共产党宣言发表近160年来的实践证明，马克思主义只有同具体国情相结合、与时俱进、同人民命运紧密相连，才能展现出强大的生命力、创造力和感召力。在当代中国，坚持马克思主义，就是坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系。教育应该是狂野的、令人兴奋的和令人陶醉的。如今，越来越多的高等教育机构专门开设一些课程，这些课程似乎是获得一份有吸引力的工作的捷径：你可以学习体育，或新闻，或电视，或流行音乐，甚至时尚。错误的一个想法（异端邪说）就是，认为教育的全部目的就是为你找到一份更好的工作，而生活的全部目的就是尽可能多地赚钱。这是一种可怕的耻辱，我为那些必须经历这一切的人感到非常难过，他们背负着经济期望的重担，而不是探索和冒险的精神。 我们总是忙于追寻人生的意义，直到现实砸在我们的脑袋上之前，我们都不考虑一些次要的事情，比如职业什么的。现代教育的目的就是让你成为一个富有的人。在这篇将为中国未来指明方向的演讲中，他谈到了解决环境恶化、政治腐败以及东部沿海富裕城市与西部贫困内陆农村之间收入不平等等问题的必要性。他对中国人说：“增长不是我们唯一的目标。可持续发展和减少不平等是议程上的重点。” 但他承认，共产党一直在努力跟上社会的快速变化。他说：“我们在看到成绩的同时，也要清醒地看到，我们的成绩与人民的期待之间有差距；党的管理能力与处理新形势新任务的需要有一定差距。”6. 单选题The manager thought _ the problem for three days before he finally made the decision.问题1选项A.onB.inC.overD.down【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. on 在上 B. in 在里C. over 关于，翻转 D. down 向下【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】由for three days（三天）可知，这个经理是“仔细考虑”，think over为固定搭配，表示“仔细考虑”。因此，该题选择C项正确。【干扰项排除】B、D选项和think不构成搭配；A选项think on（考虑，思量）程度不够深，排除。【句意】在最后做出决定之前，经理对这个问题仔细考虑了三天。7. 单选题As the economy grew, an increasing sense of sameness prevailed in American society. This was the great age of conformity, when members of all social groups learned to imitate those around them rather than strike out on their own. Third-and-fourth-generation ethnic Americans became much more alike. With immigration slowed to a trickle after 1924, and ties to Europe weakened, assimilation occurred. Television contributed to growing conformity by providing young and old with common, shared visually attractive experience. Escaping the assimilating tendencies was difficult. Sociologist David Riesman pointed out that in the classic nursery rhyme “This Little Pig Went to Market,” each pig went his own way. “Today, however, all little pigs go to market; none stay home; all have roast beef, if any do; and all say we-we.”The willingness to conform to group norms affected colleges and universities, where cautious students sought security. They joined fraternities and sororities and engaged in panty raids and other pranks, but took little interest in world affairs. “I observe,” Yale president A. Whitney Griswold told a graduating class in 1950, “that you share the prevailing mood of the hour, which in your case consists of bargains privately made with fateon fates terms.”Americans in the postwar years discovered a shared religious sense and returned to their churches in record numbers. Church membership doubled between 1945 and 1970. In part, church attendance reflected a desire to challenge “godless communism” at the height of the Cold War and to find some relief from the threat of a nuclear war; in part, it resulted from the power of suggestion that led Americans to do what others did. Religion also seemed to reinforce the importance of family life. As one slogan put it, “The family that prays together stays together.” Moreover, religion became increasingly appealing. Evangelist Billy Graham, often introduced as “a man with Gods message for these crisis days,” preached to millions at his revivals. He capitalized on the media, using radio, television, and film to spread his message. By the end of the 1950s, fully 95 percent of all Americans identified with some religious denomination.46. According to the context, we can guess that “the great age of conformity” roughly means the era when _.47. Sociologist David Riesmans remarks revealed _.48. What Yale president said shows that college students _.49. According to the third paragraph, large church attendance seems to have to do with all of the following except _.50. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage?问题1选项A.people from all walks of life took little interest in world affairsB.all social members tended to act the way others didC.the young and the old learned to narrow their differences and tolerate each otherD.religion played an important role in reinforcing the importance of family life问题2选项A.the change in the diet of AmericansB.differences in Americans opinions on nursery educationC.the effects of economic growth on American habits and customsD.the prevailing trend towards assimilation in American society问题3选项A.gave up struggling for a better futureB.were struggling hard for a better futureC.were only interested in students organizationsD.were favored by fate问题4选项A.Americans keener awareness of the importance of family lifeB.the ever-growing attraction of religion for AmericansC.Americans resolve to give full support to the Cold WarD.the grave international situation of the time问题5选项A.America: A Different Society from the PastB.Spread of Religion in Postwar YearsC.Religion: An Important Aspect of American LifeD.Conformity in American Society【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:D【解析】46.【选项释义】46. According to the context, we can guess that “the great age of conformity” roughly means the era when _. 46. 根据上下文，我们可以猜测“从众的大时代”大致上指的是_时代。A. people from all walks of life took little interest in world affairs A. 各行各业的人对世界事务不感兴趣B. all social members tended to act the way others did B. 所有社会成员都倾向于模仿他人的行为方式C. the young and the old learned to narrow their differences and tolerate each other C. 年轻人和老年人学会了缩小他们的差异并互相容忍D. religion played an important role in reinforcing the importance of family life D. 宗教在加强家庭生活重要性方面发挥了重要作用【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据the great age of conformity定位至第一段第二句“这是一个从众的大时代（the great age of conformity），所有社会群体的成员都学会了模仿他们周围的人，而不是开创属于自己的想法（imitate those around them rather than strike out on their own）”，理解可知，the great age of conformity（从众的大时代）就是所有社会群体成员模仿他人行为的时代。因此，该题选择B项正确。【干扰项排除】C选项“年轻人和老年人学会了缩小他们的差异并互相容忍”没提到，无中生有；A选项“各行各业的人对世界事务不感兴趣”和D选项“宗教在加强家庭生活重要性方面发挥了重要作用”与题干无关，张冠李戴。47.【选项释义】47. Sociologist David Riesmans remarks revealed _. 47. 社会学家大卫里斯曼的评论揭示了_。A. the change in the diet of Americans A. 美国人饮食的变化B. differences in Americans opinions on nursery education B. 美国人对幼儿园教育的看法不同C. the effects of economic growth on American habits and customs C. 经济增长对美国人生活习惯的影响D. the prevailing trend towards assimilation in American society D. 美国社会同化的流行趋势【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位到第一段最后一句“社会学家David Riesman指出，在经典的童谣这只小猪去市场中，每只猪都走自己的路；然而，今天所有的（all）小猪都去市场了，没有一个待在家里；如果有的话，他们都（all）吃烤牛肉，都（all）说we-we。”，其中多次使用了all一词，结合上文提到的同化倾向，社会学家大卫里斯曼的评论揭示了美国当今越来越盛行的同化趋势。故该题选择D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“美国人饮食的变化”和B选项“美国人对幼儿园教育的看法不同”表述曲解原文；C选项“经济增长对美国人生活习惯的影响”中的“生活习惯”太片面，以偏概全。48.【选项释义】48. What Yale president said shows that college students _. 48. 耶鲁大学校长所说的表明大学生_。A. gave up struggling for a better future A. 放弃了为美好的未来奋斗B. were struggling hard for a better future B. 是在为一个更好的未来而奋斗C. were only interested in students organizations C. 只对学生组织感兴趣D. were favored by fate D. 被命运所眷顾【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位到第二段最后一句关于耶鲁大学校长所说的话“我注意到，你当时有同样的主导情绪（prevailing mood），就你而言，这是在命运的条件下与命运私下达成的交易”，prevailing mood指的是上文“谨慎的学生为了寻求安全感而参与各种恶作剧”，其中提到了but took little interest in world affairs（但是对世界事务不感兴趣）；综合理解可知，耶鲁大学校长说这一句话是表明大学生放弃了为美好未来生活的奋斗。故该题选择A项。【干扰项排除】B选项“是在为一个更好的未来而奋斗”与原文相反，反向干扰；C选项“只对学生组织感兴趣”表述与原文不符，文中虽然提到学生会参加一些学生组织，但这是因为他们想要寻求安全感，而不是感兴趣，该项曲解原文；D选项“被命运所眷顾”没有体现，无中生有。49.【选项释义】49. According to the third paragraph, large church attendance seems to have to do with all of the following except _. 49. 根据第三段，大量的出席教会似乎与下列事情有关，除了_。A. Americans keener awareness of the importance of family life A. 美国人更加意识到家庭生活的重要性B. the ever-growing attraction of religion for Americans B. 宗教对美国人日益增长的吸引力C. Americans resolve to give full support to the Cold War C. 美国全力支持冷战的决心D. the grave international situation of the time D. 当时严峻的国际形势【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】定位至文章第三段，第三句提到“在某种程度上，去教堂做礼拜反映了一种渴望，即在冷战高峰时期挑战无神论的共产主义（challenge godless communism），并从核战争的威胁中寻求某种解脱”，从challenge “godless communism”（挑战“无神论的共产主义”）可以看出，当时美国参与教会部分原因是挑战苏联的无神论共产主义，所以C项与原文相反。因此，该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A选项“美国人更加意识到家庭生活的重要性”定位第三段第四句“宗教似乎也加强了家庭生活的重要性（reinforce the importance of family life）”，可知该项与原文相符；B选项“宗教对美国人日益增长的吸引力”定位第六句“此外，宗教变得越来越有吸引力（increasingly appealing）”，可知该项与原文相符；D选项“当时严峻的国际形势”从第三句中“挑战无神论共产主义”和“从核战争的威胁中寻求某种解脱”可以看出，该项也正确。50.【选项释义】50. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the passage? 50. 下面哪个选项可以作为这篇文章的合适标题？A. America: A Different Society from the PastA. 美国：一个与过去不同的社会B. Spread of Religion in Postwar YearsB. 战后宗教的传播C. Religion: An Important Aspect of American LifeC. 宗教：美国生活的一个重要方面D. Conformity in American SocietyD. 美国社会的从众性【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】首先，看到首尾两段核心句，首段第一句“随着经济的发展，越来越多的同一性在美国社会盛行（an increasing sense of sameness）”，以及末段第一句“战后，美国人发现了一种共同的宗教意识（a shared religious sense），重返教堂的人数创下了纪录”，可知文章主要讲述的内容是美国社会的同一性。然后，看到文章行文结构是总分结构，文章首先介绍美国社会同一性产生的历史原因，然后从学校和宗教两个方面来阐述同一性的表现。综上所述可知，文章的关键词是conformity，内容就是美国社会的从众性。故D项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“美国：一个与过去不同的社会”、B选项“战后宗教的传播”和C选项“宗教：美国生活的一个重要方面”均属于以偏概全。8. 单选题Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in system of naming. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts and other vocations, such as farming and fishing, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity (神性) and philosophy have also, in their older strata (阶层), become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild (行会). The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called popular science makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus, our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.16. The authors main purpose in the passage is to_.17. When the author refers to professions as no longer being “closed guilds”, he means that_.18. If the author of the passage wished to study a new field, he would probably_.19. The writer of this article was probably a_.20. It seems that the passage implies that_.问题1选项A.describe a phenomenonB.argue a beliefC.propose a solutionD.stimulate action问题2选项A.it is much easier to become a professional today than it was in the pastB.there is more social intercourse between professionals and othersC.popular science has told their secrets to the worldD.anyone can now understand anything in a profession问题3选项A.call in a dictionary expertB.look to the histories of the words in the new fieldC.pay careful attention to the new fields technical vocabularyD.learn how to coin new jargon in the field问题4选项A.linguistB.scientistC.politicianD.physician问题5选项A.the English language is always becoming larger and largerB.the words of the English language are always changingC.one can never be sure of what a word means without consulting an expertD.technical terms in most non-scientific fields have little chance of becoming part of the main body of the language in these scientific days【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:A【解析】16.【试题答案】A【试题解析】主旨大意题。第一步定位到首尾两段中心句，第一段第一句话Every profession or trade, every art, and every science had its technical vocabulary.（每一种职业或行业，每一种艺术，每一门科学都有自己的技术词汇）第二段的第一句话Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies.（然而，不同的职业，其特殊词汇的特点有很大的不同）从这两句可知文章是在描述一种现象，所以答案选A选项“描述一个现象”。B选项“讨论一种信仰”，文章没有提到信仰，这里属于无中生有。C选项“提出建议”，文章没有抛出问题更没有提出解决方案，这里属于无中生有。D选项“刺激作用”，文章没有说要采取行动，这里属于无中生有。17.【试题答案】B【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，寻找句内信息，定位到第二段倒数第六句Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet, no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a closed guild.（大多数新造的词仅限于特殊的讨论，很少涉及一般文学或谈话。然而，现在没有职业像所有职业曾经那样是一个封闭的行会），从这可以看出现在的职业环境与以前有了很大的改变；第二步寻找上下文线索，定位到第二段倒数第四句The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, and the cleric associates freely with his fellow creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way.（律师、医生、科学家和神职人员都可以自由地与他的同伴交往，而不仅仅是以职业的方式与他们打交道），从这里可知以前职业的交流是在一个封闭的小圈子，而现在圈子被打破了，人们不再只是职业往来，还有平时社交也有增强，所以答案选B选项“专业人士和其他人之间有更多的社会交往”。A选项“现在成为一名专业人士比过去容易得多”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。C选项“大众科学已经把它们的秘密告诉了世界”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“任何人现在都能理解职业中的任何事情”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。18.【试题答案】C【试题解析】判断推理题。第一步，联系上下文，作者写这篇文章是向读者介绍专业术语的存在、使用、演变，并揭示其必然性和重要性，因此，如果他去研究某一新领域时，他一定会想到这个领域中的专业术语是什么，有何意义，以便于自己的研究，由此，可以推断出，他会注意专业术语，故C选项“仔细注意新领域的技术词汇”正确。A选项“请一位词典专家来”，定位到文章第二段第六句话Yet, every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech.（然而，即使对受过教育的人来说，每一种职业仍然拥有大量本质上是陌生的专业术语）， 从这里可知即使是专家也还是会有大量词汇不认识，所以靠专家来帮助不是很靠谱。B选项“在新领域中查看单词的历史”，这里文章没有提及，属于无中生有。D选项“学习如何在这个领域创造新的行话”，定位到文章第一段倒数第二句Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it.（此外，它们节省时间，因为命名一个过程比描述它要经济得多），这里只是讲述行话的好处，人们刚开始学习不会是从学习创造术语开始的。19.【试题答案】A【试题解析】第一步，寻找上下文线索，定位到文章第一段第一句 Every profession or trade, every a