2022年考博英语-江苏大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解9

2022年考博英语-江苏大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 单选题Around two minutes after launch, the boosters on either side of the shuttle will fall away, followed shortly afterwards by the giant external fuel tank _ to the spaceship.问题1选项A.claspedB.strappedC.hinderedD.clustered【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. clasped握紧；扣紧 B. strapped用带子系（或捆、扎、扣）好C. hindered阻碍；妨碍 D. clustered群聚；聚集【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键词the giant external fuel tank（巨大外部燃料箱）和spaceship（飞船），结合常识可知，燃料箱是紧紧固定在飞船上的，故空格处表示“固定”符合句意，B项词义符合该意思，故该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】发射大约两分钟后，航天飞机两侧的助推器将脱落，紧随其后的是固定在飞船上的巨大外部燃料箱。2. 不定项选择题Our ignorance about the underlying truth of human nature has not been for want of trying. Philosophers took up the question as one of the very first that human systematically asked about themselves. But philosophers produced answers as various as Aristotles and Rousseaus. Since the late 1900s, behavioral and social scientists too have tried to understand human nature. But while they have illuminated many useful bits and pieces, they have failed as system-builders. What is left of Freuds theories, out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century? Psychotherapy remains, in abundant variety, but only remnants of Freudianism. What is left of B. F. Skinner? Behaviorism is still a productive branch of psychology, but the Skinnerian Vision of human nature that once seemed so compelling is dead.How can we have expended so much of our collective genius on understanding human nature and still know so little for certain? Because up until now, we have been able to observe only behavior. People can hold very different views of human nature because we observe in the human being, in abundance, every sort of behavior. Or to put it statistically, human nature does not consist of universal human characteristics but of distributions. Is mankind altruistic or selfish? From everyday experience, we know that some people behave selfishly and some behave altruistically. The implications of a distribution in which, for example, the average value is “fairly selfish” are very different from the implications of a bell curve in which the average value is “fairly altruistic”. The implications of a curve that is narrow and steep (meaning that almost all human beings are very close to the median value) are very different from those of a shape that is wide and short (meaning that human nature for this characteristic is all over the map).The problem is that, while scientists can measure the observed shape of these behaviors, they have been stymied by the nature/nurture problem. This is not to say that we know nothing. Just as geologists know a lot about the probability of finding oil based on rock formations on the surface, psychologists have learned to infer a lot about the heritability of observed traits. But in both cases, the observer is dealing with outcroppings and probabilities, while the exact, inarguable truth lies hidden.1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freuds theories _.2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means _.3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because _.4. What does the author mean by saying “.human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)?5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage?问题1选项A.are less influential than they once wereB.provide key insight into the human psycheC.have become more popular as the years have gone byD.provide the foundation for all psychotherapy问题2选项A.persuasiveB.widespreadC.misunderstoodD.ridiculous问题3选项A.not enough research has been doneB.by nature, humans tend to disagreeC.no one knows for sure how to draw conclusions from behavioral patternsD.human exhibit all sorts of different kinds of behaviors问题4选项A.Human nature is impossible to define.B.Humans exhibit a wide variety of values for this particular characteristic.C.People with this characteristic are distributed over a wide geographical area.D.Values can vary depending on location.问题5选项A.It is impossible to know the truth about human nature.B.After centuries of investigation, we still know nothing about human nature.C.Despite our efforts, there is still much we dont know about human nature.D.We must not give up in our efforts to understand human nature.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】1. It can be inferred from the passage that Freuds theories _. 1. 从文章中可以推断出，弗洛伊德的理论_。A. are less influential than they once were A. 影响力不如从前B. provide key insight into the human psyche B. 提供对人类心理的关键洞察C. have become more popular as the years have gone by C. 随着时间的流逝变得越来越受欢迎D. provide the foundation for all psychotherapy D. 为所有的心理治疗提供基础【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段六、七句“弗洛伊德的理论还剩下些什么呢？心理疗法仍然存在，虽然种类繁多，但只是弗洛伊德理论的残余（but only remnants of Freudianism）。”可知，弗洛伊德的心理疗法即便存在，但也不足以揭示人性内在真相，从而可推断，弗洛伊德的理论影响力不如以前，A项“影响力不如从前”符合题意。【干扰项排除】B项“提供对人类心理的关键洞察”，弗洛伊德对心理的洞察，只是一些残余，该项属于反向干扰；C项“随着时间的流逝变得越来越受欢迎”根据解题思路可知，该项与原文表述相反，属于反向干扰；D项“为所有的心理治疗提供基础”没有提到，该项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. The word “pervasive” in the first paragraph most probably means _. 2. 第一段中的“pervasive”这个词很可能意味着_。A. persuasive A. 有说服力的B. widespread B. 普遍的C. misunderstood C. 误解的D. ridiculous D. 可笑的【考查点】词义推测题。【解题思路】首先，根据关键词pervasive定位至第一段第六句“在上世纪中叶pervasive的思想信仰中（out of the beliefs that were so intellectually pervasive in mid-century），弗洛伊德的理论还剩下些什么呢？”，可知pervasive是用来形容弗洛伊德理论，其中提到了一个时间mid-century（上世纪中叶），根据历史常识可推知，上世纪中叶，弗洛伊德理论是盛行的，且下文“心理疗法仍然存在，虽然种类繁多，但只是弗洛伊德主义的残余”也证实了这一点，自20世纪后期以来，弗洛伊德理论只剩下一些残余，与上世纪中叶形成鲜明对比，故pervasive的意思是“普遍的，盛行的”的意思，该题选择B项“普遍的”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“有说服力的”、C项“误解的”和D项“可笑的”没有信息可以推断，这三项属于无中生有。3.【选项释义】3. The author suggests that people are able to hold varying views of human nature because _. 3. 作者建议人们能够对人性持有不同的观点，因为_。A. not enough research has been done A. 没有做足够的研究B. by nature, humans tend to disagree B. 出于天性，人类倾向于分歧C. no one knows for sure how to draw conclusions from behavioral patterns C. 没有人确切知道如何从行为模式中得出结论D. human exhibit all sorts of different kinds of behaviors D. 人类表现出各种不同的行为【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段第三句“人们可以对人性持有非常不同的看法，因为我们大量地观察到人类的各种行为”理解可知，作者建议人们能够对人性持有不同的观点，因为人类表现出各种行为，D项“人类表现出各种不同的行为”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“没有做足够的研究”，根据第二段第二句“因为到目前为止，我们只能观察到行为”可知，人们能够对人性持有不同的观点不是因为没有足够的研究，而是只能观察到行为，且行为表现不同，该项属于曲解原文；B项“出于天性，人类倾向于分歧”和C项“没有人确切知道如何从行为模式中得出结论”没有提到，这两项属于无中生有。4.【选项释义】4. What does the author mean by saying “.human nature for this characteristic is all over the map” (paragraph 2)? 4. 作者在第二段说“这种特征的人性遍布地图”是什么意思？A. Human nature is impossible to define. A. 人性是无法定义的。B. Humans exhibit a wide variety of values for this particular characteristic. B. 对于这一特殊的特性，人类表现出各种各样的价值观。C. People with this characteristic are distributed over a wide geographical area. C. 具有这种特征的人分布在广阔的地理区域。D. Values can vary depending on location. D. 值可以根据位置而变化。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干定位至第二段最后一句“窄而陡峭的曲线（意味着几乎所有人都非常接近中值）的含义与宽而短的曲线（这意味着这种特征的人性遍布地图）的含义非常不同”，结合第四句“或者从统计学上讲，人性不是由普遍的人类特征组成的，而是由分布组成的”可知，此处是把人性的特征分布比喻成一条曲线，宽而短的曲线意味着具备这种特征的人分布广，也就是说all over the map在这的含义指的是“遍布广阔的地理区域”，故该题选择C项“具有这种特征的人分布在广阔的地理区域”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“人性是无法定义的”、B项“对于这一特殊的特性，人类表现出各种各样的值”和D项“值可以根据位置而变化”在原文没有根据，这三项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】5. Which of the following is in accordance with the point of view presented in the passage? 5. 下面哪一项与文章中提出的观点一致？A. It is impossible to know the truth about human nature. A. 要了解人性的真相是不可能的。B. After centuries of investigation, we still know nothing about human nature. B. 经过几个世纪的调查，我们仍然对人性一无所知。C. Despite our efforts, there is still much we dont know about human nature. C. 尽管我们做出了努力，但我们对人性仍有很多不了解的地方。D. We must not give up in our efforts to understand human nature. D. 我们决不能放弃了解人性的努力。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“我们花了这么多的集体智慧去理解人性，却仍然对其知之甚少”，以及最后一段的内容“问题是，虽然科学家可以测量观察到的这些行为的形状，但他们已经被先天/后天的问题所阻碍。这并不是说我们一无所知。就像地质学家知道很多根据地表岩层找到石油的可能性一样，心理学家也学会了对观察到的特征的遗传力进行推断。但在这两种情况下，观察者面对的都是表面和可能性，而确切的、不容置疑的真相却被隐藏起来。”可知，对于人性的探索，人们做了很多的努力，但是对于人性的真相还是知之甚少，但也不是一无所知，也就是说尽管做了很多努力，但是我们对人性还有很多没有了解到的，所以C项“尽管我们做出了努力，但我们对人性仍有很多不了解的地方”与文章中提出的观点一致。【干扰项排除】A项“要了解人性的真相是不可能的”表述太绝对，该项属于曲解原文；B项“经过几个世纪的调查，我们仍然对人性一无所知”，我们并不是一无所知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；D项“我们决不能放弃了解人性的努力”文中没有提到，该项属于无中生有。3. 不定项选择题The stratospheric ozone layer is not a completely uniform stratum, nor does it occur at the same altitude around the globe. It lies closest to the Earth over the poles and rises to maximum altitude over the equator. In the stratosphere, ozone is continuously being made and destroyed by natural processes. During the day the Sun breaks down some of the oxygen molecules to single oxygen atoms, and these atoms, reacting with oxygen molecules that have not been dissociated, form ozone. However, the sunlight also breaks down ozone by converting some of it back to normal oxygen. In addition, naturally occurring nitrogen oxides enter into the cycle and speed the breakdown reactions. The amount of ozone present at any one time is the balance between the processes that create it and those that destroy it.Since the splitting of the oxygen molecules depends directly upon the intensity of solar radiation, the greatest rate of ozone production occurs over the tropics. However, ozone is also destroyed most rapidly there, and wind circulation patterns carry the ozone-enriched upper layers of the atmosphere away from the equator. It turns out that the largest total ozone amounts are found at high latitudes. On a typical day the amount of ozone over Minnesota, for example, is 30 percent greater than the amount over 900 miles farther south. The density and altitude of the ozone layer also change with the seasons, the weather, and the amount of solar activity. Nevertheless, at any one place above the Earths surface, the long term averages maintained by natural processes are believed to be reasonably constant.The amount of ozone near the Earth is only a small percent of the amount in the stratosphere, and exchange of molecules between the ozone layer and at the ground level is thought to be relatively small. Furthermore, the ozone molecule is so unstable that only a tiny fraction of ground-level ozone could survive the long trip to the stratosphere, so the ozone layer will not be replenished to any significant degree by the increasing concentrations of ozone that have been detected in recent years near the Earths surface. The long-term averages of ozone both near ground level and in the stratosphere are regulated by continuous processes that are constantly destroying and creating it in each of these places. This is why scientists are so concerned about human beings injection into the stratosphere chemicals like nitrogen oxides, which are catalysts that facilitate the breakdown of ozone. If the ozone layer is depleted significantly, more ultraviolet radiation would penetrate to the Earths surface and damage many living organisms.1. Whats the thematic question of the passage?2. According to the passage, what most resembles the processes that determine the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere?3. Which of the following has the LEAST effect on the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere?4. In terms of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, natural processes are assumed to form _.5. What is the main idea of the passage?问题1选项A.How to deal with the relations between ozone layer and radiation damage?B.What is the average thickness of the stratospheric ozone layer?C.Why does increase exposure to ultraviolet radiation destroy many living organisms?D.How is stratospheric ozone created and changed?问题2选项A.Automobile emissions and seasonal fogs that create a layer of smog over a city.B.Planting and harvesting activities that produce a crop whose size is always about the same.C.Deposits and withdrawals made in a bank account whose average balance remains much the same.D.Assets and liabilities that determine the net worth of a corporation.问题3选项A.Weather.B.Latitude.C.Season.D.Ground-level ozone.问题4选项A.a chain of randomly occurring phenomenaB.an interactive relationshipC.a reduction systemD.a linear progression问题5选项A.Solar radiation not only produces and damages ozone but also poses a hazard to human life.B.Naturally occurring nitrogen oxides, as well as those introduced by humans, tend to deplete the layer of ozone in the stratosphere.C.A delicate but reasonably constant balance exists between the natural process that produce ozone and those that destroy it in the stratosphere.D.Changes in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere tend to cancel themselves out after a period of time.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】1. Whats the thematic question of the passage? 1. 这篇文章的主题问题是什么？A. How to deal with the relations between ozone layer and radiation damage? A. 如何处理臭氧层与辐射损害的关系？B. What is the average thickness of the stratospheric ozone layer? B. 平流层臭氧层的平均厚度是多少？C. Why does increase exposure to ultraviolet radiation destroy many living organisms? C. 为什么紫外线辐射的增加会破坏许多生物体？D. How is stratospheric ozone created and changed? D. 平流层臭氧是如何产生和改变的？【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，文章第一段介绍了平流层臭氧是如何产生的，第二、三段讲述了影响臭氧含量的一些因素，包括太阳活动、季节、天气和纬度，以及解释臭氧是如何被破坏和创造，但又能保持平衡，综合理解可推断，这篇文章主要是回答平流层臭氧是如何产生和改变的这个问题，故该题选择D项“平流层臭氧是如何产生和改变的？”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“如何处理臭氧层与辐射损害的关系？”、B项“平流层臭氧层的平均厚度是多少？”和C项“为什么紫外线辐射的增加会破坏许多生物体？”，原文没有谈到这三个问题，这三项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】2. According to the passage, what most resembles the processes that determine the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere? 2. 根据文章，什么最类似于决定平流层上层的臭氧量的过程？A. Automobile emissions and seasonal fogs that create a layer of smog over a city. A. 汽车尾气和季节性雾霾会在城市上空形成一层雾霾。B. Planting and harvesting activities that produce a crop whose size is always about the same. B. 种植和收获活动产生的作物的规模总是相同。C. Deposits and withdrawals made in a bank account whose average balance remains much the same. C. 在银行账户上的存款和取款，其平均余额基本不变。D. Assets and liabilities that determine the net worth of a corporation. D. 决定公司净资产的资产和负债。【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】首先定位第二段，该段对平流层上层的臭氧量变化过程有描述，根据前三句“由于氧分子的分裂直接取决于太阳辐射的强度，臭氧产生的最大速率发生在热带地区。然而，那里的臭氧被破坏的速度也最快，风环流模式将富含臭氧的上层大气带离赤道。结果发现，臭氧总量最大的地区是高纬度地区。”以及最后一句“然而，在地球表面的任何一个地方，自然过程所维持的长期平均值被认为是相当恒定的。”从中可知，热带地区的臭氧产生速率是最高的，但是臭氧含量最高的是高纬度地区，因为风环流模式会将富含臭氧的上层大气带到高纬度地区，这是自然过程维持的一个恒定的平均值，也就是说产生和带走的臭氧量的平均值会保持恒定，这与C项“在银行账户上的存款和取款，其平均余额基本不变”类似，故该题选择C项。【干扰项排除】A项“汽车尾气和季节性雾霾会在城市上空形成一层雾霾”、B项“种植和收获活动产生的作物的规模总是相同”和D项“决定公司净资产的资产和负债”没有表现出保持恒定这一过程，这三项属于曲解原文。3.【选项释义】3. Which of the following has the LEAST effect on the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere? 3. 下列哪项对上层大气中的臭氧量影响最小？A. Weather. A. 天气。B. Latitude. B. 纬度。C. Season. C. 季节。D. Ground-level ozone. D. 地面臭氧。【考查点】细节事实题。【解题思路】根据第三段第一、二句“地球附近的臭氧量只是平流层中臭氧量的一小部分，而且臭氧层和地面的分子交换被认为是相对较小的。此外，臭氧分子很不稳定，以至于只有一小部分地面臭氧能够在到达平流层的漫长旅程中存活下来，因此，近年来在地球表面附近探测到的不断增加的臭氧浓度，不会对臭氧层进行任何程度的补充。”可知，地面臭氧对于大气中的臭氧量影响最少，该题选择D项“地面臭氧”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“天气”和C项“季节”根据第二段倒数第二句“臭氧层的密度和高度也随着季节、天气和太阳活动的数量而变化”可知，这两项是对上层大气中的臭氧量影响大的因素，属于反向干扰；B项“纬度”根据第二段第三句“结果发现，臭氧总量最大的地区是高纬度地区”可知，纬度也是影响上层大气中的臭氧量较多的，该项属于反向干扰。4.【选项释义】4. In terms of the amount of ozone in the stratosphere, natural processes are assumed to form _. 4. 就平流层中的臭氧量而言，自然过程被认为形成了_。A. a chain of randomly occurring phenomena A. 一系列随机发生的现象B. an interactive relationship B. 一种相互作用的关系C. a reduction system C. 一个还原系统D. a linear progression D. 一个线性增长【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据第一段第三、四、五句“在平流层，自然过程不断地产生和破坏臭氧。白天，太阳将一些氧分子分解成单个氧原子，这些氧原子与尚未分解的氧分子发生反应，形成臭氧。然而，阳光也会分解臭氧，将部分臭氧转化为正常的氧气。此外，自然产生的氮氧化物进入循环，加速分解反应。”可知，在平流层中，太阳分解氧分子为氧原子，然后与未分解的氧分子发生反应产生臭氧，而阳光也分解臭氧转化为正常氧气，这个自然过程一直维持臭氧量的平衡，可以说是一个相互作用的系统，所以该题选择B项“一种相互作用的关系”符合题意。【干扰项排除】A项“一系列随机发生的现象”，臭氧的产生和破坏并不是随机现象，该项属于曲解原文；C项“一个还原系统”，除了还原为氧气外，还产生了臭氧，该项表示太片面，属于以偏概全；D项“一个线性增长”，平流层中的臭氧量是一个维持平衡的状态，而不是线性增长，该项属于反向干扰。5.【选项释义】5. What is the main idea of the passage? 5. 这篇文章的主要思想是什么？A. Solar radiation not only produces and damages ozone but also poses a hazard to human life. A. 太阳辐射不仅产生和破坏臭氧，而且对人类的生命造成危害。B. Naturally occurring nitrogen oxides, as well as those introduced by humans, tend to deplete the layer of ozone in the stratosphere. B. 自然产生的氮氧化物，以及那些由人类引入的氮氧化物，往往会消耗平流层的臭氧层。C. A delicate but reasonably constant balance exists between the natural process that produce ozone and those that destroy it in the stratosphere. C. 在产生臭氧的自然过程和平流层中破坏臭氧的自然过程之间，存在着一种微妙而又相当稳定的平衡。D. Changes in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere tend to cancel themselves out after a period of time. D. 一段时间后，平流层中臭氧浓度的变化往往会相互抵消。【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】文章第一段先介绍了平流层臭氧是如何产生和被破坏的，然后在最后一句指出“任何时候臭氧的总量都是产生臭氧过程和破坏臭氧过程之间的平衡”，概括了文章主要讨论的内容，即产生臭氧过程和破坏臭氧过程之间总是保持平衡；接着第二、三段分别讲述了破坏臭氧水平的因素，以及自然过程是如何平衡臭氧水平，综合理解可知，本文的主要讨论的内容就是“在产生和破坏臭氧的自然过程中存在一种微妙的平衡”，C项“在产生臭氧的自然过程和平流层中破坏臭氧的自然过程之间，存在着一种微妙而又相当稳定的平衡”符合这一题意。【干扰项排除】A项“太阳辐射不仅产生和破坏臭氧，而且对人类的生命造成危害”、B项“自然产生的氮氧化物，以及那些由人类引入的氮氧化物，往往会消耗平流层的臭氧层”和D项“一段时间后，平流层中臭氧浓度的变化往往会相互抵消”都是部分提及，并不足以概括全文，所以这三项属于以偏概全。4. 单选题The most successful way to solve the language problem while a foreign play is being performed is _ translation.问题1选项A.homogeneousB.simultaneousC.instantaneousD.spontaneous【答案】B【解析】【选项释义】A. homogeneous同种类的 B. simultaneous同时发生（或进行）的；同步的C. instantaneous立即的；立刻的 D. spontaneous自发的；非筹划安排的【考查点】形容词辨析。【解题思路】根据关键信息while a foreign play is being performed（在外国戏剧上演时）和translation可推知，在看戏剧时，解决语言问题的办法就是同声传译，simultaneous translation表示“同声传译”，该题选择B项。【干扰项排除】A、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】在外国戏剧上演时，解决语言问题最成功的方法就是同声传译。5. 单选题Since the couple could not _ their difference, they decided to get a divorce.问题1选项A.reconcileB.complyC.coincideD.resign【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. reconcile调和；使和解 B. comply遵从；服从C. coincide同时发生 D. resign辞职；辞去（某职务）【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】根据后半句“他们决定离婚”可推知，他们的分歧没有和解，空格处表示“和解”符合句意，故该题选择A项恰当。【干扰项排除】B、C、D项不符合句意。【句意】由于这对夫妇的分歧无法得到和解，他们决定离婚。6. 不定项选择题Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the Publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, h