2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解44

2022年考博英语-哈尔滨工业大学考试题库（难点、易错点剖析）附答案有详解1. 翻译题The Internet, once the domain of education and government, has suddenly exploded into the commercial sector. From this we will witness dramatic changes in the way we work and the systems we will use. Java will have a very important role to play in this digital revolution allowing executable content that are safe to traverse and ride the Internet onto our desktops. A rich, interactive, three-dimensional “Second Web” is expected to evolve which will help to attract a larger audience than todays two-dimensional text-pictures model.New technologies are already beginning to transform the World Wide Web from its page-centric system to one more like the real world-interactive, three-dimensional and animate.“The First Web” is primarily a medium for document access. It is fundamentally a reading experience with benefits often expressed in the savings achieved by eliminating paper-based processes. As a result, the Web applies to a limited part of our lives. It has not become a mass medium for the home like telephones and television sets.【答案】过去，互联网是教育和政府专用的，但是，现在它突然广泛应用于商业层面，由此， 我们发现我们的工作方式和使用的系统发生了巨大的变化。JAVA语言在这场数字革命中起了重要的作用，它使可执行文件可以通过互联网安全地传送到我们的计算机中。很快，会出现一个更丰富，互动的三维“第二代”网络，与今天的二维文本图像网络相比，它能吸引更多的用户。新技术已经开始把万维网从以网页为中心的系统变得更加真实，更加有立体感以及更加栩栩如生。第一代网络是一种以文件访问为主的媒介。它的主要用途是阅读，优点是消除了很多文字和材料工作，节省了费用。因此，它在我们的生活中的应用很小。它并没有像电话的电视那样成为一种大众媒体。2. 翻译题Strange is our situation here upon earth. Each of us comes for a short visit, not knowing why yet sometimes seeming to divine a purpose.From the standpoint of daily life, however, there is one thing we do know: that man is here for the sake of other menabove all for those upon whose smile and well-being our own happiness depends, and also for the countless unknown souls with whose fate we are connected by a bond of sympathy. Many times a day I realize how much my own outer and inner life is built upon the labors of my fellow men, both living and dead, and how earnestly I must exert myself in order to give in return as much as I have received. My peace of mind is often troubled by the depressing sense that I have borrowed too heavily from the work of other men.To ponder interminably over the reason for ones own existence or the meaning of life in general seems to me, from an objective point of view, to be sheer folly. And yet everyone holds certain ideals by which he guides his aspiration and his judgment. The ideals which have always shone before me and filled me with the joy of living are goodness, beauty, and truth. To make a goal of comfort and happiness has never appealed to me; a system of ethics built on this basis would be sufficient only for a herd of cattle.【答案】我们在这个世界上的处境很奇怪。每个人短暂来访，不知原因。不过有时候似乎也会察觉到某种目的。然而，从日常生活的角度来看，有一样是确定的：人总是为了他人而活着。为了那些重要的人，他们的笑容和幸福是我们快乐的来源。也是为了数不清的陌生人，怜悯之心将我们与他们连系在一起。每天我都会多次意识到，我自己的物质生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的劳动之上的，他们或活着，或者已经逝去。意识到我必须多么努力地去付出，以回报我所得到的一切。总感觉我从他人的劳动成果中获取太多，为此我经常惴惴不安。总体上，在我看来，没完没了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意义是非常愚蠢的行为。然而，每个人都有自己的理想来指引自己的抱负和是非判断。始终在我面前闪耀着，让我深感活着的喜悦的理想是善、美和真理。以舒适和幸福为目的的理想从来不能吸引我。建立在这个基础之上的伦理体系只能适用于一群牲畜。3. 翻译题You cant buy happiness. But it looks like you can at least inherit it. British and Australian researchers said.A study of nearly 1000 pairs of identical and non-identical twins found genes control half the personality traits that make people happy while factors such as relationships, health and careers are responsible for the rest of our well-being. We found that around half the differences in happiness were genetic, said Tim Bates, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh who led the study. It is really quite surprising.*The researchers asked the volunteers-ranging in age from 25 to 75 - a series of questions about their personality, how much they worried and how satisfied they were with their lives.Because identical twins share the same genes and fraternal twins do not, the researchers could identify common genes that result in certain personality traits and predispose people to happiness.People who are sociable, active, stable, hardworking and conscientious tend to be happier, the researchers reported in the journal Psychological Science. What this study showed was that the identical twins in a family were very similar in personality and in well-being, and by contrast, the fraternal twins were only around half as similar, Bates said, That strong implicates genes.The findings are an important piece of the puzzle for researchers trying to better understand depression and what makes different people happy or unhappy, Bates said.People with positive inherited personality traits may, in effect, also have a reserve of happiness to draw on in stressful times, he said. An important implication is that personality traits of being outgoing, calm and reliable provide a resource, we called it effective reserve that drives future happiness Bates said.【答案】快乐买不到，但英国和澳大利亚的研究人员称，快乐至少可以遗传得到。一项对近千对同卵及异卵双胞胎开展的研究发现，在快乐的性格特征中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分则受到人际关系、健康、职业等因素的影响。研究负责人爱丁堡大学的蒂姆贝茨说：“我们发现，研究对象在快乐方面的差异约有一半受到遗传基因的影响。这个结果实在令人惊讶。”研究人员向年龄在25岁至75岁之间的志愿者提出了一系列问题，问题涉及他们的性格特点、焦虑程度以及对目前生活的满意度。由于同卵双生的双胞胎基因完全相同，而异卵双胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人员可以分辨出决定某些性格特征及使人容易快乐的共同基因。研究报告在心理科学期刊上发表。研究人员指出，善于交际、活泼、踏实、勤 奋、有责任心的人更加快乐。贝茨说：“该研究表明，同卵双胞胎的性格特征和快乐程度十分相似，然而，异卵双胞胎仅有约50%的相似度。这充分说明了基因的作用。”贝茨说，研究人员一直在努力寻找有关“人为什么会郁闷”的更为合理的解释及影响不同的人快乐与否的因素，这一发现无疑为这一难题提供了一个重要解释。他说，具有积极遗传性格特征的人实际上同时拥有一种“快乐储备”，供他们在郁闷的时候“支取”。贝茨说：“这说明了很重要的一点，外向、冷静和可靠的性格特点能形成一种“情感储备”，为将来的快乐提供保障。”4. 单选题When I was a little girl, loved for my mom to tell me stories about herself. No matter how tired she was, she never adumbrated them. She would fill them with minutest details, and they were always fascinating. My favorite story was the one about how my mom met my dad: “I was 17-years-old, but I already knew the kind of man I would marry. He would not be too garrulous. I tell you, Rosa, its important for a man to take time to listen to what you have to say, and never impertinent. Politeness is a good trait.”“Well, Im supposed to be telling you about the day I met your daddy, right? Okay, so I was riding the Amtrak train between Providence and Philadelphia during my freshman year at Brown, and the door at the end of my car rattled open. He was tall and swarthy. He wore a thick ivory cable knit sweater with a gray wool scarf wrapped firmly around his neck. I couldnt tell what his heritage was and that intrigued me. What was he-Indian, Portuguese, Peruvian?” Mom would pause here and I would shout “Cape Verdean!” Shed continue. “Well, if I had been shy I might have just looked out the train window. But then where would I be now? You wouldnt even be here! So I let my eyes lock with his as he wobbled down the moving train.”“He smiled a slight smile, not a big one. His eyes raised just enough to let me know he had sported me too.” I always loved this line and would smile at the image of my dad stumbling down the train and then noticing my radiant mom. “So Rosa, once we spotted each other, your dad found infinite reasons to walk past me to go to the cafe car. I was sitting by myself along the aisle. So finally, I just slid over to the window, leaving the seat next to me empty. Your dad came back with two cups of hot cocoa and sat down with a smile. And we had the most delightful conversation!”“I could tell right then that this was no ephemeral crush-this was the real deal. I was going to end up loving this man forever.” Here comes the part I loved best about the story. “We pull into the train station in Philadelphia, and its time for me to get off. He was heading on to Washington where he was going to school. I prepared myself for some hackneyed expression as I got off the train. You know, great meeting you, or youre the apple of my eye. I also worried he might try to sneak a smooch. Which would have been a big turn off. Wed just met! Instead, he took my hand gently and gave it a little squeeze. He said, 4If its the thought that counts, consider yourself kissed.”Mama said she just about died when he said that! Then she said to herself, “That man will be my husband.” And so he is.1.As used in this passage, which is the best antonym for “adumbrated” (Para.1)?2.Why might the author have chosen Rosa as the narrator even though it is her mother who is telling the main story?3.What is implied in the underlined sentence in paragraph 2? (“Well. If I had been shy, .the moving train.)4.Which is the best antonym for “hackneyed” (Para. 4)?5.What may Rosas mom be meaning to convey to her child by telling this stoiy?问题1选项A.InventedB.lengthenedC.understatedD.simplified问题2选项A.To make the reader learn the story from Rosas perspective.B.To make it clear that the story happened a long time ago.C.To make it clear that Rosas mother has passed away.D.To make the story seem more straightforward.问题3选项A.As soon as they locked eyes they fell in love.B.It is best to be outspoken in all circumstances.C.Rosa really wanted to just look out the window.D.A slight change could have greatly altered her life.问题4选项A.happyB.humorousC.originalD.over-used问题5选项A.The advice on what to look for in a partnerB.The yearning to go back to that time and placeC.The idea that education should come before marriageD.The suggestion that Rosa might find her husband on a train.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.“adumbrated”本意为预示；画.的轮廓。A Invented意 为发明的；B lengthened意为加长的，详细的；C understated意为理解的；D simplified 意为简单化的。根据 “No matter how tired she was, she never adumbrated them. She would fill them with minutest details 无论她多累，她从不只讲故事大概，而是详细地讲述， 本题要求选与“adumbrated”词义相反的词，所以B选项lengthened符合题意，正确。2.本文是选择Rosa来叙述自己妈妈与自己爸爸邂逅相爱的故事，全文以Rosa叙述故事，正是要让读者从她的角度了解故事如何发展；而B和C选项很明显不符合文意，D选项“让故事看起来更简单明了”的方式应该是以Rosa妈妈第一人称视角讲述更为直观。3.根据句意“Well. If I had been shy .the moving train.” 译为“若当时我太羞涩，我可能就望向窗外。然而那么我现在会在哪儿呢？你是不会在这儿的！所以在他晃荡着下火车时，我的目光牢牢地锁住了他。”确定D选项正确。 A选项让读者从Rosa的角度听故事、B选项表明故事发生在很久以前和C选项表明Rosa的 妈妈已经过世都与文章大意不符，排除。4.选择hackneyed （陈腐的；平庸的）的反义词，但不知道 hackneyed 的意思怎么办呢，我们可以根据“prepared myself for some hackneyed expression as I got off the train. You know, Great meeting you, or Youre the apple of my eye. ”（当我要 下火车时，我自己准备了些如“很高兴见到你”，“你是我的挚爱”等表达。）我们可以看出我当时准备的是客套的常规表达，所以hackneyed的意思就能推断出来，其反义词应该是C项的“original新颖的，独创的”。5.从文中第二段 “but I already knew the kind of man I would many.”即可判断Rosa妈妈讲述她和爸爸的故事来告诉Rosa找什么样的伴侣。A选 项符合。其他三项B渴望回到那时那景，C认为受教育要在婚前， D暗示Rosa可能会在火车上遇到自己的丈夫与文章主旨不符。5. 翻译题Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology， of course, there are, and there will be, many theoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later.Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular, the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount of manpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin? Mainly through the power of science, the power of technology. Therefore, we maintain that the development of modern science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to play an even greater role than ever before.【答案】【参考译文】现代科学为生产技术的进步开辟了道路，决定了生产技术的发展方向。许多新的生产设备和工艺流程首先在科学实验室中问世。在新兴科技学科的基础上，建立了一系列新兴产业。当然，目前和将来都会有许多理论研究课题暂时没有明显的实用性。然而，大量的历史事实证明，理论研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味着生产和技术迟早会取得巨大的进步。当代自然科学正以前所未有的规模和速度应用于生产。这给了所有材料生产领域一个全新的面貌。特别是，电子计算机和自动化技术的发展提高了生产中的自动化程度。在相同的人力和工作时间内，人们可以生产出比以前多几十倍或几百倍的产品。社会生产力是怎样取得巨大进步的？劳动生产率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通过科学的力量，技术的力量。因此，我们认为，现代科学技术的发展使科学与生产的联系更加紧密。作为生产力的一部分，科学技术将发挥前所未有的重要作用。6. 单选题Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms that allow the seal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that occurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes. Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seals physiological behavior is different.In the laboratory, when the seal dives below the surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats more slowly, requiring less oxygen and its arteries become constricted, ensuring that the seals blood remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to its ability to navigate underwater. The seal essentially shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seals blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seals blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seals blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs quickly clear the acid from the seals blood stream.Recent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in the wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and returns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. The absence of high levels of lactic acid in the seals blood after such dives suggests that during then, the seals organs do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism observed in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen from the blood. The seals longer excursions underwater, during which it appears to be either exploring distant routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving response seen in the laboratory. But why do the seals laboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless of their length or depth? Some biologists speculate that because in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly submerged, it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst.1.The passage provides information to support which of the following generalizations?2.It can be inferred from the passage that by describing the Weddell seal as preparing “for the worst” lines 31 32, biologists mean that it （ ）.3.The passage suggests that during laboratory dives. The PH of the Weddell seals blood is（ ）4.Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?not adversely affected by production of lactic acid because .5.According to the author, which of the following is true of the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1?6.The author cites which of the following as characteristic of the Weddell seals physiological behavior during dives observed in the laboratory?I. A decrease in the rate at which the seals heart beats.II. A constriction of the seals arteries.III. A decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seals blood.IV. A temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs.7.The passage suggests that because Weddell seals are forcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do which of the following?问题1选项A.Observations of animals physiological behavior in the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory studies.B.It is generally less difficult to observe the physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than in the laboratory.C.The level of lactic acid in an animals blood is likely to be higher when it is searching for prey than when its evading predators.D.The physiological behavior of animals in a laboratory setting is not always consistent with their physiological behavior in the wild.问题2选项A.prepares to remain underwater for no longer than twenty minutesB.exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its preyC.exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which characterizes its longest dives in the wildD.begins to exhibit predatory behavior问题3选项A.only those organs that are essential to the seals ability to navigate under-water revert to an anaerobic mechanism.B.the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism only at the very end of the diveC.organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are temporarily isolated from the seals bloodstreamD.the seal remains submerged for only short periods of time问题4选项A.Recent field studies have indicated that descriptions of the physiological behavior of the Weddell seal during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most typical dives in the wild.B.The Weddell seal has developed a number of unique mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at depths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.C.The results of recent field studies have made it necessary for biologists to revise previous perceptions of how the Weddell seal behaves physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.D.How the Weddell seal responds to oxygen deprivation during its longest dives appears to depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or avoiding predators during such dives.问题5选项A.They present an oversimplified account of mechanisms that the Weddell seal relies on during its longest dives in the wild.B.They provide evidence that undermines the view that the Weddell seal relies on an anaerobic metabolism during its in the wild.C.They are based on the assumption that Weddell seals rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater on a typical dive in the wild.D.They provide an accurate account of the physiological behavior of Weddell seals during those dives in the wild in which they are either evading predators or exploring distant routes.问题6选项A.I and III onlyB.I and IV onlyC.II and III onlyD.I，II，and IV only问题7选项A.Exhibit the physiological responses that are characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in the wild.B.Cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than do on typical dives in the wild.C.Produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do on typical dives in the wild.D.Navigate less effectively than they do on typical dives in the wild.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D第6题:D第7题:A【解析】1.细节判断题。根据文章第一段末尾提到 “Recent field studies, however, suggest that during more typical dives in the wild, this seals physiological behavior is different. ”然而， 最近有研究表明在更为真实的野生环境中，威德尔氏海豹在深度潜水时的生理反应与在实验室中是不一样的。D选项符合题意。野生环境中所观察到的现象并不一定要通过实验室来证明，A选项明显是错误表达。文中并未提及在实验室中和在野生环境中哪个更容易观察海豹的生理反应，B选项排除。文中第三段表明海豹在搜寻猎物和攻击肉食动物时，乳酸升高的度数是一样的。C选项错误，排除。2.推理判断题。根据文章末尾“it does not know how long it will remain underwater and so prepares for the worst. ”即它并不知道它会在水底待多久，因此做好了最坏的打算。这里所说的“最坏的打算”是指海豹做好了它在野外潜水（不知道潜水深度和时间）一样的准备。确定C选项展示的生理行为类似于在野外描述其最长的潜水符合题意。3.细节判断题。根据文章最后一句 “The latter results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid which can adversely affect the PH of the seals blood but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those tissues which have been isolated from the seals blood supply, the lactic acid is released into the seals blood only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and other organs qu