考研考博-考博英语-中央民族大学模拟考试题含答案39

考研考博-考博英语-中央民族大学模拟考试题含答案1. 写作题Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2) point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.【答案】参考范文As is shown in the two pictures, the same flower has different fate when put in different situations. When there is protection, the flower blooms beautifully. However, when exposed directly to rain and storm, the flower quickly withers. We can safely come to the conclusion that greenhouse flowers cannot withstand rain and storm.The same is true with our children. As the one-child policy is adopted in China, more and more parents overprotect their children. With everything done for them and every need satisfied by their parents or grandparents, these only children seem to be healthy, happy and high-spirited. But when they leave home, they become disappointed and frustrated. Facing harsh things they have never experienced before, such as competition from peers, criticism from supervisors, pressure for deadlines and restriction for discipline, they will be at a loss, miserable or even desperate. In fact, the more protection they get from their parents, the less ability they acquire. Parents love for their children turns out to be a disaster.Children, like flowers, should be treated with care, but reasonable and sensible ways of doing things will help to bring about more fruitful results, if we not only love our children but also teach them how to love, our love will be passed down from generation to generation; if we not only solve problems for our children but also encourage them to solve problems, our diligence and ingenuity will make our life more meaningful and worthwhile.2. 填空题Directions: For Questions 6-10, you will hear an interview with an expert on marriage problems. While you listen, complete the sentenses or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)6. What should be the primary source of help for a troubled couple?7. Writing down a list of problem in the marriage may help a troubled couple discuss them.8. Who should a couple consider seriously turning to if they cant talk with each other?9. Priests are usually unsuccessful in counseling troubled couples despite their（ ）.10. According to the old notion, what will make hearts grow fonder?【答案】6. (the couple) themselves7. constructively8. a qualified psychologist9. good intentions10. absence3. 不定项选择题In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such “captive” shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal governments Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. Its theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?” asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrails net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Whos going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.1. According to those who support mergers railway monopoly is unlikely because（ ）.2. What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?3. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（ ）.4. The word “arbiters”（line 6, paragraph 4） most probably refers to those （ ） .5. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly caused by（ ）.问题1选项A.cost reduction is based on competitionB.services call for cross-trade coordinationC.outside competitors will continue to existD.shippers will have the railway by the throat问题2选项A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.问题3选项A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroadB.there will soon be only one railroad company nationwideC.overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate reliefD.a government board ensures fair play in railway business问题4选项A.who work as coordinatorsB.who function as judgesC.who supervise transactionsD.who determine the price问题5选项A.the continuing acquisitionB.the growing trafficC.the cheering Wall StreetD.the shrinking market【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:本题考查了对细节的理解。题目问的是并购支持者为什么认为铁路行业内不会形成垄断。答案要在第二段的前半段中找，因为后半段说的是货主们的观点。支持者们认为：“Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.”，意思是：因为要和卡车（指公路运输）竞争，所以不存在垄断的可能。所以C选项最符合文章的意思。A项不对，文章说支持者认为合并能降低成本，与竞争没有关系。B项没有根据。D项把主语和宾语弄反了，而且也不是支持者的观点，所以也是错误的。第2题:这题和上一题是一样的。上题问的是支持者的观点，本题问的是货主的态度，要求考生根据文中所提供的线索做判断。通过文章中几处对托运商的描述，如：“But many shippers complain that.”（第二段），“Many captive shippers also worry.”（第五段），“Many captive shippers fear that.”（第五段），我们可以判断出货主的态度是忧虑的，对未来的状况忧心忡忡。所以D选项是正确的。C项并不对。C项的含义是“愤怒的”。这篇文章是论说性的文章，反映的是各方对铁路行业内合并的趋势和前景的看法。文中的许多描述用的是将来时，因为是对未来的推测。文中并没有线索说明货主们有强烈的敌对情绪，C项言过其实了。第3题:本题考查了段落细节的理解。需要考生具有推理能力和引申能力。A项正好与原文意思相反。从第三段第二句中，我们得知铁路公司合并后，铁路公司向货主们收取的费用是以前的20至30，所以，应该是“Shippers will be charged more without a rival railroad.”。B项缺乏依据，所以也是不对的。C项是正确的，因为文章里说到：货主们若认为铁路公司收费不合理，可以向联邦政府的机构申请降低收费。但是，因为申诉的过程耗时费钱，所以极少人提出申诉。由此，我们可以推断出受到剥削的货主们不大可能提出申诉。D项说的是政府能保证铁路行业内的公平竞争。这种说法缺乏依据。事实上，由于货主们申诉的困难大，更多时候政府部门不会管。第4题:该题考查的是考生对于具体词义的掌握及推测能力。“arbiter”的意思是“仲裁者”。考生可以通过上下文猜测到这个含义。这个词出现在第四段的最后一句，其实它要表述的内容已在前一句体现了：“Its a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.”。由此，我们可以猜测出“arbiter”指的是“those who are in the position of determining something”，就可得出答案B。考生应知道，语言交流中，重复是一种常用的修辞手段，以强调某个信息或观点。文章中也常会利用重复手法。所以，考生猜测词义时不应只限于一个句子，而应从上下文寻找线索。D项虽有“determine”一词，但是意思不对。文中说的意思是，因为铁路对不同的顾客收取的费用不同，这种不公平使铁路公司无形中决定了托运商的命运（一些托运商的花费就会比其他托运商的高出很多，从而影响了他们的效益），所以铁路公司就好比是商场中的裁判，能决定谁赢谁输。D项的含义不准确。第5题:该题为细节推断题，问的是铁路花费的上涨主要是用于什么事项。根据题干定位线索在最后一段，“Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another”，也就是说铁路还在不断借钱去收购合并，从这里得出答案为A，A是原文的转述，而B项，文中提到铁路公司还没有足够的钱去增加投资，以满足快速发展的交通的需要，但并不是引起成本提高的主要原因，文章的重点也不是交通的问题。C、D项在全文中均未有明显提及，是错误选项。4. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) El Nino is an intermittent disruption of the climate system centered in the equatorial Pacific that has effects on short-term climate around the Pacific basin.To understand El Nino, it is necessary to understand the normal trade-wind system in the tropical Pacific. (2) The sun heats the equatorial regions more strongly than the rest of the globe, so air tends to rise from the surface there, replaced by inflow from the subtropics. The Coriolis Effect turns these inflows to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern, resulting in the great trade-wind belts that blow equator ward and westward over the width of the tropical Pacific. (3) In the ocean, these winds tend to push the surface water towards the west, so sea level at Indonesia is about 50cm higher than at the South American coast, which gives an idea of the power and steadiness of the trade winds. As surface water is pushed west, cooler subsurface water is drawn up to the surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This upwelled water is nutrient rich, and supports a large population of marine and bird life, as well as an important fishery off the coast of Peru and Ecuador. (4) Then, during its journey west, surface water is heated by the sun to temperatures of about 29 over a huge area west of the dateline, known as the west Pacific warm pool, where the ocean is roughly 6 higher than when the water came to the surface in the east. This air is also very humid due to its long passage over the tropical ocean, and when it rises in the west heavy precipitin is produced over Indonesia and Southeast Asia.The warm pool is one of the major driving forces of world climate. Its warmth strengthens the rising motion in the west and thereby reinforces the westward winds of the trade wind system. (5) The rising, moisture-laden air pumps heat and water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it can be carried great distances. The huge source of heat helps set the path of the jet streams that control temperate-zone weather, much as a large rock in a stream determines the pattern of water flow, including wavery motions that extend well downstream of the rock. Therefore, when the warm pool changes shape or position, the effects ripple outward to affect much of the worlds weather.【答案】1.厄尔尼诺现象是一种以赤道太平洋为中心的气候系统的间歇性中断，对太平洋盆地周围的短期气候产生影响。2.太阳对赤道地区的加热要比地球上其他地区强烈得多，所以那里的空气往往会从表面上升，取而代之的是来自亚热带的流入。3.在海洋中，这些风倾向于将表层海水推向西部，因此印度尼西亚的海平面比南美洲海岸高出约50厘米，这让我们了解了信风的力量和稳定性。4.然后，在它向西航行的过程中，地表水在一个巨大的国际日期变更线以西的区域被太阳加热到约29摄氏度，这片区域被称为西太平洋暖池，那里的海洋温度比海水到达东方表面时大约高出6摄氏度。5.上升的充满水分的空气将热量和水蒸气抽到高层大气中，在那里它们可以被带去很远的地方。5. 不定项选择题Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious （1） to how they can be best （2） such changes. Growing bodies need movement and （3） but not just in ways that emphasize competition.（4）they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self conscious and need the（5）that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are（6）by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be（7）to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, （8）publishing newsletters with many student written book reviews,（9）student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide （10）opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful（11）dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the（12）of some kind of organization with a supportive adult（13）visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have（14）attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized（15）participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to（16）else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants（17）. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. （18）they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by（19）for roles that are within their（20）and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.问题1选项A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice问题2选项A.strengthenB.accommodateC.stimulateD.enhance问题3选项A.careB.nutritionC.exerciseD.leisure问题4选项A.IfB.AlthoughC.WhereasD.Because问题5选项A.assistanceB.guidanceC.confidenceD.tolerance问题6选项A.claimedB.admiredC.ignoredD.surpassed问题7选项A.improperB.riskyC.fairD.wise问题8选项A.in effectB.as a resultC.for exampleD.in a sense问题9选项A.displayingB.describingC.creatingD.exchanging问题10选项A.durableB.excessiveC.surplusD.multiple问题11选项A.groupB.individualC.personnelD.corporation问题12选项A.consentB.insuranceC.admissionD.security问题13选项A.particularlyB.barelyC.definitelyD.rarely问题14选项A.similarB.longC.differentD.short问题15选项A.if onlyB.now thatC.so thatD.even if问题16选项A.everythingB.anythingC.nothingD.something问题17选项A.offB.downC.outD.alone问题18选项A.On the contraryB.On the averageC.On the wholeD.On the other hand问题19选项A.makingB.standingC.planningD.taking问题20选项A.capabilitiesB.responsibilitiesC.proficiencyD.efficiency【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C第6题:B第7题:D第8题:C第9题:A第10题:D第11题:A第12题:D第13题:B第14题:D第15题:C第16题:D第17题:B第18题:A第19题:C第20题:A【解析】第1题:本题考查了词义辨析，give thought to，意为“考虑到”，B和C选项的搭配皆不存在，D项意为给某人提意见，代入题干翻译可得答案为A，句意是：“他们也需要认真思考如何才能让青少年最好地适应这些变化”。第2题:本题考查对词义的掌握，A项strengthen意为“加强”；B项意为“适应，使适应”；C项意为“刺激，鼓舞”；D项意为“提高，加强”；四个选项皆为动词，此时我们需要将词义代入原文翻译得出答案为B，翻译为：“他们如何能最好地适应这样的变化。”第3题:本题考查对词义及上下文的掌握，C项意为“锻炼”，D项意为“休闲；闲暇”，本空前面有一个连接词and，and一般连接两个词义相同的词或句意相同的句子，因此我们所选的答案应与and前的“movement”为近义词，movement意为“运动；活动”，因此答案选C。第4题:本题考查了连词。Whereas意为“然而；鉴于”，我们需要知道前后两个句子之间的关系来得出答案。前一句在讲的是，青少年的身体需要锻炼和运动，但是不应该以强调竞争的方式进行；后一句解释了为何不能以这样的方式进行的原因，因此两个句子属于因果关系，答案选择D。第5题:本题考查了名词的词义。A项意为“援助，帮助”；B项意为“指导”；C项意为“信心”；D项意为“宽容，容忍”；词义题都需要代入原文结合上下文翻译，结合下文的“获得成功和成就”可以推出，青少年需要的是信心，因此答案选C。第6题:本题考查句子意思和词义搭配。A项意为“索取，要求”；B项意为“欣赏，称赞”；D项意为“超越，胜过”；我们结合原文，“他们需要的信心来自获得成功以及知道自己的成就是被他人所的”代入四个选项翻译可以得出B项最通顺合理，“被他人所认可的成就”，因此本题答案为B。第7题:本题考查了一个长难句中的形容词词义。Sothat引导结果状语从句；that 后的 it 为形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构 to plan activities，其中包含一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰 activities，句意为“典型青少年的生活中已经充斥了太多的竞争，所以_就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动”结合四个选项得出D项的wise最符合句意，be wise to：“是明智的”，可以译为“所以明智之举就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动”。第8题:本题考查的短语的意思。in effect译为“实际上”；as a result译为“结果”；in a sense译为在“某种意义上；回到原文”，“典型的青少年生活方式中已经充斥了如此之多的竞争，所以明智之举就是组织一些胜者多败者少的活动，_：出版一些学生写的书评时讯、展览学生的艺术作品、发起读书讨论俱乐部。”可以看出空格后面是对于前面行为的具体举例，因此答案选C。第9题:本题考查词语动宾搭配。displaying意为“展示；展出”，describing意为“描述，描写”，creating“创造，创作”，exchanging“交流，交换”，代入原文发现displaying和后面的宾语student artwork相搭配，“展出学生自己动手做的工艺品”，因此答案为A。第10题:本题考查形容词词义辨析。该句意为“各种各样的小型俱乐部能够提供_机会锻炼青少年们的领导力”。四个选项中durable意为“耐用的，持久的”；excessive意为“过度的”；surplus意为“过剩的”；multiple意为“多样的”。D选项与句子主语中的variety相照应，故选D。第11题:本题考查词意和搭配。group这里意为团队活动，小组活动。individual“个人的，单独的”。personnel“人员，职员”。corporation“合作，公司”，而后文的“making friends”给了这一空呼应，暗示了答案为group，并且也只有和group搭配起来通顺，D项corporation dynamics意为企业活力，不合文意。第12题:本题考查句意和词意。consent“赞同，同意”。insurance“保险，保证”。admission“准许，许可”。security“安全感，保护”，而句子主语中的shy students和后文的adult是解题关键所在，因为有成年人的存在，所以是能给害羞的学生“安全感”，因此答案选D。第13题:此题考查对文意的理解及副词词义，有一定难度，需要结合上下文语境来解答。句子中with 复合结构是作organization的后置定语，我们需要通过对句子进行整句翻译然后代入选项得出正确答案，正确翻译为：“交朋友对于青少年来说极其重要，许多腼腆的学生必须要借助某种组织使其有安全感，而成人的支持应居于_的地位。”再看选项，barely意为“几乎不，勉强，很少的”，rarely意为“稀有的，稀少的”，barely更符合句意，翻译为“而成年人的支持应处于隐蔽的地位”。故答案为B。第14题:本题考查文意理解。“the young teens have short attention spans”译为“孩子们的注意力集中的时间很短”。attention spans是“注意力集中的时间”，大部分孩子都是三分钟热度，注意力集中的时间较短，因此选择D。第15题:本题考查词组词义。if only意为“只要；但愿”，now that意为“既然；由于”，so that意为“以便；所以”，even if意为“即使；虽然”，回到原文看前后两句句子的关系，可以发现两句为因果关系，代入so that翻译最为通顺合理，因此答案选C。第16题:本题考查句子意思和词语用法。something else“别的事情”。其他的anything、nothing能与else搭配，但和原文句意不符合。因此答案为D。第17题:本题考查词组词义。let sb. down为固定搭配，意为“让人沮丧，不高兴”，without letting the other participants down意为：不让别的参加者感到沮丧。其他三项与let搭配的意思分别是：let off“离开”；let out“出局，淘汰”；let sb. alone“让某人独自待着”。因此答案为B。第18题:本题考查上下文的理解和短语意思。On the contrary“相反”， On the average“平均来说，一般地”，On the whole“总的来说，大体上”，On the other hand“另一方面”，而根据前文的语境“这并不代表成年人就不承担责任”，这句话意思应该是：“相反，他们可以帮助学生培养责任心。”因此A选项为最佳选项。第19题:本题考查词义辨析和搭配。planning for roles“安排任务，分配任务”，第一段第27个选项后面有plan activities是一个提示。其他选项making、standing、taking不能搭配后面的介宾短语。第20题:本题考查词义。capabilities“能力”，responsibilities“责任，职责”，proficiency“熟练程度，精通”，efficiency“效率，功效”，各选项代入后A更为合适，“roles that are within their capabilities”翻译得“他们力所能及的任务”。6. 翻译题Directions: There are two passages in this part with 5 sentences underlined. You are required to translate those sentences from English into Chinese. Read the following short passages carefully and ONLY translate the 5 sentences that are underlined.(1) A new committee, set up by the editors of nine prominent medical journals, called last week for governments to tackle scientific misconduct and fraudulent publication in a more systematic way.“Cases are still exposed mostly by chance, and we worry about the scale of the problem,” says Richard Smith, editor of the British Medical Journal and a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which is one of several organizations in Europe currently looking into ways to beef up mechanisms to deal with publication misconduct. (2) COPE, whose members include the editors of the Lancet, Gut, and The Journal of the American Medical Association, invited more than 100 other editors here to discuss the scope of the problem and how to deal with evidence of misconduct in publications submitted to them for review. Editors related their experiences with incidents including the forging of signatures of patients and members of ethics committees that monitor research programs, plagiarism of research published in major Western journals for republication in Eastern European journals, publishing reports of patients who could be identified without their consent.(3) These incidents were described without revealing names because of worries about libel laws and so that the careers of whistle blowers who brought cases to light would not be jeopardized.COPE, says Smith, will publish a list of reported cases of misconduct each year to sensitize editors to the problems.COPEs efforts are being matched by other initiatives in Europe. (4) The Max Planck Society, Germanys premier research organization, is also carrying out a review of procedures it may adopt to help counter misconduct, and the results are also expected shortly. And at the most recent meeting of the European heads of research councils in Dublin last month, the problem of scientific misconduct was at the top of the agenda. The council he