2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷6（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-云南大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题With the possible exception of equal rights, perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty. Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.The argument advanced by those opposed to the death penalty is that it is cruel and inhuman punishment, that it is the mark of a bad society and finally that it is of questionable effectiveness as a deterrent to crime anyway.In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action. Throughout recorded history there have always been those peculiar persons in every society who made terrible crimes such as murder. But some are more dangerous than others.For example, it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. Thus, murder, like all other crimes, is a matter of relative degree. While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.The value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime may be open to discussion. But the majority of people believe that the death penalty protects them. Their belief is proved by the fact that the death penalty prevents murder. For example, from 1954 to 1963, when the death penalty was carried out from time to time in California, the murder rate remained between three and four murders for each 100, 000 population. Since 1964 the death penalty has been done only once, and the murder rate has risen to 10.4 murders for each 100, 000 population. The sharp climb in the states murder rate, which began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers. If the law about death penalty is vetoed, some people will be murdered some whose lives may have been saved if the death penalty were in effect. This is really a life or death matter. The lives of thousands of people must be protected.1.The principal purpose of this passage is to（ ）.2.The authors response to those who urge the death penalty for all is likely to be（ ）.3.According to Paragraph 4, it can be inferred that（ ）.4.The passage attempts to establish a relationship between（ ）.5.The authors attitude towards “death penalty” is（ ）.问题1选项A.speak for the majorityB.initiate a vetoC.criticize the governmentD.argue for the value of the death penalty问题2选项A.negativeB.friendlyC.supportiveD.hostile问题3选项A.the death penalty is the most controversial issue in the United States todayB.the second type of murderers should be sentenced to deathC.the veto of the bill reestablishing the death penalty is of little importanceD.the value of the death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not to be debated问题4选项A.the murder rate and the imposition of the death penaltyB.the effects of execution and the effects of isolationC.the importance of equal rights and that of the death penaltyD.executions and murders问题5选项A.opposingB.supportingC.neutralD.sarcastic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据文章第一句，“perhaps the most heated argument across the United States today is the death penalty.”，可知死刑是讨论最激烈的话题，所以文章的主题为死刑。又根据下文，“Many argue that it is an effective deterrent to murder, while others think there is no enough proof that the death penalty reduces the number of murders.”，可知许多人肯定死刑的价值，认为死刑是对谋杀罪的有效震慑，而另一些人则认为死刑没有多大的价值，因为没有足够的证据证明死刑的实施减少了谋杀的数量。又根据文章第三段，“In our opinion, the death penalty is a necessary action.”，可知作者认为死刑是一项必要的举措。综上可知，整篇文章的主要目的在于为死刑的价值作辩护。选项D符合题意。2.观点态度题。根据文章第四段，“it is one thing to take the life of another in time of blind anger, but quite another to coldly plan and carry out the murder of one or more people in the style of a butcher. .While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，可知一种是在盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命，一种是以屠夫的方式冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀。前者可以仅仅通过社会隔离的方式受惩罚，而后者则不然。可知作者认为要根据谋杀程度来选择死刑。所以作者对那些主张对所有人判处死刑的人的反应很可能是否定的。选项A符合题意。3.判断推理题。根据文章第四段，“While it could be argued with some reason that the criminal in the first instance should be merely kept from society, such should not be the fate of the latter type murderer.”，第一种谋杀罪犯（盲目愤怒的时候夺走别人的生命）应该仅仅被社会隔离，而第二种冷酷地策划和实施对一个或多个人的谋杀的罪犯不应该仅仅被隔离，而是应该被处以死刑。可判断出第二类杀人犯应该被处以死刑。选项B符合题意。4.判断推理题。根据文章最后一段，“The sharp climb in the states murder rate, which began when killings stopped, does not happen by chance. It certainly shows that the death penalty does deter many murderers.”，可知本段用加利福尼亚的例子得出结论。本州谋杀率的上升并非偶然，是死刑停止实施的结果，可以清楚地表明，死刑确实制止了许多谋杀的念头。可判断出作者想要讨论的是死刑的实施和谋杀率的关系。选项A符合题意。5.观点态度。纵观全文，作者首先在第三段表明自己的观点“死刑是一项必要的举措”，然后在下文通过论述和实例证明，死刑的实施确实有助于抑制谋杀率。可判断出作者对于实施死刑的态度是支持的。选项B符合题意。2. 单选题Heavy fighting has been going on after the guerrillas had（ ）their offensive attack on local force.问题1选项A.undertakenB.launchedC.begunD.embarked【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。undertake“承担”；launch“发射”；begin“开始”；embark“出发”。本句意为“游击队开始对当地军队发动进攻后，激烈的战斗一直在进行”。begin符合句意，表达进攻从开始就一直进行着。因此选项C正确。3. 单选题The number of copies the paper seils seems to be in（ ）proportion to the amount of news it contains.问题1选项A.diverseB.inverseC.reverseD.averse【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。in reverse“相反”，本句意为“这份报纸的发行量似乎与它所包含的新闻量成反比”，这句话想要表达的是报纸发行量太少，in reverse表达“相反”的意思使得句子逻辑成立。因此选项C正确。4. 单选题The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 3000/5000BC in the ancient counties of China and 304. According to Chinese history, Huang-Ti claimed different types of pair felt in the mouth could be cured by sticking gold and silver needles into different parts of the jaw and gum. It was theories such as these that led to the development of dental cream. During the years 3000/5000BC, Egyptians made toothpaste using a recipe of powdered ashes of hooves of oxen, myrrh, powdered and burned egg shells and pumice. It is assumed that the ancient Egyptians used their fingers to rub the mixture onto teeth.The too shtick, the forerunner of the toothbrush had not, as far as is known, been discovered at this time. From the records of the ancient countries of India China and Egypt, it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth. They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire. During 1000AD, the Persians, gave advice on the dangers of using hard toothpowder and recommendations were made to make toothpowder from burnt hart-shorn, the burnt shells of snails and oysters and burned gypsum.Other Persian recipes included dried animal parts, herbs, honey and minerals. One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.Toothpowder or dentifrice, was first available in Britain in the late 18th century. It came in a ceramic pot and was available either as a powder or paste. The rich applied it with brushes and the poor with their fingers. The powders were developed by doctors, dentists and chemists and often contained ingredients that were highly abrasive and harmful to the teeth, such as brick dust, china, earthenware or cuttlefish, and to make them more palatable, they contained glycerin. By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums. In the late 18 century, borax was introduced in the U.S. and in, 1896, Dental Cream was first packaged in powder was used to get the foaming effect. In 1873, an aromatic toothpaste in a jar: collapsible tubes. Before the Second World War, the majority of toothpaste on the market used soap as an emulsifying agent, even though it was known that soap had certain inherent defects.1.What is the main subject of the passage?2.The word extraction in line 11 refers to （ ）.3.According to the passage, it can be inferred that the Greeks and Romans （ ）.4.The author mentions that the Persians used toothpowders for which purpose other than cleaning teeth?5.According to the passage, strontium was most useful for （ ）.问题1选项A.methods of cleaning teethB.methods of caring for teethC.development of toothpasteD.dental history问题2选项A.cleaningB.removalC.replacementD.brushing问题3选项A.also developed the toothbrushB.had more dental problems than other cultureC.were the first to support artificial teethD.did not keep records of their dental practices问题4选项A.strengtheningB.beautifyingC.coloringD.extracting问题5选项A.concentrating on the gumsB.getting a foaming effectC.reducing sensitivityD.emulsifying agent.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段主要介绍了牙膏出现的理论基础以及古代牙膏的组成成分；第二段主要介绍了古代其他国家对牙膏的改进；第三段简要介绍了古代牙膏的配方；最后一段主要介绍了18世纪到19时间牙膏的改进和发展，因此C选项“牙膏的发展”符合题意。2.词义题。A选项“清洁”；B选项“移动”；C选项“代替”；D选项“（用刷子）刷”根据题干信息“extraction”定位至文章第二段中，由it was the Greeks and Romans who developed and improved toothpaste and developed a leaden instrument for the extraction of teeth.（正是希腊人和罗马人发明并改进了牙膏，并研制出一种用于牙的铅仪器）可知B选项更符合语境，指拔牙的仪器。3.推理判断题。根据题干信息“Greeks and Romans”定位至文章第二段中，由They were also the first to bind loose teeth together and to support artificial teeth by means of gold wire.（他们也是第一个把松动的牙齿绑在一起，用金丝支撑人造牙齿的人）可知希腊人和罗马人是第一个制作人造牙齿的人，因此选C。4.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的One formula for strengthening teeth included green lead, verdigris, incense, honey and powdered flint-stone.（强化牙齿的配方包括绿铅、紫草、熏香、蜂蜜和粉状火石）可知波斯人的牙粉具有强化牙齿的作用，因此选A。5.细节事实题。根据题干信息“strontium”定位至文章最后一段中，由By the early nineteenth century, the ingredient strontium was introduced, to strengthen teeth and reduce sensitivity, but it only really concentrated on the gums.（在十九世纪初，引入了锶成分，以加强牙齿并降低敏感度，但它真正只集中在牙龈上）可知锶有加强牙齿和降低敏感度的作用，因此选C。5. 单选题Isadora Duncan has been one of the most enduring influences on 20th century culture. Virtually, alone, she restored dance to a high place among the art. Braking with convention, she developed free and natural movements inspired by the classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature and natural forces. As well as approach to the new American athleticism, which included skipping, running, jumping, leaping and tossing. With free flowing costumes, bare feet and loose hair, Duncan restored dance to a new vitality using the solar plexus and the torso as the generating fore for all movements to follow. She is credited with inventing what late came to be known as Modern Dance.Born in 1878 in San Francisco, Duncan grew up in a childhood filled with imagination and art. Her mother introduced her 4 children to classical music, Shakespeare, poetry, literature, and art. Isadora, the youngest, spent many hours playing and dancing on the beach, and even taught dance classes to younger children as a way to earn money to help her struggling family. In her teenage years she travelled to Chicago and New York with some of her family members, working and performing in various productions or vaudeville shows, with limited success. It was not until she reached London that Duncan began to find acceptance for her dancing. She performed in private salons for ladies of social Standing and their guests, in both London and Paris. Gradually her popularity grew, and she began performing on great stages throughout Europe.Throughout her career, Duncan had a driving vision for the education of young children. She began her first school in Germany in 1904 selecting children from the poorer classes and providing completely for all their physical and material needs from her own pocket. The financial drain of her schools (also established in Russia and Paris, at various times) forced Duncan to tour and performs considerably, leaving her Sister Elizabeth in charge of the schools. Although believing in what she saw as the chains of marriage. Duncan had two children, who were tragically drowned in 1913. The following years were difficult, and she stopped dancing for a time, but then returned to dance and particularly to developing her pupils. She even adopted six of these children, the Isafortables as they were billed by the press later when they began to perform with her. Tragically, Duncans own life was cut short in 1921 in a car accident in France.1.According to the passage, Duncans great contribution to modem dance was through（ ）.2.The author suggests that Duncans first real success as-a performer occurred （ ）.3.The phrase driving vision in line 18 is closest in meaning to（ ）.4.What does the author mean when stating in lines 15-16 that The financial drain of her schools (also established in Russia and Paris, at various times), forced Duncan to tour and perform considerably.”?5.The common feature of the two tragedies mentioned in the 3 paragraph is （ ）.问题1选项A.performingB.educationC.definingD.restoring问题2选项A.in Chicago and New YorkB.in private salonsC.when she went on the great stages in EuropeD.in London问题3选项A.career preferenceB.clear goalC.poor eyesD.educational interest问题4选项A.she needed to keep working to earn enough to make repairs to drains in her schoolsB.she needed to continue earning money in order to keep her school goingC.it cost her a lot of money to travel to all of her schools, which were in different countriesD.the costs of maintaining the schools were too great问题5选项A.they involved members of the same familyB.they were similar types of accidentsC.they happened about the same timeD.they both involved children【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据题干信息“contribution to modem dance”定位至文章第一段，由Virtually, alone, she restored dance to a high place among the art. Braking with convention, she developed free and natural movements inspired by the classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature and natural forces. As well as approach to the new American athleticism, which included skipping, running, jumping, leaping and tossing. With free flowing costumes, bare feet and loose hair, Duncan restored dance to a new vitality using the solar plexus and the torso as the generating fore for all movements to follow.（实际上，她独自一人把舞蹈恢复到了艺术的顶峰。有别于传统，她受希腊古典艺术、民间舞蹈、社会舞蹈的启发，形成了自由和自然的运动，以及运用新的美国运动方式，包括蹦跳，跑步，跳远、跳高和投掷。随着自由流动的服装，赤脚和蓬松的头发，邓肯将舞蹈恢复了新的活力，利用腹腔神经和躯干作为所有动作的前奏）可知邓肯的主要成就是通过她创新而有特色的舞蹈获得的，因此选A。2.细节事实题。根据题干信息“first real success”定位至文章第二段中，由.with limited success. It was not until she reached London that Duncan began to find acceptance for her dancing（取得了有限的成功。直到她到达伦敦，邓肯才开始发现她的舞蹈被认可了）可知在邓肯到达伦敦时，才开始取得了真正的成功，因此选D。3.词义题。A选项“职业偏好”；B选项“明确的目标”；C选项“视力不好”；D选项“教育兴趣”。根据题干信息“driving vision”定位至文章第三段Throughout her career, Duncan had a driving vision for the education of young children.（在她的职业生涯中，邓肯对幼儿教育有），下文She began her first school in Germany in 1904 selecting children from the poorer classes and providing completely for all their physical and material needs from her own pocket.（1904年，她在德国开办了她的第一所学校，从贫困阶层中挑选孩子，并从自己的口袋里完全满足他们的身体和物质需求）描写了她挑选以及培养学生，可知邓肯做这事有计划性，因此选B，更符合句意。4.推理判断题。根据题干信息“The financial drain of her schools forced Duncan to tour and perform considerably.（学校的资金流失迫使邓肯巡回演出）”定位至文章第三段，由前句中的providing completely for all their physical and material needs from her own pocket（从自己的口袋里完全满足他们的身体和物质需求）可知邓肯独自一人负责所有学生的花费，即学校的资金由她提供，因此B选项“她需要继续挣钱才能使她的学校继续运转”符合题意。5.推理判断题。文章第三段中的提到了两起悲剧，由第一起Duncan had two children, who were tragically drowned in 1913可知邓肯的两个孩子在1913年被不幸淹死了，由第二起Duncans own life was cut short in 1921 in a car accident in France可知1921年，邓肯本人在法国的一场交通事故中去世了），因此A选项“事故涉及同一家庭的成员”符合题意。6. 单选题Unlike the hyena,（ ） related, the aardwolf has weak teeth and jaws.问题1选项A.which is itB.which it is toC.which is itD.to which it is【答案】D【解析】语法题。根据句子结构，可知空格为非限制性定语从句，先行词为hyena，因为固定搭配relate to，所以which为关系代词，代替hyena在定语从句中充当to的宾语，介词to可以放到定语从句的末尾，也可以提到which的前面。句意：与自己有血缘联系的鬣狗不一样，土狼的牙齿和咽喉都比较虚弱。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The construction of and theories reflects the scientists interpretation of （ ）what has been observed.问题1选项A.prototypesB.hypothesesC.fantasiesD.imaginations【答案】B【解析】名词词义辨析A选项prototype“原型，雏形”；B选项hypothesis “假说，假设”；C选项fantasy “幻想，空想”；D选项imagination “想象力，想象”；根据由and连接与空格所填词语并列的theories可以确定，题干强调的是“研究的假设和理论”，所以B选项正确。8. 单选题Over-working of the land in some countries has led to soil（ ）of nutrients, which, in turn, will lead to barren land.问题1选项A.repletedB.grievedC.depletedD.deplored【答案】C【解析】形容词词义辨析。Replete “充满的，装满的”，没有单词repleted；grieved “伤心的”；depleted “耗尽的，废弃的”；deplored为动词的过去式，根据句子结构，可知此处应填入形容词作后置定语，修饰soil。句意：在一些国家，土地的过度耕作已经导致土壤耗尽营养物，这反过来又会导致土地贫瘠。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题Since teacher behavior is（ ）for public display, teachers must be cautious in their personal lives.问题1选项A.held upB.used upC.kept upD.dressed up【答案】A【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项hold up“举起”；B选项use up“用完”；C选项keep up“保持、处于”；D选项dress up“打扮、穿戴整齐”，句意：由于教师的行为是公开展示的，教师在个人生活中必须谨慎。hold up“举起”符合题意，因此选项A正确。10. 单选题Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of behavior, in the presence of a suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices are brought into play; in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst; some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation.Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest; when hunting for food or for mates, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak, but it is when it is caught unawares that the normal chain of re-actions tends to become telescoped. Owing to their poor sense of hearing, snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bite accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well camouflaged and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defense. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species, even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop.The Hamadryad, for example, is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes, and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks, yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards from a nest and no snake was seen although the female, which guards the nest, could not have been far away.1.When a snake meets a potential enemy, its primary device is（ ）.2.By “dispense with all the preliminaries” (the last sentence, Para. l.), the author most probably means that（ ）.3.A snake is most aggressive when（ ）.4.It is difficult to predi