2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第47期

2022年考博英语-浙江工业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The（ ）of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.问题1选项A.implementationB.manifestationC.demonstrationD.expedition【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项implementation“实现，履行”；B选项manifestation“表现，显示”；C选项demonstration“示范，证明”；D选项expedition“远征”。句意：一种文化现象的_通常是人们生活方式的某种物质方面所产生的必然结果。表达的含义是“一种文化现象的表现”，因此B选项符合题意。2. 单选题Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, which is a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it: population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the worlds last isolated locations; mass tourism; global tele-communications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the worlds peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that?Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism (mastery of two languages). Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres-at home, among friends, in community settings-and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient, however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.6. Minority languages can be best preserved in（ ）.7. According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is（ ）.8. According to the author bilingualism can help（ ）.9. Computer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it（ ）.10. In the authors view, many endangered languages are（ ）.问题1选项A.an increasingly interconnected worldB.maintaining small numbers of speakersC.relatively isolated language communitiesD.following the tradition of the 20h century问题2选项A.uncertainB.unrealisticC.foreseeableD.definite问题3选项A.small languages become acceptable in work placesB.homogenize the worlds languages and culturesC.global languages reach home and small communitiesD.speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identity问题4选项A.makes learning a global language unnecessaryB.facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC.raise public awareness of saving those languagesD.makes it easier for linguists to study those languages问题5选项A.remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB.exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC.quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD.a unique way of bringing different groups together【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】6.事实细节题。根据题干关键词可以定位到第一段Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of . which is a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.（在20世纪之前，许多少数人使用的语言存活了几个世纪。现代世界的相互联系日益紧密，使得小型语言社区很难相对孤立地生活，这是语言维护和保存的一个关键因素。）由此可判断少数民族语言在相对孤立的语言群中保存最好，因此C选项“相对孤立的语言群体”正确。A选项“一个联系日益紧密的世界”；B选项“保持少量的发言者”以及D选项“遵循20世纪的传统”都不是文章的观点。7.判断推理题。根据题干和选项关键词定位到第二段第一句It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. （在未来几个世纪，世界是否能继续维持其语言学和文化的多样性还有待观之。）作者然后用若干事例说明了这一看法，因此A选项“不确定的”正确。B选项“不现实的”；C选项“可预见的”以及D选项“确定的”都不符合原文。8.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第四段的第三、四句Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres . rather than yield to the homogenizing forces of globalization.（双语者可以在更小的范围内使用母语在家里，在朋友之间，在社区环境中在工作中，在与政府打交道时，以及在商业领域中使用一种全球语言。通过这种方式，许多小语种可以与全球语言一起保持其文化和语言的完整性，而不是屈服于全球化的同质化力量。）由此可见，双语现象是有助于讲双语者保持他们语言和文化的特性的，因此D选项“（帮助）讲双语者保持他们的语言和文化的特性”正确。A选项“小语言在工作场所变得可以接受”，目前还没有；B选项“使世界语言和文化同质化”过度推断；C选项“全球语言到达家庭和小社区”，无关项。9.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第五段的第二句For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues（举例来说，一些专家预测，计算机软件翻译工具有朝一日将可以让使用小语种的人用他们的母语浏览互联网。）由此可推断，电脑技术有助于保存小语种语言，使得学习和使用这些语言变得更容易，因此B选项“促进这些语言的学习和使用”正确。A选项“让学习一门全球性的语言变得不必要”，是不正确的，作者一直在强调小语种使用者要是能够学习一门全球性语言会对保存自己的小语种更有帮助；C选项“提高公众拯救这些语言的意识”，这不是计算机起的的作用；D选项“让语言学家更容易学习这些语言”，是让语言学家教授而不是学习。10.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到第六段For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient, however. It is not just a tool for communicating . possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.（对于许多濒临灭绝的语言，在复兴和灭亡之间的界限极为细小。然而，语言是有活力的，它不但是交流的工具，而且是分开不同的群体或显示不同群体身份的有力方法。许多原生的群落的情况已表明，通过语言他们既可以生活在现代，又能维持其独特的身份，这是完全可能的。）由此可见，按作者的看法，很多濒危的语言很可能得到复兴而不是灭绝，因此C选项“很有可能复活而不是死亡”正确。A选项“在现代社会，它保存得非常好”，不正确，现在人们是在努力让它更好的保存下来；B选项“非常强大的通讯工具”，过度推断；D选项“一种独特的方式把不同的群体聚在一起”，不是把不同的群体聚在一起，而是相同的。3. 翻译题Brown最新出版的书中提出：关于人类对生态的影响，最乐观的估计也表明它已经超过了地球再生能力的20%左右。拯救巨大压力下的地球和麻烦不断的人类文明迫在眉睫。Brown在书中使用了一连串令人沮丧的统计数据对物种灭绝、水资源短缺以及石油生产量下降所引发的经济动荡进行了描述，特别强调了气候变化带来的系列负面效应以及应对措施。他所描述的由气候变化引起的混乱状态令人震惊，但有说服力：世界上最贫穷的人们与似乎更加饥饿的生物燃料产业之间在开展食物争夺。在石油价格日益上涨，产量逐渐变少，最后有可能枯竭的情况下，生物燃料产业的任务是确保发达国家的越野车能在道路上疾驰。穷人始终处于劣势地位。Brown 认为拯救地球的计划必须是消除贫困，稳定人口。但是，在执行本计划过程中，必须处理好经济利益和全球金融机构的“民主赤字”问题，因为穷人通常被排除在外。【答案】In Browns latest book, he argues that the most optimistic estimates of mans impact on ecology suggest that it has exceeded about 20% of the planets regenerative capacity. It is imperative to save a planet under great pressure and a troubled human civilization. Brown uses a series of depressing statistics to describe the economic turmoil caused by species extinction, water shortages and declining oil production, with a particular emphasis on the negative effects of climate change and what can be done about them. His description of the chaos caused by climate change is shocking but persuasive: a competition for food between the worlds poorest people and a biofuels industry that seems even hungrier. As oil prices rise and production runs out, the biofuel industrys job is to keep the developed worlds off-road vehicles on the road. The poor are always at a disadvantage. Brown believes that the plan to save the planet must be to eradicate poverty and stabilize population. However, in implementing the plan, the “democratic deficit” of economic interests and global financial institutions must be addressed, since the poor are often excluded.4. 单选题All the living organisms, regardless of their unique identity, have certain biological, chemical, and physical characteristics in common.问题1选项A.as a resultB.consideringC.whateverD.on purpose【答案】C【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项as a result“结果”；B选项considering “考虑到”；C选项whatever“无论什么，不管怎样”；D选项on purpose“故意地”。句意：所有的生物体，不论其独特的特性如何，都有某些共同的生物、化学和物理特性。根据句意，可以看出C选项符合题意。5. 单选题It is hard for the young people to imagine what severe conditions their parents once lived under.问题1选项A.sincereB.hardC.strictD.tight【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sincere“真诚的”；B选项hard“艰难的”；C选项strict“严格的”；D选项tight“紧的，密封的”。句意：年轻人很难想象他们的父母曾经生活在多么艰苦的条件下。B选项与划线词词义最接近，因此B选项符合题意。6. 单选题No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. “Is this what you like to accomplish with your careers?” an American senator asked Time Warner executives recently. “You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?” At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of the soul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over from the late Steve Ross in the early 1990s. On the financial front. Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce the companys mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close. He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors are waiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him. Levin has consistently defended the companys rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer. Levin described rap as a lawful expression of street culture, which deserves an outlet. “The test of any democratic society,” he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column, “lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be. We wont retreat when we face any threats.”Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of societys ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx. New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he proclaimed that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy. But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. “Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally”, says Luce, “I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.”1. An American senator criticized Time Warner for（ ）.2. The word “flap” (paragraph 3) here means（ ）.3. In 1992, Time Warner caused public outrage because it（ ）.4. In the face of recent attacks on the company, Levin（ ）.5. We can infer from the last paragraph that（ ）.问题1选项A.its raising of the corporate stock priceB.its self-examination of the soulC.its neglect of social responsibilityD.its emphasis on creative freedom问题2选项A.controversyB.fearC.disasterD.solution问题3选项A.sacked workers as a result of restructuringB.issued a record promoting violenceC.advocated the culture of the streetD.challenged the freedom of expression in democratic society问题4选项A.stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expressionB.softened his tone and introduced a new initiativeC.yielded to objections and resigned from the companyD.requested unconditional support from the 15-member board问题5选项A.profits and social responsibility can rarely go hand in hand in the companyB.few people are concerned about corporate responsibilityC.the debate over Time Warners policy will soon involve other companiesD.the Time Warner Boards opinion of the companys policy is divided【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:B第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第一段Its a self-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom and the corporate bottom line.（这是一种自我反省，在不同时期，涉及到责任、创作自由和企业底线等问题。）通过这句话我们可以推测出，华纳对于自己社会责任的无视，因此C选项“对社会责任的忽视”正确。而A选项“它提高了公司的股票价格”，这是确有其事，但并不是议员批评它的原因；B选项“它的灵魂的自我反省”，他们有没有反省并不确定；D选项“它强调创作自由”，这个也不是参议员的观点。2.语义推测题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.（对他来说，说唱带来的不安并没有使生活变得更轻松。）并且后文讲述了华纳因为发行的一些说唱歌曲而遭到抨击，因此说唱给他带来的应该是不好的事，因此A选项“争论”正确。B选项“恐惧”，不符合原意；C选项“不幸，灾难”，语义过重；D选项“解决方案”，和原文不搭。3.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第三段In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire for releasing Ice-Ts violent rap song Cop Killer. （1992年，时代华纳因发行Ice-T的暴力说唱歌曲警察杀手而遭到抨击。）可知Time Warner“引起民怨”，主要是因为他出版了鼓励暴力的唱片。因此B选项“发布了一个宣扬暴力的唱片”正确。A选项“由于重组而被解雇的工人”；C选项“提倡街头文化”以及D选项“挑战民主社会的言论自由”都不正确。4.判断推理题。根据题干关键词定位到第四段but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent.（但有迹象表明，主席正在放弃他的强硬立场，至少在某种程度上是这样。）因此B选项“他缓和了语气，提出了一些新方案”正确。A选项“坚定捍卫言论自由的立场”；C选项“屈服于反对意见，从公司辞职”以及D选项“请求15名董事会成员无条件支持”都不是真实的。5.判断推理题。从最后一段Some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totally（我们中的一些人已经知道很多很多年了，第一修正案规定的自由并不是完全的），可知，宪法第一修正案中的言论自由不是没有限制的，因此他们应该同时考虑社会责任，对公司来说利益和社会责任通常不能兼顾。因此A选项“在公司里，利润和社会责任很少能齐头并进”正确。B选项“很少有人关心企业的责任”，过于片面；C选项“关于时代华纳政策的辩论很快就会牵涉到其他公司”，没有提及；D选项“时代华纳董事会对公司的政策意见不一”，不是真正的内涵。7. 单选题On January 1st, many people make a New Year（ ）.问题1选项A.intentionB.determinationC.dedicationD.resolution【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项intention“意向，意图，目的”；B选项determination“决心，果断（指自觉地正式表示的决心,含极强的主观能动意味）”；C选项dedication“奉献，献身”；D选项resolution“决议，决心（侧重坚定不移的顽强意志力）”。句意：在1月1日，许多人都许下新年_。New Year resolution是固定搭配，意为“新年愿望”，因此D选项符合题意。8. 单选题Government health organizations have fostered an awareness of the dangers in certain social habits.问题1选项A.includedB.discoveredC.cultivatedD.discouraged【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项included“包括，包含”；B选项discovered“发现，找到”；C选项cultivated“培养，发展，教化”；D选项discouraged“使气馁”。句意：政府卫生组织_了对某些社会习惯的危险的认识。这里表达的是“培养人们对危险的认知”，因此C选项的意思与原文最符合，C选项正确。9. 翻译题如果将保护地球的自然系统视作某种道德选择的话，就完全误解了当今人们所面临的危机。当前的挑战是关乎于人类社会的未来，而不是交给某些博爱慷慨的善心人士来做一些随意的慈善。并不是要保护自然免受人类的侵害，而是为了人类而保护自然能让这样的观念深入人心才是改变思路的核心内容。要知道，我们正承受着自身所作所为带来的一系列后果。全世界都需要知道，一个健康的自然世界并不是某些偶然善举带来的，而是一系列重要物质资产的集合。如果这样的观念能够产生实际的效果，那么保护自然并不只是环境上的挑战，而必须上升为经济上的挑战。只要有一天人类仍在自欺欺人一面提倡保护环境，一面却又不顾对环境的损害而急于追求经济增长，那么取得实质性的进展仍会是一件遥遥无期的事情。【答案】To see the preservation of the planets natural systems as a moral choice is to completely misunderstand the crisis we face today. The challenge now is about the future of human society, not about giving random charity to some philanthropic, generous person. Its not about protecting nature from man, its about protecting nature for mans sakeand getting that idea into peoples minds is at the heart of the change in thinking. You know, were living with the consequences of what we do. The world needs to know that a healthy natural world is not the result of some random act of kindness, but of a collection of important material assets.If such ideas are to have any practical effect, conservation of nature must become not just an environmental challenge, but an economic one. As long as human beings continue to deceive themselves by protecting the environment while pursuing economic growth without regard to environmental damage, substantial progress will remain a long way off.10. 单选题Recently the car factory had to carry out personnel（ ）because of financial trouble.问题1选项A.cutsB.demandsC.reductionsD.orders【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项cuts“切口，份额”；B选项demands“需求”；C选项reductions“减少，缩小”；D选项orders“顺序”。句意：最近，由于财政困难，汽车厂不得不进行人事_。根据前句说“财政困难”，可以推测应该是要进行人事减少，因此C选项符合题意。11. 单选题In accordance with the new regulations, you are entitled to three days of paid sick leave every month.问题1选项A.According toB.Carrying onC.Looking throughD.Putting out【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项According to“根据”；B选项Carrying on“继承，开始实施”；C选项Looking through“浏览，温习”；D选项Putting out“扑灭，搏出”。句意：根据新规定，你每个月可以享受三天的带薪病假。A选项与划线词的词义最接近，因此A选项符合题意。12. 单选题Sending a child to school in England is a step which many parents do not find easy to take. In theory, at least, the problem is that there are very many choices to make.Let us try to list some of the alternatives between which parents are forced to decide. To begin with, they may ask themselves whether they would like their child to go to a single-sex school or a co-educational school. They may also consider whether he should go to a school which is connected to a particular church or religious group, or whether the school should have no such connections. Another decision is whether the school should be one of the vast majority financed by the State or one of the very small but influential minority of private schools, though this choice is, of course, only available to the small number of those who can pay. Also connected with the question of money is whether the child should go to a boarding school or live at home. Then there is the question of what the child should do at school. Should it be a school whose curriculum lays emphasis, for instance, on necessary skills, such as reading, writing and mathematics, or one which pays more attention to developing the childs personality, morally, emotionally and socially. Finally, with dissatisfaction with conventional education as great as it is in some circles in England and certainly in the USA, the question might even arise in the parents minds as to whether the child should be compelled to go to school at all. Although in practice, some parents may not think twice about any of these choices and send their child to the only school available in the immediate neighbourhood，any parent who is interested enough can insist that as many choices as possible be made open to him, and the system is theoretically supposed to provide them.44. Parents find choosing a school hard because（ ）.45. According to the passage, some parents, if allowed, might let their children stay at home because they（ ）.46. What is implied at the very end of the passage?问题1选项A.there is a limited number of choicesB.some schools are very expensiveC.some schools are government schoolsD.they are faced with a variety of offers问题2选项A.dont find conventional education satisfactoryB.dont know how to choose among different schoolsC.intend to educate their children themselvesD.find conventional education too expensive to pay for问题3选项A.Most parents are unconcerned about the choices available to them.B.Interested parents can request more school choices be open to them.C.The educational system may not provide as many choices as expected.D.Most parents usually send their children to the schools nearby.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B【解析】44.事实细节题。根据题干信息定位到第二句话In theory, at least, the problem is that there are very many choices to make.（至少在理论上，问题是需要做出很多选择。）也就是说在理论上，父母至少有很多选择，文章还列举了很多可供选择的学校模式。故父母给孩子选择一所学校很困难是因为有太多选择，D选项“他们面临各种各样的学校选择”正确；A选项“选择的数量有限”；B选项“有些学校很贵”以及C选项“有些学校是公立学校”都不是原文的观点。45.事实细节题。根据题干关键词定位到倒数第二句Finally, with dissatisfaction with conventional e