2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第81期

2022年考博英语-安徽大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The history of life on earth has been a history of（ ）between man and his surroundings.问题1选项A.interactionB.interferenceC.interpretationD.integrity【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项interaction“相互影响；互动”；B选项interference“干扰；干涉”；C选项interpretation“解释；翻译”；D选项integrity“正直”。句意：地球上的生命史是一段人类与环境的史。地球上的生物除了人还有自然，我们与自然是相互影响的，地球的演变与我们和自然的相处息息相关。因此A选项符合题意。2. 单选题While her friends were busy trying to land on a job in Wall Street, she decided to stay in her humble little town and（ ）in growing organic corn.问题1选项A.specializeB.expertiseC.commercializeD.privatize【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项specialize“专门研究；专攻”；B选项expertise“专门知识；专门技能”；C选项commercialize“使商业化；使商品化”；D选项privatize“使私有化；使归私有”。句意：尽管她的朋友都忙于在华尔街找份工作，她却决定待在她的小镇上种植有机玉米。根据句意可以知道她和她的朋友不一样，决定了就在小镇上专门从事有机玉米的种植。因此A选项符合题意。3. 翻译题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET.The really critical implication of the discovery still lies with the door that geneticists have opened on the environmental influences of our behavior, our personalities and our health, and for the critical blow it strikes the idea of biological determinism.41. For the past decade, the public has witnessed a rising epidemic of tales of discoveries of genes that dispose humanity to homosexuality, to alcoholism, to political persuasion, to running ability, and to artistic taste.But even before yesterdays revelations by Venter, scientists had stopped believing in the gay gene. Yet belief in its existence still persists among the public. 42. The assault on biological determinism that geneticists have now triggered will be timely, and human nature is a lot more complex and intriguing than determinists have given it credit for.It has become increasingly fashionable for individuals particularly in the United States to blame actions and crimes on the influence of their genes. Several US defendants accused of violent crimes have argued that they were innocent victims of their genes. 43. In other words, genetic predestination could soon have been used to excuse murder or robberyif it had not been for this discovery that we lack the genes to thus dispose us!Kevin Davies is the author of “The Sequence”, a story of the human genome race. He said. 44. “There has been a recent study on perfect pitch, the ability to know the absolute pitch of a musical note, that strongly suggests that is acquired through the inheritance of a single gene.” “That may sound like a clear-cut piece of biological determinism. However, there is a crucial corollary you have to be exposed to early musical training for the ability to materialize. In other words, even in seemingly simple inherited abilities, nurture has a role to play.”And then there is the case quoted by Venter. Take the example of colon (结肠)cancer. People say there is a gene that predisposes us to the disease. And certainly it runs in families. 45. However, it is only the colon where we find all sorts of toxins and bacteria that provide the harsh circumstances that finally cause that gene to break down and for cancer to spread.In short, it is not a colon cancer gene but a gene that affects our ability to respond to the environment. And that is what human nature is all about.【答案】41. 近十年来，有关基因发现的传闻漫天飞。这些发现称，基因与人的同性恋倾向、酗酒、政治信仰和奔跑能力、艺术鉴赏力等都息息相关。42. 遗传学家现在对生物决定论的攻击是及时的，而且人类的本性远比决定论者想象的更加复杂和迷人。43. 换句话说，如果发现缺少基因的数量可以用来证明基因不能够控制我们的行为，某些人便会利用基因决定论来洗刷他们谋杀和抢劫的罪名。44. 最近有一项关于音调辨别能力的研究，即判断音符绝对音高的能力。该研究结果明显表明完美音高是通过单纯基因遗传获得的。45. 但只有在结肠部位，才能够找到构成病变环境的各种毒素和细菌，它们会导致该基因最终损坏，致使癌细胞扩散。4. 单选题It would be（ ）to arrive at a conclusion now.问题1选项A.premierB.prematureC.preliminaryD.prior【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项premier“首要的；第一的”；B选项premature“早产的；不成熟的”；C选项preliminary“初步的；预备的”；D选项prior“先前的；优先的”。句意：现在就下结论会。在任何时候都可以做出一个决定，如果这项决定没有深思熟虑过，那么实施起来就会遇到问题，所以不能够过早的下定结论。因此B选项符合题意。5. 单选题If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation-conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind: this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deepest portions of the oceans of the world.13. What does this passage mainly discuss?14. Which of the following is NOT true after the formation of ocean ice?15. Why does the author mention the Weddell Sea in the last paragraph?16. What can be inferred about the water near the bottom of oceans with ices?问题1选项A.The change in oceanic salinityB.The processes of sea waterC.The formation of our table saltD.The conversion of sea water问题2选项A.The salt is still in the water.B.The heavy water sinks.C.The water becomes denser.D.Water salinity decreases.问题3选项A.To suggest that it has salinity variation.B.To compare Antarctic waters with Arctic waters.C.To indicate the location of deep waters.D.To give an example of cold-water salinity.问题4选项A.It moves very quickly.B.It is relatively warm.C.Its salinity is relatively high.D.It is relatively cold.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C【解析】13. 主旨大意题。文章的第一句If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place.（如果对海水的盐度进行分析，就会发现各地的盐度差别很小。）但是有些小的变化是重要的，最后再说明了导致海洋的盐度变化的基本过程有三个：蒸发、降水和冰。文章一直围绕着盐度变化进行阐述。因此A选项“海洋盐度的变化”正确，符合题意。B选项“海水的过程”，C选项“我们食盐的形成”，D选项“海水的转化”均与题意不符，可排除。故选A。14. 推理判断题。定位在倒数第二段When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.（海水冻结时，溶于其中的物质被留了下来。这样，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水会比在冰块形成之前有更高的盐度。）由此可知海洋冰形成后附近水域的盐度会上升，而不是下降，因此D选项“盐度降低”错误。同理可知A选项“盐还在水里”，C选项“水变得更浓了”正确。B选项“重水下沉”定位在最后一段In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.（在南极洲附近的威德尔海，海洋中最稠密的水是由于这种冻结过程而形成的，这种冻结过程增加了冷水的盐度。）可知This heavy water sinks这种重水下沉也与海洋冰的形成有关。故选D。15. 推理判断题。定位在最后一段In the Weddell Sea, off Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deepest portions of the oceans of the world.（在南极洲附近的威德尔海，海洋中浓度最高的水是由于这种冻结过程而形成的，这种冻结过程增加了冷水的盐度。这种重水下沉，在世界海洋最深的部分被发现。）还是在对第三种导致海洋的盐度变化的过程海洋冰的举例，因此答案选D选项“举冷水盐度的例子”正确，符合题意。A选项“表明它有盐度变化”，与题意不符，可排除。B选项“把南极水域和北极水域进行比较”属于无中生有，可排除。C选项“指示深水的位置”偷换主语，非深水而是重水下沉。可排除。故选D。16. 推理判断题。根据原文In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared.（这样，在新形成的海洋冰正下方的海水会比在冰块形成之前有更高的盐度。）和the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water.（由于这种冻结过程，海洋中最密集的水形成，增加了冷水的盐度）由此可推理出在海洋冰底下的海水浓度会更高。因此C选项“它的盐度相对较高”正确，符合题意。A选项“它移动得很快”，B选项“海水会相对暖和”，D选项“海水相当冷”，均未涉及，不符合题意，可排除。故选C。6. 单选题The team really looks good tonight because the coach had them（ ）every night this week.问题1选项A.practicingB.practiceC.practicedD.to practice【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。them是practice的施动者，为主动关系。have是使役动词，主动表达的固定搭配为have sb do sth.让某人做某事。句意：这支团队今晚看起来很不错，因为教练让他们这周每天晚上都训练。此处需要使用动词的原型。故选B。7. 单选题（ ）, the book has many mistakes.问题1选项A.Having not been written carefullyB.Not writing carefullyC.Having written not carefullyD.Not having been written carefully【答案】D【解析】考查现在完成时的否定使用。非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加not或never，由此可以排除A，C选项。句意：这本书写得不细心，有很多错误。在发现有很多错误的时候书已经完成了，所以需要使用完成时态，而书本的编撰是由人完成的，需要使用被动语态。因此D选项符合题意。8. 单选题By the time the tour ends, the football team（ ）twenty matches in four countries.问题1选项A.will playB.will be playingC.will have playedD.will have been playing【答案】C【解析】考查语法时态。根据前一句By the time the tour ends“到巡回赛结束时”，表示巡回赛还在进行，By接的是将来的时间，那么主句也需要用将来完成时。将来完成时的构成will have done。句意：到巡回赛结束时，足球队将在4个国家踢20次比赛。因此C选项符合题意。9. 单选题More than 20 years after the mysterious disappearance of her newly-wed husband, Rose was still haunted by the（ ）memories of their happy days together.问题1选项A.poisonousB.passiveC.poignantD.pessimistic【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项poisonous“有毒的；恶毒的”；B选项passive“被动的；消极的”；C选项poignant“深刻的；辛酸的”；D选项pessimistic“悲观的”。句意：在新婚丈夫神秘失踪后的二十多年里，罗斯一直沉浸于他们在一起的快乐时光的回忆中。时间已经过去二十多年了，对一个人的印象慢慢会变得不再那么具体生动，往往只能记住印象最深刻的瞬间。因此C选项符合题意。10. 单选题（ ）wins the competition gets to travel the world for a year, all expenses paid.问题1选项A.Those whoB.He whoC.She whoD.Whoever【答案】D【解析】考查让步状语从句。空格后接的是动词wins“赢得”，可知空格内缺少一个主语，且主语只能为单数形式。故排除A选项。赢了的人不论男女费用全免。Whoever相当于no matter who无论是谁，概括的范围更广。句意：任何人赢得比赛，可以环游世界一年，费用全免。因此D选项符合题意。11. 单选题Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers, whereas the people who really helped civilization forward are often never mentioned at all. We do not know who first set a broken leg, or matured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers. I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized. To be good at fighting is to be good in the way which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized. Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently is not being civilized. People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than be seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed the most has won. And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like. Even our own age has fought the two greatest wars in history, in which millions of people were killed or seriously injured. And while today it is true that people in the streets while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. Mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life. The past of man has been on the whole a pretty beastly business. We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things. All we can ask is that they will sometimes have done something else.41. According to the author, which of the following cases may be regarded as an advancement of civilization?42. In the first sentence of paragraph 2, “It is just possible they are” means that（ ）.43. The author suggests that civilized people should settle disputes by（ ）.44. In the authors view, the nations and countries of today（ ）.45. By the last paragraph, the author implies that（ ）.问题1选项A.The act of conquering the other nations.B.The ability to get others to fight for you.C.The breaking of legs.D.The way to fertilize a field.问题2选项A.it is possible that most people believe in the greatest countriesB.it is possible that the conquerors are the greatest countriesC.it is possible that the greatest countries may beat the greatest number of countriesD.it is possible that the conquerors can rule over other countries问题3选项A.going to warsB.gaining the rightC.having the mightD.adopting non-violent ways问题4选项A.are quite friendly to one anotherB.can keep the rules and behave properlyC.are still fighting against one anotherD.know how to settle disputes问题5选项A.people are born savage and its hard for them to changeB.civilization is a thing that cannot be expected too muchC.civilized people will never do any savage thingsD.human beings will forward the civilization as they mature【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:D【解析】41. 推理判断题。A选项“征服其他国家的行为”，第一段I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.（我想大多数人都认为最伟大的国家是那些在战争中打败最多其他国家并以征服者的身份统治它们的国家。）第二段有转折It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.（他们可能是，但他们不是最文明的。）故可排除A选项。B选项“让别人为你而战的能力”，根据原文Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently is not being civilized.（即使是善于让别人为你而战，并告诉他们如何做才最有效，也不是文明。）可排除B选项。C选项“断腿”定位在第一段第二句We do not know who first set a broken leg, or matured a field; but we know all about the killers and destroyers.（我们不知道谁最先接上折断的腿骨，还是成熟了一片田；但我们知道所有关于杀手和毁灭者的事。）句中是接上断腿的人，而非断腿。D选项“给土地施肥的方法。”在作者眼里推动文明发展的不是这些征服者，将军或者士兵，也不是通过野蛮行为解决纷争的人。A，B，C选项在作者眼中都不是文明的，均可排除，故选D。42. 推理判断题。定位在第一段最后一句I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.（我想大多数人都认为最伟大的国家是那些在战争中打败最多其他国家并以征服者的身份统治它们的国家。）可知they指代的是最伟大的国家。A选项“大多数人可能相信最伟大的国家”与题意无关。B选项“征服者可能是最伟大的国家”，置换主语，有误。C选项“可能最伟大的国家打败最多的国家”与句意契合，正确。D选项“征服者有可能统治其他国家”与主干无关，可排除。故选C。43. 推理判断题。定位在第二段People fight to settle quarrels. Fighting means killing, and civilized peoples ought to be able to find some way of settling their disputes other than be seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed the most has won.（人们靠打架来解决争议。战斗意味着杀戮，文明的人民应该能够找到解决争端的方法，而不是看哪一方杀死另一方的人数更多，然后说，杀死最多的一方赢了。）由此可知，作者认为武力不是解决问题的办法。A选项“参战”，与武力有关不符合。B选项“赢得权利”，和平解决问题是不会有输赢的，C选项“有强权”，And not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right. For that is what going to war means; it means saying that might is right.（它不仅赢了，而且因为赢了，它是正确的。因为这就是参战的意义；它意味着说强权即公理。）在文中作者对强权即公理的这种说法是不赞成的。由此可排除C选项。D选项“采用非暴力方式”符合题意，故选D。44. 推理判断题。根据原文And while today it is true that people in the streets while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life nations and countries have not learnt to do this yet, and still behave like savages.（虽然现在，人们并不会在街上相互残杀，也就是说，我们已经到了遵守规则和在日常生活中相互之间行为得体的阶段。但各个民族和国家还没有学会这样做，仍然表现得像野蛮人。）由此可知，如今的一些民族和国家还存在着对抗战争，故C选项“仍在互相争斗”正确。A选项“他们彼此很友好”，B选项“遵守规矩，举止得体”，D选项“知道如何解决争端”均与句意不符，可排除，故选C。45. 推理判断题。根据原文But we must not expect too much. After all, the race of men has only just started. Mankind is only at the beginning of its civilized life.（但我们不能期望太多。毕竟，人类的进化才刚刚开始。人类才刚刚开始文明生活。）由此可知，我们还处在文明世界的开端，不能期望过高。A选项“人天生野蛮，很难改变”错误。根据原文And while today it is true that people in the streets while, that is to say, we have got to the stage of keeping the rules and behaving properly to each other in daily life.（虽然现在，人们并不会在街上相互残杀，也就是说，我们已经到了遵守规则和在日常生活中相互之间行为得体的阶段。）可以知道人们已经有改变了。B选项“文明是一种不能过分期待的东西”，作者是以目前阶段的文明而言，我们不能够期待太多，并没有让人不去期待，属于歪曲意思。C选项“文明人决不会做野蛮的事”说法过于绝对，根据原文We must not expect even civilized peoples not to have done these things.（我们不能期待即使是文明人也不会做这些事。）可知文明人绝对不做野蛮的事是很难保证的。D选项“随着人类的成熟，人类将推进文明的发展”，作者说到人类文明才刚开始，可以推出现在的文明随着人类的成熟，还能够有所进步，故D选项正确。12. 单选题Wind and water cause（ ）in rocks and soil.问题1选项A.conversionB.erosionC.depressionD.diversion【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项conversion“转变”；B选项erosion“腐蚀”；C选项depression“沮丧；洼地；不景气；忧愁；低气压区”；D选项diversion“令人分心的事物；改道”。句意：风和水让岩石和土壤。风和水对岩石和土壤有侵蚀作用。因此B选项符合题意。13. 单选题Jim is so（ ）after injuring his leg that he has great difficulty in walking.问题1选项A.laneB.lampC.lambD.lame【答案】D【解析】考查同形词辨析。A选项lane“小巷”；B选项lamp“灯；照射器”；C选项lamb“羔羊”；D选项lame“瘸的”。句意：吉姆的腿受伤后，走路都很困难。根据后面的injuring his leg“腿受伤了”和描述程度has great difficulty in walking“走路都很困难”，由此可知他的腿受伤后瘸了。因此D选项符合题意。14. 单选题Since there was no place to take shelter, we got（ ）in the sudden downpour in no time.问题1选项A.stainedB.soakedC.sprayedD.sticky【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项stained“玷污的”；C选项sprayed“被喷成雾状的”；D选项sticky“粘性的”。句意：由于没有地方躲避，我们立即被突然而至的倾盆大雨了。可根据关键词downpour倾盆大雨，和前面的no place进行联想猜测。B选项soaked“湿透的”更符合语境。故选B。15. 单选题There is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and（ ）we are.问题1选项A.vulnerableB.rigorousC.viciousD.robust【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项vulnerable“易受攻击的；易受伤害的”；B选项rigorous“严格的；严厉的”；C选项vicious“恶毒的；恶意的”；D选项robust“强健的；健康的”。句意：不论我们多么幸运、多么，我们能存活多长时间是有限度的。根据前面的信息lucky“幸运的”，那么与之并列的形容词也应该为积极的词汇。由此可以排除A，B，C选项。而后面说到的是remain alive“活着”可以知道应该与描述身体的词汇有关。因此D选项符合题意。16. 单选题School children ought to be（ ）to their parents and teachers.问题1选项A.alienB.transientC.obedientD.current【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项alien“外国的；相异的”；B选项transient“短暂的；路过的”；C选项obedient“服从的；孝顺的”；D选项current“现在的；最近的”。句意：学龄儿童应该父母和老师。句中主语是School children，由关键信息to their parents and teachers“对其父母和老师”要服从。因此C选项符合题意。17. 单选题Martin Luther King（ ）himself as a nonviolent civil rights leader who was respected greatly by the American Black.问题1选项A.recognizedB.distinguishedC.differentiatedD.separated【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项recognized“认识；意识到”，为及物动词；B选项distinguished“辨别；使出名”，与as搭配，意为“以而著名”；C选项differentiated“区分；使有差别”；D选项separated“分开；隔开”。句意：马丁路德金作为非暴力民权运动领导人而闻名，并且受到美国黑人的极大尊敬。根据后面的定语从句who was respected greatly by the American Black“受美国黑人的尊敬”可知他是有名的，而且广受黑人关注。因此B选项符合题意。18. 单选题The inventor（ ）his original design in order to increase the machines efficiency to a higher level.问题1选项A.executedB.cultivatedC.modifiedD.decorated【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项executed“执行”；B选项cultivated“培养”；C选项modified“修改”；D选项decorated“装饰”。句意：发明家为了把机器的效率提高到一个更高的水平原来的设计。increase the machines efficiency提高效率与original design原来的设计之间的关系，有不足之处即要做出挑战与改变，故C选项更符合语义。19. 单选题Most people left and the（ ）sat down to wait.问题1选项A.remnantsB.remedyC.remainsD.remainder【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项remnants“残余；残留物”；B选项remedy“补救；解决办法”；C选项remains“残余物；剩饭菜”；D选项remainder“残余；剩余物”。句意：大部分人都离开了，坐着等。remnants一般是指残余部分、残迹。remains一般是指古迹，遗