2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第129期

2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Bringing up children is a hard work, and you are often to blame for any bad behavior of your children. If so, Judith Rich Harris has good news for you. Parents, she argues, have no important long-term effects on the development of the personality of their children. Far more important are their playground friends and neighborhood. Ms. Harris takes to hitting the assumption, which has dominated developmental psychology for almost half a century.Ms. Harriss attack on the developmentalists “nature” argument looks likely to reinforce doubts that the profession was already having. If parents matter, why is it that two adopted children, reared in the same home, are no more similar in personality than two adopted children reared in separate homes? Or that a pair of identical twins, reared in the same home, are no more alike than a pair of identical twins reared in different homes?Difficult as it is to track the precise effects of parental upbringing, it may be harder to measure the exact influence of the peer (同龄人) group in childhood and adolescence. Ms. Harris points to how children from immigrant homes soon learn not to speak at school in the way their parents speak. But acquiring a language is surely a skill, rather than a characteristic of the sort developmental psychologists hunt for. Certainly it is different from growing up tensely or relaxed, or from learning to be honest or hard-working or generous. Easy though it may be to prove that parents have little impact on those qualities, it will be hard to prove that peers have vastly more.Moreover, mum and dad surely cannot be ditched completely. Young adults may, as Ms. Harris argues, be keen to appear like their peers. But even in those early years, parents have the power to open doors: they may initially choose the peers with whom their young associate, and pick that influential neighborhood. Moreover, most people suspect that they come to resemble their parents more in middle age, and that peoples child bearing habits may be formed partly by what their parents did. So the balance of influences is probably complicated, as most parents already suspected without being able to demonstrate it scientifically. Even if it turns out that the genes they pass on and the friends their children play with matter as much as affection, discipline and good example, parents are not completely off the hook.1. According to Ms. Harris, _.2. Which of the following views is consistent with what the developmentalists hold?3. According to Para. 3, which of the following statements is TRUE?4. The word “ditched” could be best replaced by _.5. What is the authors main purpose?问题1选项A.parents are to blame for any bad behavior of their childrenB.parents will affect greatly the childrens life in the long runC.nature rather than nurture has a significant effect on childrens personality developmentD.childrens personality is shaped by their friends and neighbors问题2选项A.Children are more influenced by their peers than by their parents.B.Twins are quite different if they are reared in two separate families.C.Identical twins reared in the same home are different in personality.D.Nurture has a less significant effect on childrens personality development.问题3选项A.It is harder to track the precise effects of parental upbringing than the exact influence of the peer group in children.B.Immigrant children tend to discard the way their parents speak quickly when they go to school.C.It has been proved that peers have more impact on childrens qualities such as to be honest or hard-working or generous.D.It is easier for children to acquire a language at school than at home.问题4选项A.provedB.emphasizedC.comparedD.ignored问题5选项A.To highly praise Ms. Harriss work.B.To counter Ms. Harriss work.C.To objectively report on Ms. Harriss work.D.To critically comment on Ms. Harriss work.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:D第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句Parents, she argues, have no important long-term effects on the development of the personality of their children. Far more important are their playground friends and neighborhood.（她认为，父母对孩子个性的发展没有重要的长期影响。更重要的是他们在操场上的朋友和邻居。），说明哈里斯女士认为孩子的个性塑造受到朋友和邻居的影响。因此D选项“孩子的个性是由他们的朋友和邻居塑造的”正确。A选项“父母应该为他们孩子的任何不良行为负责”，B选项“从长远来看，父母将极大地影响孩子的人生”，C选项“天生的而不是后天的因素对孩子的个性发展有很大的影响”均与原文意思相反，所以A, B, C错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Ms. Harriss attack on the developmentalists “nature” argument looks likely to reinforce doubts that the profession was already having.（哈里斯女士对发展主义者的“自然”论点的攻击似乎加深了人们对这一职业已经存在的怀疑。），说明哈里斯女士和发展主义者的观点截然不同，哈里斯女士认为孩子的个性塑造受到朋友和邻居的影响，而发展主义者强调父母对孩子的影响，认为教育对孩子的影响更大，所以A选项“孩子受同龄人的影响比受父母的影响更大”，D选项“天生的因素对孩子个性发展的影响不大”不属于发展主义者的观点，A, D错误。由于哈里斯女士所举的双胞胎例子与发展主义者的观点相反，那么后者的观点应该是：双胞胎在同一个家庭长大则个性相同，在不同的家庭长大个性会有很大的差异，所以C选项“在同一家庭中长大的同卵双胞胎在性格上是不同的”错误。因此B选项“如果双胞胎在两个不同的家庭中长大，他们就会有很大不同”正确。3.客观细节题。A选项“追踪父母教养的确切影响比追踪同龄人群体对孩子的确切影响更难”，由原文Difficult as it is to track the precise effects of parental upbringing, it may be harder to measure the exact influence of the peer group in childhood and adolescence.（虽然很难追踪父母教养的确切影响，但要衡量同龄人群体在童年和青春期的确切影响可能更困难。）可知后者更难，所以A错误。C选项“事实证明，同龄人对儿童的品质，如诚实、勤奋、慷慨等方面的影响更大”，由原文Easy though it may be to prove that parents have little impact on those qualities, it will be hard to prove that peers have vastly more.（尽管要证明父母对这些品质的影响很小很容易，但要证明同龄人对这些品质的影响要大得多却很难。）可知，很难证明同龄人对这些品质的影响更大，所以C错误。D选项“儿童在学校比在家里更容易掌握一种语言”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。B选项“移民的孩子在上学时往往会很快抛弃他们父母的说话方式”，由原文Ms. Harris points to how children from immigrant homes soon learn not to speak at school in the way their parents speak.（哈里斯指出，来自移民家庭的孩子在学校很快就学会了不像父母那样说话。）可知，移民的孩子在学校很快就会抛弃父母的说话方式，所以B正确。4.语义推测题。由题干关键词“ditched”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Moreover, mum and dad surely cannot be ditched completely.（此外，父母当然不能被完全抛弃。），说明不能完全忽视父母的影响，可以推断出“ditched”在文中是指“忽视”的意思。因此D选项“忽视”正确。A选项“证明”，B选项“强调”，C选项“比较”均不符合题意，所以A, B, C错误。5.观点态度题。结合全文来看，作者基本上同意哈里斯女士的观点，即家长对孩子的影响并不是人们所认为的那么重要，影响孩子成长的还有外界的因素。但作者在第三段中提到，哈里斯女士在说明问题时所举的例子不恰当，因为它强调了技能而不是个性，接着在第四段中说到，虽然孩子们极力要向他们的同龄人看齐，但家长们对他们的早期影响是不可忽视的，说明作者对哈里斯女士观点的态度是批判性的。因此D选项“对哈里斯女士的工作进行批判性评论”正确。A选项“高度赞扬哈里斯女士的工作”，B选项“反驳哈里斯女士的工作”，作者没有完全绝对地赞同或反对哈里斯女士的观点，所以A、B错误。C选项“客观地报告哈里斯女士的工作”，作者除了客观介绍了哈里斯女士的观点之外，也提出了自己的主观看法，所以C错误。2. 单选题People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship. Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.Consider also the belief that “the phone always rings when Im in the shower.” If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesnt ring, that nonevent probably wont even register (留下印象).People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Consider, for example, the common belief that things like personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths “happen in threes.” Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period. If three plane crashes occur in a month, then the period of time that counts as their “happening together” is one month; if three crashes occur in a year, the period of time is stretched. Flexible end points reinforce such beliefs.We also tend to believe what we want to believe. A majority of people think they are more intelligent, more fair-minded and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person. Part of the reason we view ourselves so favorably is that we use criteria that work to our advantage. As economist Thomas Schilling explains, “Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy.” This way everyone ranks high on his own scale.Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious in drawing conclusions. The “evidence” of everyday life is sometimes misleading.1. In the first paragraph the author states that _.2. By “things like” “happen in threes”, the author indicates that people believe _.3. The word “courtesy” probably means _.4. What can be inferred from the passage?5. It can be concluded from the passage that _.问题1选项A.dreams cannot be said to be prophetic even though a few have come trueB.dreams are prophetic because some of them did come trueC.dreams may come true if clearly rememberedD.dreams and reality are closely related问题2选项A.personal misfortunes tend to happen every now and thenB.personal misfortunes, plane crashes, and deaths usually happen togetherC.misfortunes tend to occur according to certain patternsD.misfortunes will never occur more than three times to a person in his lifetime问题3选项A.good mannerB.appropriate speechC.friendly relationsD.satisfactory service问题4选项A.Happenings that go unnoticed deserve more attention.B.In a series of misfortunes the third one is usually the most serious.C.People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.D.Believers of misfortunes happening the threes are cautious in interpreting events.问题5选项A.there is some truth even in the widest dreamsB.one should take notice of other peoples meritsC.there is no order or pattern in world eventsD.we should not base our conclusions on accidental evidence【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Thus many are convinced their dreams are prophetic because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not.（因此，许多人相信他们的梦是预言，因为少数人已经实现了；他们忽视或没有注意到许多没有实现的。），说明作者认为不应该以个别应验的梦境得出梦具有预言性这一推断，毕竟大多数的梦都是不会实现的。因此A选项“即使有几个梦成真了也不能说梦有预言性”正确。B选项“梦是预言性的，因为其中有些梦成真了”，C选项“如果清楚地记住了，梦就会成真”，D选项“梦和现实是密切相关的”均不符合原文内容，所以B, C, D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、三句People want to see order, pattern and meaning in the world. Such beliefs stem from the tendency of people to allow the third event to define the time period.（人们希望看到世界的秩序、模式和意义。这种信念源于人们倾向于让第三个事件来定义时间周期。），说明人们总是希望从复杂的事件中找出某种规律，从而印证人们头脑中早已形成的某种判断。因此C选项“不幸往往按照一定的模式发生”正确。A选项“个人的不幸往往每隔一段时间就会发生”，B选项“个人的不幸、飞机失事和死亡通常一起发生”，D选项“一个人一生中发生的不幸不会超过三次”在文中均没有提及，所以A, B, D错误。3.语义推测题。由题干关键词“courtesy”可以定位到文章第六段第四句Everybody ranks himself high in qualities he values: careful drivers give weight to care, skilled drivers give weight to skill, and those who are polite give weight to courtesy.（每个人都把自己看重的品质看得很高：谨慎的司机重视小心，熟练的司机重视技术，礼貌的司机重视礼貌。），说明“courtesy”在文中是指“礼貌”的意思。因此A选项“良好的礼貌”正确。B选项“适当的言语”，C选项“友好的关系”，D选项“令人满意的服务”均不符合题意，所以B, C, D错误。4.主旨大意题。由全文可知，作者希望人们更加关注那些不为大家所关注的，不符人们总结出的“规律”的事件，来避免从个别事实中得出不严密的结论的做法。因此A选项“不被注意的事情值得更多关注”最能概括文章主旨。B选项“在一系列的不幸中，第三件通常是最严重的”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。C选项“人们倾向于利用支持自己信念的证据”只是文章的一个方面，不能完整概括文章主旨，所以C错误。D选项“相信不幸发生三次的人在解释事件时是谨慎的”在文中没有提及，所以D错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段Perhaps the most important mental habit we can learn is to be cautious in drawing conclusions. The “evidence” of everyday life is sometimes misleading.（也许我们能学到的最重要的心理习惯是在得出结论时谨慎。日常生活的“证据”有时会引起误解。），说明不应该以随机证据为基础得出结论，因为它们有误导性。因此D选项“不应该把我们的结论建立在偶然的证据上”正确。A选项“即使在最宽泛的梦中也有一些真相”，B选项“人应该注意到别人的优点”，C选项“世界上的事件没有秩序和模式”在文中均没有提及，所以A, B, C错误。3. 单选题Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold (霉) on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goaland so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of hat before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from V to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.1. What does the author probably mean by “untaught minds” in the first paragraph?2. According to the author, what differs innovators from non-innovators?3. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because _.4. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are _.5. The most suitable title for this passage might be _.问题1选项A.A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B.A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.C.A person who has had no education.D.An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.问题2选项A.The variety of ideas they have.B.The intelligence they possess.C.The way they deal with problems.D.The way they present their findings.问题3选项A.Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativityB.the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing thingsC.the reader is familiar with Rudolph Fleschs point of viewD.the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented问题4选项A.diligent in pursuing their goalsB.reluctant to follow common ways of doing thingsC.devoted to the progress of scienceD.concerned about the advance of society问题5选项A.Discoveries and InnovationB.What Are So Special about Creative IndividualsC.To Be a Creative Expert in the Study of Human CreativityD.The Relation between Creation and Diligence【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:B第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。由题干关键词“untaught minds”可以定位到文章第一段第一句Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents.（科学技术上的发明创造被“不知内情者”看作是灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性事件的结果。），接下来第二句以青霉素发明者弗莱明爵士为例，对首句进行反驳，说明科技发明的取得都是经过长期的艰苦实验，从失败走向成功的，只有那些不明真相、不知其艰辛的人才会把发明创造想象为灵感或戏剧性事件的产物，所以“untaught minds”在文中是指“不了解发明与革新的艰辛的人”。因此A选项“对实验中的艰苦工作一无所知的人”正确。B选项“一个限制个人创造力的社会的公民”，C选项“一个没有接受过教育的人”，D选项“一个经常偶然想出新点子的人”均不符合题意，所以B, C, D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach.（有创造力的人与他人的最大区别在于他们对待事物的方法不同。），说明创新者与非创新者的区别在于对待事物的方法。因此C选项“处理问题的方式”正确。A选项“想法的多样性”，B选项“拥有的智慧”，D选项“展示他们的发现的方式”在文中均没有提及，所以A, B, D错误。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一句“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that theres no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority.（语言权威人士鲁道夫弗莱什写道：“创造性思维可能仅仅意味着意识到按一贯的方式做事并没有什么特别的优点。”），说明作者引用弗莱什的话是为了支持自己的观点：有创造力的人经常探索做事的新方法。因此B想象“这段话加强了有创造力的人寻找新的做事方法的推断”正确。A选项“鲁道夫弗莱什是研究人类创造力的最著名的专家”，原文只说它是一位语言权威，和研究人类创造力无关，所以A错误。C选项“读者对鲁道夫弗莱什的观点很熟悉”在文中没有提及，所以C错误。D选项“这段引文为前面介绍的信息增加了一个新的观点”，由原文可知，弗莱什的话和作者的看法是一致的，并未添加新的观点和思想，所以D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干关键词“march to a different drummer”可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.（极具创造力的人确实是与众不同的。），说明有创造力的人“不随波逐流，与其他人所走的道路或所持的思路不同”，这是对文章主旨的一个形象总结。因此B选项“不愿意遵循普通的做事方式”正确。A选项“勤奋地追求自己的目标”，C选项“致力于科学的进步”，D选项“关注社会的进步”在文中均没有提及，所以A, C, D错误。5.主旨大意题。文章开头举例说明了发明及创新几乎都来自于反复尝试和失败，接着介绍了创新者与其他人的主要区别在于处理问题的方法，最后总结道极富创造性的人的确是标新立异的。因此B选项“有创造力的人有什么特别之处”最适合作为文章标题。A选项“发现与创新”表述太过宽泛，不适合作为文章标题，所以A错误。C选项“成为研究人类创造力的专家”，D选项“创造与勤奋的关系”在文中没有提及，所以C, D错误。4. 单选题_ how to operate a switchboard, I had to ask the office supervisor to show me the correct procedures.问题1选项A.Not knownB.Not knowingC.Not to knowD.Having not known【答案】B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我不知道如何操作总机，只好请办公室主管告诉我正确的程序。动词know与主语构成主动关系，应该用现在分词形式，排除A, C选项。非谓语动词的否定形式not置于非谓语动词之前，应该是not having known，排除D选项。因此B选项正确。5. 单选题Contrary to what many people believe, highly intelligent children are not necessarily destined for academic success. In fact, so-called gifted students may fail to do well because they are unusually smart. Ensuring that a gifted child reaches his or her potential requires an understanding of what can go wrong and how to satisfy the unusual learning requirements of extremely bright young people.One common problem gifted kids face is that they, and those around them, place too much importance on being smart. Such an emphasis can breed a belief that bright people do not have to work hard to do well. Although smart kids may not need to work hard in the lower grades, when the work is easy, they may struggle and perform poorly when the work gets harder because they do not make the effort to learn. If the scholastic achievement of highly intelligent children remains below average for an extended period, many teachers will fail to recognize their potential. As a result, such students may not get the encouragement they need, further depressing their desire to learn. They may fall far behind in their schoolwork and even develop behavior problems.IQ is just one ingredient among many in the recipe for successChildren thrive or struggle in school for a host of reasons apart from IQ. These include motivation and persistence, social competence, and the support of family, educators and friends. Emphasizing the importance of persistence and hard work, for example, will help a child avoid the laziness trap. Gifted children also need intellectual challengesto teach them how to work hard.Because highly gifted children solve the most varied thought problems faster and more thoroughly than those with more average aptitudes do, they need additional intellectual stimulation while they wait for the rest of the kids to learn the basics. Two central approaches are used to satisfy the educational needs of such children: acceleration and enrichment. Acceleration means studying material that is part of the standard curriculum for older students. Enrichment involves learning information that falls outside the usual curriculum.A child might skip one or more grades as a way of accelerating in school. But being with older children for the entire school dayand perhaps for grade-based extracurricular activities such as sportscan make a child feel inferior in every realm outside of academics. One very bright fourth-grader who had skipped two grades remained far ahead of his classmates intellectually, but as his classmates reached puberty, his social and other shortcomings became painfully apparent. While acceleration is not an option, or not a good one, enrichment can be. After all, school is not a race but an adventure in learning. As such, the goal is not finishing first but absorbing as much knowledge as possible in the time allotted. Thus, providing opportunities for a child to study topics outside the regular curriculum can be at least as valuable as pushing him or her through the required material faster.1. According to the passage, which of the following belongs to enrichment activities for talented children?2. What makes the b