2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷88（含答案解析）

2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that our knowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, and these in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even the earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out. If we define the “security” of our image of various parts of the total system as the probability of their suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the social sciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biological sciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping, is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distant things as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbor as the moon, which we have actually visited, theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to choose among. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.1. The word “paradox” (Para. 1) means（ ）.2. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as “hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because（ ）.3. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physical systems because（ ）.4. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggest because（ ）.5. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social system because（ ）.问题1选项A.implicationtB.contradictiontC.interpretationtD.confusiont问题2选项A.a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencestB.our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemstC.our understanding of the social systems is approximately correcttD.we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomenat问题3选项A.it is not based on personal experiencetB.new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencestC.it is based on a fairly representative quantity of datatD.the records of social systems are more reliablet问题4选项A.contradictory theories keep emerging all the timetB.new information is constantly coming intC.the direction of their development is difficult to predicttD.our knowledge of the physical world is inaccuratet问题5选项A.theories of its origin and history are variedtB.our knowledge of it is highly insecuretC.only a very small sample of it has been observedtD.few scientists are involved in the study of astronomy【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:D第4题:A第5题:D【解析】第1题:语义推测题。题干意思是“第一段的paradox意思是”。Paradox本意是“似是而非的观点，悖论，反论”；根据题干定位到文章第一句It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard”, the social sciences as “soft” and the biological sciences as somewhere in between.（我们认为物理科学是“硬科学”，社会科学是“软科学”，而生物科学则介于两者之间，这是一个奇怪的悖论）可知，这句话说的是一个观点，即科学的类别，而不是一个事物的正反两面，所以这不能称为“悖论”，四个选项中只有A项“暗示，含义”符合这一语境。B项“否认，反驳”、C项“解释”和D项“困惑”均不符合。因此，该题选择A项正确。第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“根据作者的观点，我们应该颠倒自然科学的硬分类和社会科学的软分类，因为”。第一段第三句提到In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable.（然而，就我们对相关领域的研究能力以及我们对这些领域的想象至少大致正确的可能性而言，有人怀疑颠倒顺序更合理），由此我们可知，之所以认为颠倒这三类学科的排序更具合理性是基于我们对相关领域的研究能力和认知大致正确性；C项“我们对社会制度的理解大致正确”中的社会制度属于“软科学”领域，故C项符合题意。A项“逆向排序将有助于促进物理科学的发展”和D项“我们能更好地调查社会现象而不是物理现象”未提及；B项“我们对物理系统的知识比社会系统的知识更可靠”，文章最后一句话指出Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.（我们对物理进化的认识是不完整的，也是高度不安全的），B项错误。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为我们对社会系统的认识比物理系统的认识更安全，因为”。第一段第四句指出We are able to sample earths social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample of the total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is in many ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries.（我们能够对社会系统进行有一定可信度的抽样调查，因为我们对整个调查领域都有合理的样本；因此我们的社会系统知识即使在很多方面还非常不准确，但却不容易被新发现彻底推翻），由此可知，尽管我们对社会系统知识有不准确性，但是我们有合理的样本，即使有新发现也不容易被推翻，所以D项“社会制度的记录更可靠”符合题意。A项“它不是基于个人经验”，第一段最后一句提到even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience（即使它是建立在非常不完善的个人经验上）可知，社会系统的认识是基于个人经验，A项错误；B项“新发现不太可能出现在社会科学领域”和C项“它是基于相当有代表性的数据”文中未提及。因此，该题选择D项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“物理科学发生巨大变化的可能性最大，因为”。第二段第一句指出In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, of even the earths geological history, can easily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data come in and new theories are worked out.（相比之下，我们对天文宇宙的认识，甚至地球的地质历史，都很容易随着新数据的加入和新理论的提出而发生革命性的变化），由此可以推断，如果有新数据和新理论那么我们对天文宇宙的认识和地球的地质历史都会发生巨大的变化，即物理科学上的变化，所以A项“矛盾的理论层出不穷”符合题意。B项“新信息不断地传入”，原文说的是新数据而不是新信息；C项“它们的发展方向很难预测”文章未提及；D项“我们对物理世界的认识是不准确的”，文章最后一句提到Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete（我们对物理进化的认识是不完整的），可知我们对物理世界的认识是incomplete（不完善的），而不是不准确的。因此，该题选择A项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“我们对宇宙的了解比我们对任何社会系统的了解都要少，因为”。根据第二段倒数第二句Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure of all simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping, is trivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records of biological systems.（我们对宇宙的印象是最不安全的仅仅因为我们观察到的是如此小的一个样本和它的保存记录，这与丰富的社会系统记录相比，甚至和生物系统有限的记录相比，它都是微不足道的）可知，我们对宇宙的了解比我们对任何社会系统的了解都要少是因为我们观察的样本太小，有关的记录太少，而记录通常是来自科学家的研究结果，所以可推断是因为天文学领域研究的科学家很少，故D项“很少有科学家参与天文学的研究”正确。A项“关于它的起源和历史有各种各样的理论”，这是我们在天文宇宙方面研究记录少和安全性低的具体说明，不是原因；B项“我们对它的了解是非常不可靠的”，这是结果，也不是原因；C项“只有一小部分样本被观察到”，这是对天文学知识感觉不安全的原因，而非对天文学了解很少的原因。因此，该题选择D项正确。2. 翻译题One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.【答案】答：世界扁平化的一个意想不到的后果是，它使不同的社会和文化可以更多地直接接触。人们之间联系的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。一些文化因全球亲密关系突然带来的合作机会而蓬勃发展。另一些文化则因为这种亲密接触而感到沮丧，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一：使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这些都有助于解释为什么出现了当今最具破坏性的力量之一自杀式炸弹袭击者和其他恐怖主义组织，他们不顾人的生命，消灭他们最符合我们的利益。3. 单选题Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand the scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs” that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of his research funding.This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal (可以收买的). This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as “experts”. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer. If he declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.1. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?2. Scientists have to adapt their research to “economic needs” in order to（ ）.3. Why wont scientists complain about the governments policy concerning scientific research?4. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because（ ）.5. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?问题1选项A.Support from the votes.tB.The reduction of public expenditure.tC.Quick economics returns.tD.The budget for a research project.t问题2选项A.impress the public with their achievementstB.pursue knowledge for knowledges saketC.obtain funding from the governmenttD.translate knowledge into wealtht问题3选项A.They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.tB.They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.tC.They know it takes patience to win support from the public.tD.They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.t问题4选项A.their pronouncements often turn out to be wrongtB.sometimes they hide the source of their research fundingtC.some of them do not give priority to intellectual honestytD.they could be influenced by their association with the project concernedt问题5选项A.It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds.tB.People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.tC.It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.tD.Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】第1题:推理判断题。题干意思是“当涉及到科学研究时，大多数政府最关心的是什么？”。文章第一段提到Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future.（大多数政府，也许是所有政府，都根据科研单位过去和将来带来的经济效益来证明在科学研究上的公共支出是合理的），由此可知，当涉及到科学研究时，大多数政府最关心的还是科学研究上的公共支出，即科研经费；故B项“减少公共开支”符合题意。A项“选票的支持”，文章第一段提到了Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines “our scientists” have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments, and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved.（政客们提醒他们的选民，“我们的科学家”已经发明了辉煌的机器，缓解旧病的新药，以及新的手术设备和技术，这些技术可以治疗以前难以治愈的疾病，挽救生命），可知，虽然政客们在选民中强调科研带来的好处，但无法从文章推断选民的支持是政府最关心的；C项“经济回报快”，这只是政府用于证明科研经费的公共支出的合理性；D项“研究项目的预算”文章没有提及。因此，该题选择B项正确。第2题:细节推理题。题干意思是“科学家必须使他们的研究适应经济需求以便”。第一段第四句the politicians demand the scientists that they tailor their research to “economics needs” that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are “near the market” and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply.（政客们要求科学家们根据“经济需求”调整研究，对“接近市场”并能在最短时间内转化为最大投资回报的研究方案给予更高的优先级；科学家的大部分资金都依赖于政客，他们别无选择，只能服从），由此可推，在政客们的要求下，科学家们必须根据经济需求转化为最大投资回报的研究方案，目的是为了从政客那里获取资金，故C项“从政府获得资金”符合题意。A项“用他们的成就给公众留下深刻印象”文章未提及；B项“为了知识而追求知识”和D项“将知识转化为财富”与原文不符。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:细节推理题。题干意思是“为什么科学家们不抱怨政府关于科学研究的政策？”。第一段最后一句提到Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.（许多人有不同的意见，但他们认为，在一种不利于追求理解本身和探究创新精神的氛围中，他们把这些意见保留了下来），由此可知，科学家们选择保留意见的原因是考虑到了所处环境的现实情况，故A项“他们认为自己的工作环境不利于自由追求知识”符合题意。B项“他们习惯于保留自己的意见”，表述不准确；C项“他们知道赢得公众的支持需要耐心”和D项“他们认为遵守政府政策符合公众的利益”文章未提及。因此，该题选择A项正确。第4题:推理判断题。题干意思是“作者认为，人们之所以怀疑科学家的专业判断是因为”。根据第三段最后的例子The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer. If he declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.（最有可能理解核反应堆安全性的科学家是核工程师：如果他宣称一个反应堆不安全，我们就相信他，因为撒谎显然对他不利；如果他告诉我们它是安全的，另一方面，我们不信任他，因为他很可能是在保护付给他工资的雇主），由此可以推理，公众怀疑科学家的专业判断是认为他们和某些咨询公司或者项目有利益关系，故D项“他们可能会受到与有关项目的联系的影响”符合题意。A项“他们的声明往往被证明是错误的”，表述太绝对；B项“有时他们隐藏研究资金的来源”，第二段提到Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of his research funding.（即使教授没有在任何公司担任顾问，一些人仍然可能因为他与那些咨询公司的关系而不信任他，或者至少怀疑他的研究资金的来源），可知B项表述不正确；C项“他们中的一些人没有优先考虑知识的诚实”，第三段指出It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal.（这种态度质疑了个人在一个将学术诚实视为最高美德的职业中工作的正直性，并落入了那些想要用腐败来诋毁科学家的人的手中），由此可知C项表述也不正确。因此，该题选择D项正确。第5题:推理判断题。题干意思是“为什么作者说公众对科学家的不信任会有破坏性的影响？”。题干所述问题在文章的第三段有体现，It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal.（这种态度质疑了个人在一个将学术诚实视为最高美德的职业中工作的正直性，并落入了那些想要用腐败来诋毁科学家的人的手中），并通过核工程师的举例，来表达公众对科学家的不信任的影响，那就是即使科学家说的是真话，公众也不会相信，故B项“人们不会相信科学家，即使他们说真话”符合题意。A项“这给寻求研究资金的科学家带来了困难”、C项“它可能会抑制科学家独立研究的热情”和D项“科学家自己可能怀疑他们的研究发现的价值”在第三段都未描述到。因此，该题选择B项正确。4. 单选题Opinion polls suggest that the approval rate of the president is on the increase.问题1选项A.agreementB.consensusC.permissionD.support【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。approval表示“批准，认可”；A项agreement“协议，同意”，B项consensus“一致，合意”，C项permission“允许，许可”，D项support“支持”。句意：民意调查显示，总统的支持率在上升。根据句意可知，approval在句子中表示“支持”，四个选项中只有D项符合。故该题选择D项正确。5. 单选题Diesel engines provide excellent mileage, but they are relatively noisy and their acceleration is sluggish.问题1选项A.unevenB.loudC.slowD.hard【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。sluggish表示“萧条的，迟钝的”；A项uneven“不均匀的，不平坦的”，B项loud“大声的，喧闹的”，C项slow“慢的，减速的”，D项hard“努力的，硬的”。句意：柴油发动机提供优良的里程，但它们相对嘈杂，加速缓慢。根据句意可知，sluggish在句子中表示“缓慢的”，四个选项中只有slow符合。故该题选择C项正确。6. 单选题Last month, the public address system at Earls Court subway station in London was ordered to get the noise down. Passengers, it seems, had had enough of being told the blindingly obvious: “Stand back or the train will run you over.” “Dont lean on the doors.” “Stand back from the opening doors.” “Do this.” “Dont do that.”Bossiness is not just aural. It is also written. As a commuter, Im continually bombarded by notices on car walls. “Please take your feet of the seat.” “Please turn down your personal stereo.” And when I drive past the local primary, a sign flashes: “School. Slow down!”The presumption behind these signs is that Britons must have everything spelled out because we are tow, uncivilized people who were raised by wolves.Britain didnt use to be so bossy. When I was a boy, for instance, the local cinema put a warming on screen before we settled down to watch. “Dont,” it said, “make noises.” In those days, long before mobile phones, it was the only bossiness we saw in the cinema. Since then, bossiness has become more commonplace. Television, that strongest guide to public morals and lifestyles in this country, is alive with dominant people. On screen, we see health experts holding some poor womans breasts and demanding that she get in shape. Cooking programs tell us not to think of leaving toast crumbs on the kitchen table.There is no point in blaming TV for this new bossiness. We want to be bossed. We have behaved badly and now we yearn to feel the whip to correct us. On July 1, smoking will be banned in public places in England. My local government told churches in the area last week that no-smoking posters must be prominently displayed by church entrances.I love this: the governments are bossing people to make them bossier. They are insisting that priests tell their congregations (教区的教民) what to do.My local government isnt the only source of bossiness. I find it everywhere. But the rise in bossiness does not seem to have been accompanied by a rise in socially well-adjusted behavior. In fact, the opposite. Perhaps this is because, if you feel as though you are treated with contempt, you will respond with the same.1. The case at Earls Court subway station shows that（ ）.2. It is presumed that bossiness is everywhere because Britons（ ）.3. It is suggested in the passage that（ ）.4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?5. The author writes this passage in a（ ）.问题1选项A.it is very noisy in public placesB.it is necessary to warm the passengers of their safetyC.people have realized the importance of public orderD.people have been tired of being bossed问题2选项A.need to be bossed to behave themselvesB.want to be reminded of how to behave wellC.must have everything spelled outD.are raised in uncivilized society问题3选项A.now Britons behave much better than they did in the pastB.in the past Britons behaved much better than they do nowC.the dominant people on screen should be blamed