2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第49期

2022年考博英语-北京科技大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Checks have largely replaced money as a means of exchange, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for（1）buyer and seller, it（2）not be forgotten that checks are not real money: they are quite valueless（3）themselves. A shopkeeper always runs a certain（4）when he accepts a check and he is quite（5）his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do（6）.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called（7）. An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an（8）unpleasant experience. He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large（9）of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked（10）he could pay by check. The assistant said that this was quite（11）, but（12）my friend signed his name, he was invited into the managers office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them（13）a worthless check not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay（14）he wanted to get into serious trouble.（15）, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the（16）, but explained that a person who had used the same name（17）his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note（18）: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” Fortunately, my friends handwriting was quite unlike（19）. He was not only allowed to go without further delay,（20）to take the string of pearls with him.问题1选项A.allB.someC.everyD.both问题2选项A.mayB.willC.shouldD.must问题3选项A.atB.onC.forD.in问题4选项A.dangerB.chanceC.riskD.opportunity问题5选项A.withinB.beyondC.withoutD.out of问题6选项A.itB.soC.thatD.this问题7选项A.in difficultyB.in doubtC.in earnestD.in question问题8选项A.extremelyB.largelyC.exactlyD.thoroughly问题9选项A.amountB.stockC.numberD.store问题10选项A.whatB.thatC.ifD.so long as问题11选项A.in orderB.in needC.in useD.in common问题12选项A.the momentB.now thatC.every timeD.before问题13选项A.toB.withC.forD.by问题14选项A.whetherB.ifC.otherwiseD.unless问题15选项A.ReallyB.Sure enoughC.CertainlyD.However问题16选项A.treatmentB.mannerC.inconvenienceD.behavior问题17选项A.thatB.likeC.whichD.as问题18选项A.readB.toldC.wroteD.informed问题19选项A.the thiefB.the thiefsC.the thievesD.the thieves问题20选项A.andB.orC.butD.hence【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A第6题:B第7题:D第8题:A第9题:B第10题:C第11题:A第12题:A第13题:B第14题:D第15题:B第16题:C第17题:D第18题:A第19题:B第20题:C【解析】第1题:考查固定搭配。A项all“所有的”，B项some“一些”，C项every“每个”，D项both“两者都”。根据句子Though this is very convenient for（ ）buyer and seller可知，bothand固定搭配，表示“两者都”；句意：虽然这对买卖双方都很方便。因此，该题选择D项正确。第2题:考查情态动词。A项may“或许”，B项will“将要”，C项should“应该”，D项must“必须”。根据句子it（ ）not be forgotten that checks are not real money，将四个选项分别代入，只有should符合句意。句意：不应该忘记支票不是真钱。因此，该题选择C项正确。第3题:考查固定搭配。A项at“在”，B项on“在之上”，C项for“对于，因为”，D项in“在里”。根据句子they are quite valueless（ ）themselves可知，in oneself固定用法，表示“自身，本来”。句意：它们本身毫无价值。因此，该题选择D项正确。第4题:考查固定搭配。A项danger“危险”，B项chance“机会”，C项risk“风险”，D项opportunity“机会”。根据句子A shopkeeper always runs a certain（ ）when he accepts a check可知，run a risk固定用法，表示“冒风险”。句意：店主接受支票总是要冒一定的风险。因此，该题选择C项正确。第5题:考查介词搭配。A项within“在之中”，B项beyond“超过”，C项without“没有”，D项out of“由于，缺乏”。根据句子A shopkeeper always runs a certain risk when he accepts a check and he is quite（ ）his rights，将四个选项分别代入，只有within符合句意。句意：一个店主接受支票总是要冒一定的风险，而且他是在他的权利范围内的。因此，该题选择A项正确。第6题:考查词义辨析。A项it为代词，表示“它”，B项so“这样”，C项that“那个”，D项this“这个”。根据句子A shopkeeper always runs a certain risk when he accepts a check and he is quite within his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do_, 可知，空格部分表示的内容是“接受支票”，四个选项中so最符合句意，表示“去做这件事情”。句意：一个店主在接受支票时总是要冒一定的风险，如果他有时拒绝这样做，那他是完全有权利的。因此，该题选择B项正确。第7题:考查词组辨析。A项in difficulty“处境困难”，B项in doubt“可疑的”，C项in earnest“认真的，正经的”，D项in question“讨论中的，成问题的”。根据句子People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called（ ）（人们并不总是知道这一点，如果他们的诚信受到他们会感到震惊）可知，空格处应该表示“质疑”，call sth. in/into question是固定短语，表示“怀疑，引起怀疑”，而B项并不与call搭配，所以D项是最符合句意的。句意：人们并不总是知道这一点，如果他们的诚信受到质疑，他们会感到震惊。因此，该题选择D项正确。第8题:考查副词辨析。A项extremely“非常，极其”，B项largely“大部分地，大量地”，C项exactly“恰好地，精确地”，D项thoroughly“彻底地，完全地”。根据句子An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an（ ）unpleasant experience可知，空格前面是不定冠词an，B、D选项可排除；把A、C选项分别代入，只有A项最符合句意。句意：我的一位非常富有的老朋友告诉我，他有一段非常不愉快的经历。因此，该题选择A项正确。第9题:考查词义辨析。A项amount“数量”，a large amount of表示“大量的”；B项stock“库存”，a large stock of表示“大量的库存”；C项number“数量”，a large number of表示“大量的，很多”；D项store“商店，储备”。根据句子He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large（ ）of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces.可知，D选项没有a large store of这个用法，可以排除；A、C选项表示的数量太大，只有B项最合适，表示“库存”。句意：他去了一家著名的珠宝店，这家店有大量的宝石，他要求给他看一些珍珠项链。因此，该题选择B项正确。第10题:考查宾语从句。根据句子After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked（ ）he could pay by check.可知，ask后面应该接宾语从句，D项“so long as只要”可以排除；把A、B、C选项分别代入，只有C 项最符合句意，表示“是否”。句意：在看了几个托盘的珠宝之后，他决定买一串特别好的珍珠，并问他是否可以用支票付款。因此，该题选择C项正确。第11题:考查词组辨析和上下文语义。A项in order“符合程序，秩序井然”，B项in need“在危难中，在穷困中”，C项in use“在使用中”，D项in common“共同的，共有的”。根据句子The assistant said that this was quite（ ），结合上文提到“我的朋友想要用支票付款”，可知，四个选项中只有A项符合句子语境。句意：助理说这很符合规程。因此，该题选择A项正确。第12题:考查词组辨析。A项the moment“立刻，马上”，B项now that“既然，由于”，C项every time“每次”，D项before“之前”。根据句子The assistant said that this was quite in order, but（ ）my friend signed his name, he was invited into the managers office，把四个选项分别代入空格中，只有A项符合语境。句意：助理说这很符合规程，但我的朋友刚签完字，就被邀请进了经理的办公室。因此，该题选择A项正确。第13题:考查介词用法。A项to“对，向”，B项with“和”，C项for“对于，因为”，D项by“通过”。根据句子The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them（ ）a worthless check not long ago可知，四个选项中只有with最合适，present with表示“呈现，展现”。句意：经理很有礼貌，但他解释说不久前有一个名字一模一样的人给了他们一张毫无价值的支票。因此，该题选择B项正确。第14题:考查逻辑关系。A项whether“是否”，B项if“如果”，C项otherwise“否则”，D项unless“除非”。根据句子When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay（ ）he wanted to get into serious trouble可知，空格部分表示条件虚拟，A、C选项排除；空格前面有词组had better表示“最好”，所以只有unless符合语境。句意：当他起身要走时，经理告诉他警察随时都会来，除非他想惹上大麻烦，否则最好还是留下来。因此，该题选择D项正确。第15题:考查上下文语义。A项really“真正地”，B项sure enough“果然，果真”，C项certainly“当然”，D项however“然而”。上文提到经理说警察随时会来，下文提到_, the police arrived soon afterwards，根据空格后面的内容可知，空格部分表示肯定，只有B项符合语境。句意：果然，警察很快就来了。因此，该题选择B项正确。第16题:考查名词辨析。A项treatment“待遇”，B项manner“方法”，C项inconvenience“不便，麻烦”，D项behavior“行为”。根据句子They apologized to my friend for the（ ），结合上文提到经理怀疑我的朋友可能是骗子所以报了警，由此可知空格部分应该表示“麻烦，困扰”，四个选项中只有C项最符合。句意：他们为给我朋友带来的不便向他道歉。因此，该题选择C项正确。第17题:考查固定搭配。A项that“那样”，B项like“像，喜欢”，C项which“哪个”，D项as“和一样”。根据句子They apologized to my friend for the inconvenience, but explained that a person who had used the same name（ ）his was responsible for a number of recent robberies可知，the sameas固定搭配，表示“和一样”。句意：他们为给我朋友带来的不便向我朋友道歉，但解释说，最近发生了多起抢劫案，都是一个和他同名的人干的。因此，该题选择D项正确。第18题:考查动词辨析。A项read“读”，B项tell“告诉，讲述”，C项write“写”，D项inform“通知”。根据句子the note（ ）可知，read是习惯用法，the note read表示“纸条写道”。句意：纸条上写着：“我口袋里有把枪，什么也别问，把保险柜里的钱都给我。”因此，该题选择A项正确。第19题:考查物主代词。根据句子Fortunately, my friends handwriting was quite unlike（ ）可知，空格部分表示“小偷的字迹”，应该填入一个物主代词；A、C选项可以排除；上文提到的小偷只有一个人，所以用单数thief，D项排除。句意：幸运的是，我朋友的笔迹和小偷的笔迹很不一样。因此，该题选择B项正确。第20题:考查固定搭配。A项and“和”，B项or“或者”，C项but“但是”，D项hence“因此”。根据句子He was not only allowed to go without further delay,（ ）to take the string of pearls with him可知，not onlybut (also)固定搭配，表示“不仅而且”。句意：他们不仅立即让他走了，还让他带上那串珍珠。因此，该题选择C项正确。2. 问答题The patient needed a spinal tap, and a senior attending physician asked a medical resident whether a preparatory blood test had been checked. The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.(1) Well, almost certain.Doctors in training sometimes confront situations in which they worry that their supervising physicians are making mistakes or bending the truth. (2) Yet even though such acts can jeopardize patients, the inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is hampered by the hierarchies in teaching hospitals.On the top were the senior physicians who made rounds on the wards once or twice daily. Next were the overworked residents, who essentially lived in the hospital while training. (3) Last were the medical students who were most assuredly at the bottom of the heap.The student whose resident seemingly lied to the attending physician about the blood test did not speak up. The resident was a good doctor, she said, and so she had given him the benefit of the doubt. And, she added, both the resident and the attending physician would be grading her.What should a medical student do in such a situation? One possibility is to take the matter up with a more senior doctor. Or the student might go directly to the patient or family, telling them that the physicians have a genuine disagreement and that they deserve to know about it.These options seem logical on paper. As the ethicist James Dwyer has written in The Hastings Center Report, “The practice of always keeping quiet is a failure of caring.” (4) But in the real world, it may be extremely difficult to go up the chain of command.Fortunately, medical educators are increasingly recognizing the dilemmas that doctors in training confront when they witness behavior that makes them uncomfortable. (5) Students and residents are now expected to provide routine feedbackpositive and negativeabout their supervising physicians at the close of their rotation.Of course, physicians and students need to be educated about how to give feedback in professional and non-confrontational ways. Medical educators are only now beginning to teach this skill. Still, it will be hard to change the unfortunate perception that constructive feedback, even for a patients benefit, is whistle-blowing.【答案】答：1.Almost certainly, the medical student was stunned to hear such an answer from his supervisor.2.The inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is stopped by the hospital hierarchies, despite appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians.3.At the bottom of hierarchy were those medical students assuredly.4.But in real hospital environment, it is rather difficult for medical students to give a command.5.Medical students and residents should make regular feedback about their supervising physicians, positively and negatively at the end of their rotation.【解析】1.原文句意是：嗯，几乎可以肯定。原文这一句是对上文的肯定，上文提到The medical student was stunned to hear him answer in the affirmative, because she was quite certain it had not been checked.（学医的学生听到他的回答很吃惊，因为她很肯定没有经过检查），所以改写的时候需要结合上文的内容来进行扩充，故改写为Almost certainly, the medical student was stunned to hear such an answer from his supervisor（几乎可以肯定的是，医学院的学生听到他的导师这样的回答感到很震惊）。2.原文句意是：然而，即使这样的行为可能危及病人，但教学医院的等级制度阻碍了年轻医生发言的倾向和能力。前半句是让步状语从句，并且acts can jeopardize patients指的是作为指导医生，他们的错误行为危害到病人的健康，所以可以改写为despite appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians（尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）；后半句中的hamper可以用stop来替代，所以句子改写为The inclination and ability of young doctors to speak up is stopped by the hospital hierarchies, despite appearance of mistakes by supervising physicians（医院的等级制度阻止了年轻医生说话的倾向和能力，尽管指导医生出现了一些错误）。3.原文句意是：最后，处于等级最下层的肯定是这些医学生。at the bottom of the heap（在底层）指的是等级制度的底层，所以可以改写为at the bottom of hierarchy；另外who引导的定语从句是修饰强调的，所以句式可以精简，故这个句子可改写为At the bottom of hierarchy were those medical students assuredly（在等级制度的最底层肯定是那些医科学生）。4.原文句意是：但在现实世界中，要爬上指挥链可能极其困难。根据文章语境，in real world（在现实世界中）指的就是在医院环境中，而the chain of command（指挥链）的对象指的则是位于底层的医学生；故该句子可以改写为But in real hospital environment, it is rather difficult for medical students to give a command（但在现实的医院环境中，医学生想要得到指挥权是相当困难的）。5.原文句意是：学生和住院医师现在被要求在轮班结束时对他们的指导医生提供常规的正面和负面反馈。routine（常规的）可以改为regular（定期的，普通的）；positive and negative在原文中是作为插入语使用，所以可以改为positively and negatively；故该句可改写为Medical students and residents should make regular feedback about their supervising physicians, positively and negatively at the end of their rotation（医学生和住院医师应该在轮岗结束时，定期对他们的指导医生做出正面和负面反馈）。3. 单选题Deceptively simple in design, the sculptural works of George Norton incorporate a broad range of textures, sizes, and contours.问题1选项A.MisleadinglyB.GenerallyC.NoticeablyD.Exceptionally【答案】A【解析】考查副词辨析。deceptively表示“看似，不像看上去那么”；A项misleadingly“误导性地”，B项generally“通常地”，C项noticeably“显著地，明显地”，D项exceptionally“异常地，特殊地”。句意：看似简单的设计，乔治诺顿的雕塑作品融合了广泛的纹理、尺寸和轮廓的奥妙。根据句意可知，前面是对比的关系，那么只有misleadingly能够替换划线的单词，故该题选择A项正确。4. 单选题The bill was passed unanimously as a result of the intensive lobbying of some senators.问题1选项A.without any objectionsB.in the ultimateC.in the backgroundtD.against heavy odds【答案】A【解析】考查词组辨析。unanimously表示“全体一致地”；A项without any objections“没有任何异议”，B项in the ultimate“终于”，C项in the background“在后面，在幕后”，D项against heavy odds“敌众我寡”。句意：由于一些参议员的大力游说，这项法案获得一致通过。根据句意可知，“一致”相当于“没有任何异议”，故该题选择A项正确。5. 单选题In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guest in his（ ）home.问题1选项A.humbleB.obscureC.inferiorD.lower【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项humble“谦逊的，简陋的”，B项obscure“昏暗的，晦涩的”，C项inferior“自卑的，下等的”，D项lower“下方的，下级的”。根据关键词home（家，住宅）可知，空格处填入“简陋的”最合适。句意：在信中，我的朋友说他很愿意我在他简陋的家里做客。因此，该题A项正确。6. 单选题The stronger the motivation, the more quickly a person will learn a foreign language.问题1选项A.superstitionB.worshipC.purposeD.desire【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。motivation表示“动机，推动”；A项superstition“迷信”，B项worship“崇拜，尊敬”，C项purpose“目的”，D项desire“欲望”。句意：一个人学习外语的动机越强，就会学得越快。根据句意可知，只有D项意思与之相近，故该题选择D项正确。7. 单选题Those students who have made adequate preparations for the test will be better off.问题1选项A.more wealthytB.less successfultC.dismissed earliertD.favorably positioned【答案】D【解析】考查词语辨析。主语是students （学生），根据句子语境推测better off表示“表现好，排名靠前”；A项wealthy“富有的”，它的比较级形式是wealthier；B项less successful“不太成功”，C项dismissed earlier“更早淘汰”，D项favorably positioned“很好的排名，排名靠前”。句意：那些为考试做了充分准备的学生排名靠前。根据句意可知D项正确。8. 单选题It is reported that thirty people were killed in a（ ）on the railway yesterday.问题1选项A.collisionB.collaborationC.corrosionD.confrontation【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A项collision“碰撞，冲突”，B项collaboration“合作”，C项corrosion“腐蚀”，D项confrontation“对抗，面对”。把四个选项分别代入句子中，可知只有collision符合。句意：据报道，昨天有30人在铁路相撞中丧生。因此，该题选择A项正确。9. 单选题Having been an office secretary for some years, she always（ ）chores in a responsible way.问题1选项A.goes onB.goes forC.goes withoutD.goes about【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。A项go on“继续”，B项go for“主张，拥护”，C项go without“没有也行”，D项go about表示“着手做，从事”。句意：她当了几年办公室秘书，做事总是很负责任。因此D项正确。10. 翻译题中国可持续发展依赖的有限自然资源正在锐减。一方面是生产规模在不断扩大，消耗更多的能源；另一方面是缺少能高效利用能源的生产设备。这迫使我们思考如何为后人留下足够的环境空间以使他们实现他们的愿望。【答案】答：The limited natural resources on which Chinas sustainable development depends are declining sharply. On the one hand, the expanding scale of production leads to increased consumption of energy. On the other hand, the production facilities which using energy efficiently are lacking. This forces us to think about how to leave enough environmental space for future generations to realize their aspirations.11. 单选题New York probably has the largest number of different language（ ）in the world.问题1选项A.neighborhoodsB.communitiesC.clustersD.assemblies【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A项neighborhood“街坊，街区”，B项community“社区，共同体，团体”，C项cluster“群，簇”，D项assembly“装配，集合”；根据空格前面的different language（不同的语言），结合句子的语境，只有B项符合。句意：纽约可能是世界上不同语言社区数量最多的城市。因此，该题选择B项正确。12. 单选题The ties that bind us together in common activity are so（ ）that they can disappear at any moment.问题1选项A.trivialB.fatalC.tentativeD.feeble【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项trivial“不重要的，琐碎的”，B项fatal“致命的，量大的”，C项tentative“试验性的，暂定的”，D项feeble“微弱的，无力的”。根据句子意思“把我们联系在一起从事共同活动的纽带是如此的（ ）以至于它们随时都可能消失”，把四个选项分别代入，只有feeble最符合句子意思。句意：把我们联系在一起从事共同活动的纽带是如此微弱，它们随时可能消失。因此，该题选择D项正确。13. 单选题Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near deaths door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 2lst century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing, but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldnt prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. “From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15%-30% maximum,” says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animals behavior from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animals behavior switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a “little bit silly” at the moment but doesnt dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. “Itll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car.”1. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether（ ）.2. In the 1980s, the data on peoples health expectancy（ ）.3. In the lab experiment on rats,（ ）.4. Richardson believes that（ ）.5. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that（ ）.问题1选项A.is possible to live a longer healthy and lifetB.humans can live as long as scientists predicttC.living longer is still considered a good ideatD.new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humanst问题2选项A.gave an optimistic predictiontB.showed an unclear futuretC.led to a pessimistic perceptiontD.turned out to be a mixed blessingt问题3选项A.food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedtB.responses to food restriction vary from animal to anim