2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第139期

2022年考博英语-四川农业大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题The year was 1959. Location: The central African city of Leopoldville, now called Kinshasa, shortly before the waves of violent rebellion that followed the liberation of the Belgian Congo. A seemingly healthy man walked into a hospital clinic to give blood for a Western-backed study of blood diseases. He walked away and was never heard from again. Doctors analyzed his sample, froze it in a lest tube and forgot about it. A quarter-century later, in the mid-1980s, researchers studying the growing AIDS epidemic took a second look at the blood and discovered that it contained HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.And not just any HIV. The Leopoldville sample is the oldest specimen of the AIDS virus ever isolated and may now help solve the mystery of how and when the virus made the leap from animals (monkeys or chimpanzees) to humans, according to a report published last week in Nature. Dr. David Ho, director of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in New York City and one of the studys authors, says a careful genetic analysis of samples DNA pushes the putative origin of the AIDS epidemic back at least a decade, to the early 1950s or even the 1940s.Over the past 15 years, scientists have identified at least 10 subtypes of the AIDS virus. But they couldnt tell whether they were seeing variations on one changeable virus or the handiwork of several different viruses that had made the jump from primates to man. A close look at the genetic mutations in the Leopoldville sample strongly suggests that all it look to launch the AIDS epidemic was one unlucky turn of events.By comparing the DNA of the 1959 virus with that of samples taken from the 1980s and 1990s, Ho and his colleagues constructed a viral family tree in which the Leopoldville isolate sits right at the juncture where three subtypes branch out. The 39-year-old specimen is also strikingly similar to the other seven subtypes. The clear implication: all the viral strains can be traced back to a single event or a closely related group of events. One theory is that AIDS started through contact with infected monkeys in a remote area and spread to the rest of the population through urbanization and mass inoculations.The findings underscore how rapidly HIV can adapt to its surroundings, making it devilishly difficult to develop effective vaccines. No one knows how many more subtypes of HIV will sprout in the next 40 years, but chances are that they will be every bit as lethal as the ones we see today, if not more so.1. What does the phrase “Belgian Congo” mean?2. According to this article, HIV in human body originated from _.3. Are the ten subtypes of the AIDS virus variation of one?4. Which of the following statements is true?5. Which of the following is the best topic for this passage?问题1选项A.Belgium was a colony of Congo.B.Congo was a colony of Belgium.C.Belgian Congo was an African state.D.Belgium and Congo were two separate countries.问题2选项A.animalsB.plantsC.foodD.not mentioned in the article问题3选项A.Yes.B.No.C.Scientists are not sure about it at present.D.It is not mentioned in the article.问题4选项A.All the viral strains can be traced back to a single event.B.HIV cannot easily adapt to its surroundings.C.AIDS started through contact with inflected monkeys in a remote area.D.AIDS started through urbanization and mass inoculations.问题5选项A.How to Protect Yourself from AIDS?B.Where Does HIV Come From?C.Classification of HIV.D.When Did AIDS Begin?【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.语义推测题。由题干关键词“Belgian Congo”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Location: The central African city of Leopoldville, now called Kinshasa, shortly before the waves of violent rebellion that followed the liberation of the Belgian Congo.（地点：非洲中部城市利奥波德维尔，现称金沙萨，就在比属刚果解放后暴力叛乱浪潮爆发前不久。），比属刚果是比利时对刚果殖民统治时期对刚果的称呼，说明“Belgian Congo”是指“比利时的殖民地刚果”。因此B选项“刚果是比利时的一个殖民地”正确。A选项“比利时是刚果的一个殖民地”，C选项“比属刚果是一个非洲国家”，D选项“比利时和刚果是两个独立的国家”均不符合题意，所以A, C, D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第二句The Leopoldville sample is the oldest specimen of the AIDS virus ever isolated and may now help solve the mystery of how and when the virus made the leap from animals to humans, according to a report published last week in Nature.（根据上周发表在自然杂志上的一份报告，利奥波德维尔样本是迄今为止分离出来的最古老的艾滋病病毒样本，现在可能有助于解开该病毒是如何以及何时从动物传染给人类的谜团。），说明人体内的HIV来源于动物。因此A选项“动物”正确。B选项“植物”，C选项“食物”，D选项“文章中没有提到”均不符合原文，所以B, C, D错误。3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Over the past 15 years, scientists have identified at least 10 subtypes of the AIDS virus. But they couldnt tell whether they were seeing variations on one changeable virus or the handiwork of several different viruses that had made the jump from primates to man.（在过去的15年里，科学家们已经确认了至少10种艾滋病病毒的亚型。但是他们不能确定他们看到的是一种可变病毒的变异，还是几种不同病毒从灵长类动物传染给人类的结果。），说明科学家还不能确定艾滋病病毒的十种亚型是一种的变异。因此C选项“科学家们目前还不能确定”正确。A选项“是”，B选项“不是”，D选项“文章中没有提到”均不符合原文，所以A, B, D错误。4.客观细节题。A选项“所有的病毒菌株都可以追溯到一个单一事件”，由原文The clear implication: all the viral strains can be traced back to a single event or a closely related group of events.（显而易见的是：所有的病毒毒株都可以追溯到一个单一事件或一组密切相关的事件。）可知，病毒毒株不只可以追溯到单一时间，还有密切相关的一组事件，所以A错误。B选项“艾滋病病毒不容易适应其周围环境”，由原文The findings underscore how rapidly HIV can adapt to its surroundings（这些发现强调了艾滋病毒适应环境的速度有多快）可知，艾滋病病毒很容易适应周围环境，所以B错误。D选项“艾滋病是通过城市化和大规模接种开始的”，由原文spread to the rest of the population through urbanization and mass inoculations.（通过城市化和大规模接种传播到其他人群。）可知，艾滋病是通过城市化和大规模接种传播，而不是由其开始，所以D错误。C选项“艾滋病是通过与偏远地区的受感染的猴子接触开始的”，由原文AIDS started through contact with infected monkeys in a remote area（艾滋病起源于与偏远地区受感染的猴子的接触）可知，艾滋病是通过与偏远地区受感染的猴子接触开始的，C选项符合原文，所以本题选C。5.主旨大意题。结合全文可知，文章首先描述了利奥波德维尔的一位看似健康的男性到医院抽血，25年后艾滋病研究者从中发现了艾滋病病毒。接着进一步强调并不只是发现了艾滋病病毒这么简单，之后介绍了该部分血液中发现的艾滋病毒并对其进行研究的重要意义。因此B选项“艾滋病病毒从何而来”符合文章的主旨，最适合作为文章标题。A选项“如何保护自己远离艾滋病”，C选项“艾滋病病毒的分类”在文中没有提及，所以A, C错误。D选项“艾滋病是什么时候开始的”只是文章的某一部分，不能全面地概括文章主旨，所以D错误。2. 单选题From its birth in 1981 with just two employees, the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation had become one of the worlds largest sovereign funds, managing more than $100 billion in assets, with 900 employees in eight offices around the world. It is larger even than Temasek Holdings, the governments better-known fund. Temasek gained attention with its $1.9 billion purchase of a controlling stake in Thailands dominant telecommunications company from the family of the countrys prime minister. That helped stir street protests that led to a coup dtat (政变) there last year.The stake was part of a broader expansion started in mid-2002 by the companys executive director, Ho Ching, formerly head of government-owned Singapore Technologies and wife of Singapores Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong. Aimed at reviving Temaseks financial performance in the wake of a recession, Temasek has since taken large stakes in banks as distant as India, China and the Standard Chartered Bank of Britain. Temasek says its investments are purely for financial purposes despite its ownership by the government. Nonetheless, it has run into political headwinds (逆风) in the region. An Indonesian court recently ruled that it would have to sell one of the controlling stakes it holds, one directly and the other through a subsidiary, in the countrys two dominant cellular telephone companies.Over the last few years, Singapore has embarked on an aggressive effort to court private banks and their clients as a way of diversifying the economy as manufacturing jobs were shifting to China and Vietnam, turning the country into an Asian asset base. There are already at least 40 private banks with offices in Singapore, managing assets worth at least $150 billion. With many wealthy Europeans shifting assets to Singapore from Switzerland to take advantage of rapid Asian growth and avoid new withholding taxes in Europe, the European authorities have stepped up criticism of Singapores banking system, saying that Singapore needed to tighten controls against money laundering.Singaporean financial authorities say they do not condone money laundering and recently stepped up fines against banks found to be involved in illicit financial activity. The Government Investment Corporation, known as G.I.C., is controlled by the state, and Singapores founding Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew, is its chairman. His son, the current prime minister, is deputy chairman. Tony Tan, its executive director, is a former deputy prime minister.Both Temasek and G.I.C. have aggressively recruited top international financial talent, and G.I.C. in particular has a reputation among bankers and analysts as a shrewd and powerful investor. More than 40 percent of its employees are not Singaporean. Its investment panel includes Charles Ellis, chairman of the Yale University Investment Committee, and Robert Litterman, a managing director of Goldman Sachs Asset Management. Despite managing public funds, G.I.C. does not publicize its holdings or returns. Last year on its 25th anniversary, Lee Kuan Yew offered the companys first financial disclosure, reporting that G.I.C. had averaged a 9.5 percent annual return in United States dollar terms over its lifetime.1. The passage mainly discusses about _.2. Form the first paragraph, it can be inferred that _.3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of Temasek Holdings?4. Many Europeans shift assets to Singapore due to the following reasons except _.5. The word “condone” most probably means _.问题1选项A.Singapores financial strategy in recent yearsB.conditions about the two large government funds in SingaporeC.the transformation or evolution of Singapores banking systemD.the close relation between Singapores financial system and the government问题2选项A.Singaporeans are against the purchase of controlling stake in Thailands telecommunications companyB.Singaporeans think that Temaseks purchase is indeed a political dealC.Singaporeans think that Temaseks purchase will make them have a lossD.Thais are reluctant to let Temasek to control their telecommunications company问题3选项A.Temasek Holdings seems to be quite reluctant to interfere within the political issue of the countries it invests into.B.Temasek Holdings will sell one of the controlling stakes in Indonesian mobile telephone companies directly and through a subsidiary.C.Temasek Holdings conducts such expansion in order to change its depression.D.Temasek Holdings has not only subtle relations with Singapores political elite, but also those of neighboring countries.问题4选项A.they want to invest into Asia so as to gain more profitsB.they want to conduct money laundering by tactically avoiding taxesC.they want to carry out illegal financial activity in AsiaD.they think the investment environment in Europe is not attracting问题5选项A.encourageB.allowC.remitD.permit【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文可知，文章主要分析了新加坡两大政府基金的情况，同时也提到了新加坡的金融策略、经济转型问题，但主要还是围绕这两大基金来谈论的。因此B选项“新加坡两大政府基金的情况”符合文章主旨。A选项“新加坡近些年来的金融策略”，C选项“新加坡金融系统的转型或发展”，D选项“新加坡的金融系统与政府之间的密切关系”只是文章某一部分的内容，不能全面地概括文章主旨，所以A, C, D错误。2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句That helped stir street protests that led to a coup dtat there last year.（这引发了街头抗议，并导致了去年的政变。），说明泰国人不愿意让淡马锡控制他们的电信公司。因此D选项“泰国人不愿意让淡马锡控制他们的电信公司”正确。A选项“新加坡人反对购买泰国电信公司的控股股权”，B选项“新加坡人认为淡马锡的收购行为实际上是有政治意向的”，C选项“新加坡人认为淡马锡的收购行为会给他们带来损失”均不符合题意，所以A, B, C错误。3.客观细节题。A选项“淡马锡基金看起来非常不愿意干涉它所投资国家的政治事务”在原文中没有提及，所以A错误。B选项“淡马锡会将自己在印度移动电话公司的控股股权直接和通过子公司的方式卖出”，由原文one directly and the other through a subsidiary（一种为通过其子公司控股）可知，它是直接通过子公司来控股，而不是卖出股份，所以B错误。D选项“淡马锡基金不仅与新加坡的政治精英阶层有微妙的关系，而且与邻国的关系也非常微妙”，原文提到了该基金与政府的关系，也提到了其在周边邻国的投资，但没有说关系很微妙，所以D错误。C选项“淡马锡基金声称本基金完全独立于政府之外，进行有效的自治”，由原文Aimed at reviving Temaseks financial performance in the wake of a recession, Temasek has since taken large stakes in banks as distant as India, China and the Standard Chartered Bank of Britain.（淡马锡为了在经济萧条后重振雄风，从那时开始就在印度、中国、英国的渣打银行持有大量股份。）可知，该基金为了在萧条后重振雄风，才到其他地方购买股份，这属于一种自治，所以C选项正确。4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段最后一句With many wealthy Europeans shifting assets to Singapore from Switzerland to take advantage of rapid Asian growth and avoid new withholding taxes in Europe, the European authorities have stepped up criticism of Singapores banking system, saying that Singapore needed to tighten controls against money laundering.（许多富有的欧洲人都将资产从瑞士转移到新加坡以分享亚洲经济快速增长的盛宴，并且逃避欧洲的新税收，因此欧洲一些政府都在批评新加坡的银行体系，称新加坡需要加紧控制洗钱。），说明许多欧洲人将资产转移到新加坡是为了在亚洲投资以获取利润以及避税，所以A选项“他们想要在亚洲投资以获得更丰厚的利润”，D选项“他们认为欧洲的投资环境不那么有吸引力”属于他们转移资产的原因，排除A, D。C选项“他们想要在亚洲从事非法的金融活动”，由原文可知，从一些欧洲当局的批评以及新加坡的回应可以看出部分资金是用来进行非法交易的，所以C选项属于转移资产的原因，排除C。B选项“他们想要通过巧妙避税来洗钱”，原文只是说想要避税，而不是通过避税来洗钱，所以B选项不属于转移资产的原因，本题选B。5.语义推测题。由题干关键词“condone”可以定位到文章第四段第一句Singaporean financial authorities say they do not condone money laundering and recently stepped up fines against banks found to be involved in illicit financial activity.（新加坡财政部称他们不会宽恕洗钱活动，最近还对那些发现涉及非法金融活动的银行加大了处罚。），说明“condone”在文中是指“宽恕，容忍”的意思。因此C选项“宽恕”正确。A选项“鼓励”，B选项“允许”，D选项“同意”均不符合题意，所以A, B, D错误。3. 翻译题Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Grossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. “Its amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves.” He says.“Resume (简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates dont bother to spell the companys name correctly. On seeing such a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,” Crossley concludes. “If they cannot take of these details, why should we trust them with a job?”Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest of the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details were working on fit into the larger picture. If they dont, we should drop them and move to something else”.Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for others success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.【答案】注重细节是每个人都可以而且应该做到的事，尤其是在就业市场紧张的情况下。人力资源专家鲍勃格罗斯利在他每天收到的求职申请中注意到了这一点。“有那么多候选人自我淘汰，真是令人吃惊。”他说。“收到的简历上布满污点。有些求职者连公司名称都懒得拼对。一旦看到这样的错误，我就会淘汰这个候选人。”“如果他们不能顾及这些细节，我们为什么要把工作托付给他们？”我们可以过于注重细节吗？当然。完美主义者总是为了一件小事花费比事情本身更大的代价去完成。加州大学旧金山分校副教授查尔斯加菲尔德说：“为了不失去树中之林，我们必须不断自问，我们正在处理的细节如何与大局相适应。如果它们不适合，我们就应该放弃它们，转而做其他事情。”了解我们的目的有助于我们判断所承担的每一项任务的重要性。我们常常认为别人成功的原因是某种特殊的秘密或幸运的机遇。但成功很少是如此神秘的。我们一次又一次地看到，在力所能及的范围内将一些小事做好，大的回报就会随之而来。4. 单选题I hear many parents complaining that their teenage children are rebelling. I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance.They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record. Their reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of their cocoon (蚕茧)into a larger cocoon.It has become harder and harder for a teenager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or her own way. Industry has firmly carved out a teenage market. These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be. And many of todays parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it. Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will comewith the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.1. The authors purpose in writing this passage is to tell _.2. According to the author, many teenagers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact, most of them _.3. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?4. The author thinks of advertisements as _.5. During the teenage years, one should learn to _.问题1选项A.readers how to be popular with people aroundB.teenagers how to learn to decide things for themselvesC.parents how to control and guide their childrenD.people how to understand and respect each other问题2选项A.have much difficulty understanding each otherB.lack confidenceC.dare not cope with problems single-handedD.are very much afraid of getting lost问题3选项A.There is no popularity that really counts.B.What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.C.It is not necessarily bad for a teenager to disagree with his or her classmates.D.Most teenagers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.问题4选项A.convincingB.influentialC.instructiveD.authoritative问题5选项A.differ from others in as many ways as possibleB.get into the right season and become popularC.find ones real selfD.rebel against parents and the popularity wave【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文可知，本文对当前青少年的心理及行为加以剖析，认为他们虽然向标榜自己特立独行，却还是顺应大流，和其他人做一样的事，最后提出建议：青少年应该发现自己，做你自己。因此B选项“青少年如何学会为自己决定事情”正确。A选项“读者如何受到周围人的欢迎”，C选项“父母如何控制和引导他们的孩子”，D选项“人们如何理解和尊重对方”在文中均没有提及，所以A, C, D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段最后一句Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at one anothers hands for reassurance.（他们中的大多数人都紧紧抓住彼此的手寻求安慰，而不是大胆地独来独往。），说明作者认为大部分青少年不敢大胆做自己，这是缺乏自信的表现。因此B选项“缺乏自信”正确。A选项“互相理解有很大困难”，C选项“不敢单枪匹马地处理问题”，D选项“非常害怕迷路”在文中均没有提及，所以A, C, D错误。3.客观细节题。B选项“许多父母所做的实际上是在阻碍他们的孩子找到自己的道路”，由原文And many of todays parents have come to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teenager who wants to find his or her own path.（如今许多父母都对自己孩子的受欢迎程度给予了高分。所有这些对想要找到自己道路的青少年来说都是一个巨大的障碍。）可知，B选项表述正确，排除B。C选项“青少年与同学意见相左并不一定是坏事”，由原文You may want to listen to classical music instead of going to party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records. You may have some thoughts that you dont care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it.（你可能想听古典音乐，而不是去参加聚会。当其他人都在收集唱片时，你可能想要收集石头。你可能有一些想法不愿意立即与你的同学分享。那就去做吧。）可知，作者支持青少年和同学有不同的想法，C选项表述正确，排除C。D选项“大多数青少年声称他们想做自己喜欢的事，但实际上他们也在做同样的事”，由原文They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new directions in music. But somehow they all end up huddled round listening to the same record.（他们声称自己想穿什么就穿什么。但他们都穿了一样的衣服。他们想听新的音乐。但不知为何，他们最后都挤在一起听同一张唱片。）可知，D选项表述正确，排除D。A选项“没有真正意义上的受欢迎”，由原文Popularity will comewith the people who respect you for who you are. Thats the only kind of popularity that really counts.（你会受欢迎的，因为人们尊重你的为人。这是唯一一种真正重要的受欢迎程度。）可知，作者认为有真正意义上的受欢迎，A选项不符合原文，所以本题选A。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第三段第三句These days every teenager can learn from the advertisements what a teenager should have and be.（现在每个青少年都可以从广告中学到青少年应该拥有什么和成为什么样的人。），说明青少年会受广告宣传的影响。因此B选项“有影响力的”正确。A选项“有说服力的”，C选项“指导性的”，D选项“权威性的”均不符合题意，所以A, C, D错误。5.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句Find yourself. Be yoursel