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Every human being, no matter what he is doing , gives off body heat . The usual problem is how to deal with it . But the designers of the Johnstown campus(校园)of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem-how to collect body heat . They have designed a collection system which uses not only body heat,but the heat given off by such objects as light bulls(灯泡)and refrigerators as well . The system works so well that no commonly used fuel is needed to make the campuss six buildings comfortable. Some parts of most modern buildings , theaters and offices as每个人，无论他在做什么，散发体热。通常的问题是如何处理它。但设计师的约翰斯敦校区（校园）的匹兹堡大学设置自己相反的问题是如何收集体热。他们设计了一个系统，不仅使用热，但热给予关闭的对象为光公牛（灯泡）和冰箱等。这个系统可以使不常用的燃料是需要使校园的六楼舒适。有些现代化建筑，剧院和办公室well as classrooms are more than amply(充分地)heated by people and lights sometimes must be air-conditioned even in winter . The technique of saving heat and redistributing(再分配)it is called heat recovery(恢复) . A few modern buildings recover heat , but the University s system is the first to recover heat from some buildings and reuse it in others.以及教室超过充分（充分地）加热的人和灯光有时必须空调即使在冬天。该技术节省热能和再分配（再分配）被称为“热回收（恢复）”。一些现代建筑回收热量，但大学的系统是第一个恢复热一些建筑物和重用等。Along the way,Pitt has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Male students send out more heat than female students, and the larger the student is the more heat he produces .It can be concluded that the hottest prospect for the Johnstown campus would be hard-working , over-weight male genius.一路上，已学到了许多关于它的一些热量生产者。困难学生的研究，更多的热量他的身体散发。男学生发出的热量多于女学生，和较大的学生产生的热量就越多。可以得出结论，最被看好的约翰斯敦校区是勤劳的，超重的男性天才。7-2Moon Exploration 月球探索Many people wonder why some men want to live on the moon. （46） _. It is a silent place, where the weather is hot and sunny or cold and dark. Its surface is dull and almost colourless. There are no lakes, rivers, or plants to provide beauty. （47） _. Astronauts on the moon certainly miss the comfort of life on earth. But man has always moved to new frontiers. Every pioneer in a new land has faced danger and hardship. 很多人不知道为什么有人想住在月球上。（46）_。这是一个安静的地方，那里的天气炎热而晴朗、寒冷和黑暗。它的表面是乏味和几乎无色的。也没有湖泊，河流，或植物提供美容。（47）_。宇航员在月球上肯定错过舒适的地球上的生命。但人总是搬到新前沿。每一个先驱在新的土地上所面临的危险和艰难。Some scientists hope that continued work will be done on the moon. Many experiments will be done there more easily. （48） _. Matter can be heated to very high temperatures without chemical change when it is in a vacuum. Air, dust, and clouds cannot block mans view of space from the mood. The very high or very low temperatures and low gravity on the moon will be used for many experiments. One very important use of the moon will be to launch spacecraft. 一些科学家希望继续工作将在月球。许多实验工作将有更容易。（48）_。物质可以加热到很高的温度没有化学变化时，它是在一个真空。空气，灰尘，和云不能阻止人类时空观的心情。非常高或非常低的温度和较低的月球上的引力将被用于许多实验。一个非常重要的使用月亮将发射的航天器。Man might be able to learn much about his own body by living on the moon. （49） _. Man would be in control of the community of life in which he lives. Bacteria could be removed from the air in this community. 人或许能了解自己的身体在月球上生活。（49）_。人会在控制社会的生活中，他生活。细菌可以从空气中清除在这个社区。Gravity is one thing that would not be under mans control. Some scientists believe the low gravity of the moon would be healthful for man. The heart would not have to work so hard. The body would need less energy to move than it does on the earth. （50） _. Much exercise would probably be needed to keep the body in good condition.重力是一回事，不会在人的控制。一些科学家认为，低重力的月亮是健康的男人。心不愿意努力工作。该机构将需要较少的能量将比它在地球。（50）_。可能需要多锻炼身体保持在良好的条件。7=3People go in for various kinds of physical training, and winter swimming is one of them.The special thing about winter swimming is that we can have cold wind bath, icy water bath and sunbath at the same time in the open air of winter. 参加各类体育训练，和冬泳就是其中之一。特别是冬天游泳是我们可以有冷风浴，冰水浴和日光浴在同一时间在露天的冬天。When we have undressed ourselves and are exposed to the cold air below zero and attacked by wind and snow, every cell, every blood vessel and nerve of our body are stirred tip by the challenge, arousing in us a strong desire to go into the water. 当我们已经脱了衣服，暴露在寒冷的空气中低于零和攻击的风和雪，每一个细胞，每一个血管和神经的身体搅拌头的挑战，引起我们的强烈愿望，进入水。We dive into the cold water with enthusiasm and swim with vigor. We come out just when our hands and feet are beginning to feel numb (麻木). The massage and strong stimulus of the cold water make us concentrate on one thing-how to fight against the cold.At this moment our brain is relaxed and at rest. Every organ of our body goes through a test under special conditions, thus strengthening our metabolic(代谢) functions. We will be less susceptible to illness, and will also have curative effects on certain disease. 我们跳进冷水游泳热情和活力。我们只会在我们的手和脚开始感到麻木（麻木）。按摩和刺激的冷水使我们专注一件事如何抵抗寒冷。在这个时刻，我们的大脑放松和休息。每一个器官的身体，通过测试的特殊条件下，从而加强我们的代谢（代谢）功能。我们将不易生病，也会有某些疾病的疗效。After we get dried, our pink-coloured skins are bathed in the winter sunrays which caress(抚摩) our slightly shivering body. The anion ( 阴离子) air improves our lungs and dissolves in our blood. Gradually we no longer feel the cold and spring seems to be near. 当我们得到干燥，粉色有色皮肤沐浴在冬日阳光的爱抚（抚摩）我微微颤抖。阴离子（阴离子）空气改善肺部和溶解在血液中。我们逐渐不再感到寒冷，春天似乎是附近。After the three baths of air, water and sun, we feel extraordinary warm, relaxed and comfortable. Winter swimming is both beneficial and enjoyable. That is why more and more people have come to love and accept what was once regarded as something contrary to physiological nature. The sport is enjoying a popularity never known before.之后的三个浴室的空气，水和阳光，我们感到非常温暖，轻松和舒适。冬泳是有益的和愉快的。这就是为什么越来越多的人开始喜欢并接受曾经被认为是违背生理性质。运动是很享受的一种流行不知道前。 8-1The Winter Olympics is also called the White Olympics. At this time, many colorful stamps are published to mark the great Games. The first stamps marking the opening came out on January 25, 1932 in the United States for the 3rd White Olympics. From then on, publishing stamps during the White Olympics became a rule. 冬季奥运会也被称为白色奥运。在这个时候，许多彩色邮票出版标记伟大的游戏。第一个开幕式邮票于1932年1月25日在美国举办的第三届冬季奥运会。从那时起，在白色奥运会出版邮票成为一个规则。During the 4th Winter Olympic Games a group of stamps were published in Germany in November 1936. The five rings of Olympics were drawn on the front of the sportswear. It was the first time that the rings appeared on the stamps of the White Olympics. 在第四冬季奥运会的一组邮票于十一月在德国出版1936。五个环的奥运会被印在了运动服前。这是第一次，环出现在冬奥会的邮票上。In the 1950 s, the stamps of this kind became more colorful. When the White Olympics came, the host countries as well as the non - host countries published stamps to mark those Games. China also published four stamps in February 1980, when the Chinese sportsmen began to take part in the White Olympics. 在1950年代，这种邮票的变得更加多彩。当白色的奥运会，主办国以及非主办国发行邮票来标记这些游戏。中国还出版了四张邮票febru元1980，当中国运动员开始参加冬奥会。Japan is an Asian country that has ever held the White Olympics. Altogether 14,500 million stamps were sold to raise money for this sports meet. 日本是亚洲国家都举行了白色的奥运会。共14500000000邮票出售筹集资金为这次运动会。Different kinds of sports were drawn on these small stamps. People can enjoy the beauty of the wonderful movements of some sportsmen.各种不同的运动，这些小邮票。人们可以享受美丽的精彩的的运动员。 8-2Once a group of 17-year-old schoolboys decided to break the world basketball marathon record ( 马拉松记录). They wanted to play for ninety hours and add six hours to the record. Each team had nine players, with five at a time. The boys decided each person would play 21.5 hours and then rest for 2 hours. Then they started at 6 oclock in the evening.一旦组17岁的男生决定打破世界马拉松记录（马拉松记录）。他们要玩九十个小时，增加六小时的记录。每队有九名球员，五个在一个时间。孩子们决定每个人都会玩21.5个小时，然后休息2小时。然后他们开始在晚上六点。The first night was very hard for the players. When it was their turn to rest, they were too exited(兴奋的) to fall asleep at once. After sleeping for a short time, they had to play again.第一晚非常努力的球员。当轮到他们休息，他们太激动（兴奋的）立即入睡。睡后很短的时间，他们再打了。On the second night, they fell asleep as soon as they stopped. Some of them had trouble with their feet and hands, but the only serious problem was a psychological(心理的) one. Each boy was thinking: Why am I doing this? How can I play any longer?在晚上，他们睡着了，就停下来。他们中的一些麻烦与他们的脚和手，但唯一严重的问题是一个心理（心理的）一。每个男孩都想：我为什么要做这个？我怎么能玩吗？After the third night, the players knew they could finish the ninety hours. The basketball on the fourth night was very slow. But in the final hours, the players got better. For the last few minutes, the players looked as fresh as when they started. How happy everyone was!之后的第三个晚上，球员知道他们能完成九十小时。篮球在第四天晚上很慢。但是在最后一小时，玩家得到更好的。在最后几分钟的球员，当他们开始看起来新鲜。每个人都是多么快乐！ 8-3Sport is not only physically challenging ,but it can also be mentally challenging.Criticism from coaces.prarents,and other teammates,as well as pressure to win can create an excessive amount of anxiety or stress for young athletes .Stress can be physical,emotional ,or psychological,and research has indicated that it can lead to burnout.Burnout has been described as dropping or quitting of an activity that was at one time enjoyable.体育不仅是身体上的挑战，但它也可以是精神上的挑战。coaces批评。父母，和其他的队友，以及获胜的压力，可以创建一个过度的焦虑或压力的年轻运动员。压力可能是身体，情感，心理，研究表明它可能导致倦怠。倦怠已被描述为下降或戒烟活动，是一次愉快的。The early years of development are critical years for learning about oneself .The sport setting is one where valuable experiences can take place.Young athetes can,for example,learn how to coperate with others,make friends ,and gain other social skills that will be used throughout their lives.Coaches and parents should be aware,at all times,that their feedback to youngsters can greatly affect their children.Youngsters may take their parents and coaches criticisms to heart and find a flaw in themselves.早年的发展的关键年，了解自己。设置体育是一个宝贵的经验，可以采取的地方。年轻的运动员都可以，例如，学习如何与他人合作，交朋友，并获得有用的其他社会技能在其整个生命。教练和家长应该意识到，在所有次，他们对年轻人的反馈他们的孩子有很大的影响。年轻人可能把他们的父母和教练的批评，并找到一个漏洞在自己的心。Coaches and parents should also be cautious that youth sport participation does not become work for children.The outcome of the game should not be more important than the process of learning the sport and other life lessons .In todays youth sport setting,young athletes may be worrying more about who will win instead of enjoying themselves and the sport.Following a game ,many parents and coaches focus on the outcome and find fault with youngsters performances.Positive reinforcement should be provided regardless of the outcome,Research indicates that positive reinforcement motivates and has a greater effect on learning than criticism .Again,criticism can create high levels of stress,which can lead to burnout教练和父母也应该小心青年体育参与对小孩不起作用。游戏的结果不应该是更重要的比学习体育和生活。在今天的青年运动的设置，年轻运动员可能更担心谁会获胜，而不是享受比赛。比赛后，许多父母和教练只注重结果和青少年的表现吹毛求疵。积极加固应提供不论结果，研究表明，积极强化激励和有更大的影响比批评。再次，批评可以产生很高的压力，可能导致倦怠 8-4Being a good parent is harder now than it has ever been before. In pressurized modern lives, demands to be a fulfilled individual, a good partner and a good worker, take no account of being a good parent. We havent left space for the nurturing parents who are expected to provide what children need. As a result, many families in the western world just dont work.作为一个好父母是现在比以往任何时候。在压力重重的现代生活的要求，要实现自己的抱负，好伙伴，一个好工人，没有考虑作为一个好父母。我们没有留下空间的父母谁预计将提供孩子们需要什么。因此，许多家庭在西方世界，只是不工作。Something will have to change. With luck, people in the future will only have children if they really want them. That should mean parenthood is seen as a much more positive promise than it is now, that parents are socially supported, and are admired for doing a good job.就必须改变。幸运的是，未来的人将只有人们真正想要孩子的时候。这应该意味着父母被视为一个更积极的承诺比现在，父母是社会的支持，并赞赏做好。The problem is that in the last generation or so weve come to assume that women should want and be able to everything that by tradition men have done at the same time as pretty well everything that by tradition women have done. And its just not possible. Since adopting a male life style is demonstrably only another form of submission（顺从）, quite a number of highly educated and economically privileged（优越的）women are now choosing to take career breaks so as to be at home with their children for longer than that poor 18 weeks.问题是在过去的一代，我们认为妇女应该要能够和传统男人所做的一切，同时也很好的传统妇女所做的一切。这是不可能的。由于采用了男性的生活方式显然是另一种形式提交（顺从），相当一批高学历和经济特权（优越的）妇女正在选择做职业休息，以便在家与孩子比穷人18周。The most welcoming trend in parenting is that men are participating more and more, even that is not free of conflict, however. Intellectually（理智上）, women want men to be equal parents and do their share. But theres often a contradictory（矛盾的）emotion because children are the last fort of the female power in the family. I want him to help me but this is my region and being better at it is one of the new things Ive got as a female. In truth, although they havent had generations of practice, theres no reason why men cant raise children as well as women. Men left to cope after bereavement or divorce, as well as some who take on the role of principal career within a partnership, are already doing it.最受欢迎的趋势在养育子女是人是越来越多地参与，甚至不是免费的冲突，然而。智力（理智上），女人希望男人是平等的父母和他们分享。但通常会有一个矛盾（矛盾的）情感因为孩子的最后一个堡垒的女性在家庭中。”我想让他帮助我，但这是我区和更好地在这是一个新的东西，我有一个女性。”事实上，虽然他们没有代代相传，我们没有理由为什么男人不抚养孩子以及妇女。男人留下来应付丧亲后或离婚，以及一些谁担任校长生涯在一个伙伴关系，已经这样做。9-1It would be pleasant to believe that all young girls in the past got married for romantic reasons; but the fact is that many of them regarded marriage as their only chance to gain independence from their parents, to have a provider, or to be assured of a good place in society. A couple of generations ago, and old maid of twenty-five did not have much to look forward to, she was more or less fated to remain with her parents or to live in some relative s home where she would help with the chores and the children. Not so any more. In the first place, women remain young much longer than they used to, and an unmarried woman of twenty-eight or thirty does not feel that her life is over. Besides, since she is probably working and supporting herself, she is free to marry only when and if she chooses. As a result, todays women tend (倾向)to marry later in life. They have fewer children or none at all if they prefer to devote themselves to their profession. The result is decline in the birthrate.它相信会是愉快的所有年轻女孩在过去结婚浪漫的原因；但事实上，他们中的许多人认为婚姻是他们唯一的机会获得独立，从他们的父母，有一个供应商，或是一个很好的保证，在社会上的地位。几代以前，老二十五岁的少女并没有太大的希望，她或多或少是注定是与她的父母或生活在相对的家中，她会帮助做家务和孩子们。不这样的话。在第一个地方，妇女仍然年轻更长的时间比过去，和一个未婚女子二十八或三十不觉得她的生命结束。此外，因为她可能是工作和支持自己，她是免费的，只有当如果她选择结婚。因此，今天的女性（倾向）结婚以后的生活中。他们的孩子少或没有在所有-如果他们愿意致力于自己的职业。结果是出生率的下降。The new role that women have developed for themselves has changed family life. Children are raised differently; they spend more time with adults who are not their parents: baby sitters, day-care center personnel, relatives, or neighbors. Whether they gain or lose in the process is a hotly debated question. Some child experts believe that young children must spend all their time with their mother if they are to grow sound in body and mind. Others think that children get more from a mother who spends with them “quality time” (a time of fun and relaxation set aside for them) rather than hours of forced and unhappy baby sitting. And many child psychologists point out that children kept in day-care centers every day are brighter than those raised at home. No matter what it is, one thing about child raising to be certain of is that the longer the child is with the mother, the better.新的角色，妇女建立了自己的家庭生活发生了变化。孩子们提出的不同；他们花更多的时间与人谁是他们的父母：保姆，日托中心工作人员，亲属，或邻居。他们是否获得或失去的过程是一个激烈争论的问题。一些儿童专家认为，幼儿必须花费他们所有的时间与他们的母亲，他们是身心健康。有人认为，孩子们得到更从母亲谁花了他们的“黄金时间”（时间的乐趣和放松为他们预留）而不是小时强迫和不愉快的婴儿坐。和许多儿童心理学家指出，孩子们在托儿所每天都比那些在家里养的。不管它是什么，一个关于养育孩子肯定是较长的孩子的母亲，更好。 9-2In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the childs acquisition （学会） of each new skill m the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writingIt is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the childThis might happen at any stageA baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he readsOn the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself在抚养孩子的过程中，每一个家长期待孩子获得（学会）的每一个新的技能是第一次开口说话，第一个独立的步骤，或开始阅读和写作。它往往是很快超越他的孩子学习率，但这可以建立危险的失败感和国家担心孩子。这可能发生在任何阶段。婴儿可能会被迫过早地使用厕所，一个年轻的孩子可能会鼓励学习阅读之前，他知道意义的词汇。另一方面，虽然，如果一个孩子单独留下太多，或不任何学习的机会，他失去了他的自然生活的热情和对发现新事物的渴望为自己。Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their childrenSome may be especially strict in money mattersOthers are severe （严格的） over time of coming home at night or punctuality for mealsIn general, the controls represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the childs own happiness父母有很大的程度对他们孩子严格。一些可能在钱的方面特别严格。其他人严重（严格的）时，晚上回家或准时吃饭。一般来说，控制代表了父母的需要，社会的价值以及孩子自己的幸福。As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teachingTo forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality （道德）Also, parents should realize that example is better than preceptIf they are not sincere and do not practice what they preach （说教）, their children may grow confused when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled至于道德标准发展儿童的成长，一致性是非常重要的，在父母的教学。禁止的事情，有一天，明天就找借口是不利于道德（道德）。此外，父母应该认识到，“身教胜于言教”。如果他们不真诚，没有实践他们鼓吹（说教），他们的孩子长大可能混淆时，他们对自己思考，并意识到他们在某种程度上被愚弄。A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment突然意识到明显的区别他们的父母和他们的道德可以是一个危险的失望。9-3During the past generation，the American middle class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realitiesNow a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months在过去的一代，美国的中产阶级家庭曾经依靠努力工作和公平竞争以维持其收入稳定已经被经济风险和新的现实。现在解雇，诊断错误，或失去配偶可以减少稳固的中产阶级家庭在几个月的新贫困。In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economicsScholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as wellTodays families have budgeted to the limits of their new two paycheck statusAs a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback a back up earner(usually Morn)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sickThisaddedworker effectcould support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad timesBut today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise stay at home partner在这一代人，数百万母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济学者，政策制定者。，和批评家都在讨论这些变化的社会意义，但很少有研究的副作用：家庭的风险也增加了。今天的家庭预算的限制他们的新的2薪水的地位。因此，他们已经失去了曾经的降落伞在财政挫折备份者（通常是妈妈）谁可以参加工作，如果主要的挣钱的人失业或生病。这“添加工人效应”可以支持由失业保险的安全网或残疾保险帮助家庭渡过难关。但今天，家庭财产的损失可以不再额外收入弥补了其他留在家里的伙伴。During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement incomeSteelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement moneyFor much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savingsaccount model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returnsFor younger families，the picture is not any b
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