2022年考博英语-南京大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第16期

2022年考博英语-南京大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 翻译题As an ecological approach to Translation Studies, Eco-translatology views translation as an entire translational eco-system, and focuses on the relationship between the translator and this translational eco-environment. A translational eco-environment is construed as a highly integrated entity that comprises the actual text, the cultural context and the human agents, as well as other tangible and intangible ingredients. In Eco-translatology, translation activities are described and interpreted in terms of such ecological principles as holism, relevance, dynamics, balance and harmony, together with ecological aesthetics. Some elements of classical Chinese or Oriental philosophies and cultural quintessence are projected in this nascent approach.【答案】作为翻译学研究的一种生态方法，生态翻译学把翻译看成是一个完整的翻译生态系统，非常注重译者与翻译生态环境之间的关系。翻译生态环境被看作是一个有实际文本、文化语境和人类构成的高度集成的实体，并且其中还包含其他一些有形和无形的成分。在生态翻译学中，翻译活动就是根据这些生态原则来描述和阐释的，比如整体论、相关性、动态论、平衡性、协调性，还有生态美学等。一些中国古典文学、东方哲学乃至文化精髓的因素都可以在这种新的方法中折射出来。2. 单选题Doctors say that moderate drinking can have a beneficial （ ）on your health.问题1选项A.impactB.generationC.dispositionD.dependence【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。impact “影响”;generation “一代，产生” ; disposition “性情，处置”;dependence “独立”。句意：医生说适当喝酒对你的健康有有利影响。选项A符合题意。3. 单选题Even today, when air and road travel has made Africa so readily accessible to Europeans and Americans, there are innumerable aspects of African life which tend to take one by surprise. The unfamiliar lies hidden everywhere, and the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity. Basically, the essence of our reaction to the strange, the unfamiliar, is a sense of fear. Every country contains landscapes that arouse uneasewhether it be some remote Alpine valley, the wild lavender fields of Upper Province, or a lonely Norwegian fjord at twilight. But in my own experience West Africa contains more weird and eerie regionsrain-forest, mangroveswamp, parched plains of red earththan any other place that I have seen. It is not only in the foreigner that these landscapes evoke fear. A large part of all old African religions is devoted to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits which live in a particular tree or a particular rock, a thousand varieties of ghosts and witches, the ever-present spirits of dead ancestors or relatives. I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos who was convinced that the witches of the east were out to get him, or that he was about to be kidnapped and eaten. During four and a half hours in a canoe along the creeks of the Niger della, gliding over the still and colorless water beneath an equally still and colorless but burning sky, I, too, have experienced a sense of fear, or at least a sense of awe. Except for the ticking of the little outboard engine the silence was complete. On either hand stretched the silver-white swamps of mangrove, seeming, with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water. Where the creek narrowed you could peer deep into these thickets of mangrovesvistas secret, interminable and somehow meaningless. There was no sign of life except for the shrill screech of some unseen bird.I was on my way to the ancient slaving port of Bonny, which we reached in late afternoon. Scrambling up some derelict stone steps (slithery with slime and which had managed to detach themselves from the landing-stage so that you had to jump a two-foot gap to reach wet land), 1 found myself in an area of black mud and tumbled blocks of stone.1.There are features of Western culture which are present in West Africa（ ）.2.A lot of the old African religion has to do with （ ）3.The author was kept awake by（ ）.4.“ Mangrove” means（ ）问题1选项A.This fact makes it easier to accept the unfamiliarity of West Africa,B.This fact makes West Africa seem even stranger.C.This fact makes no difference to our reaction to West Africa.D.This fact has been greatly overemphasized.问题2选项A.kidnapping peopleB.keeping the spirits awakeC.human sacrificeD.keeping the spirits happy问题3选项A.a ghostB.his friendC.the witchesD.eerie feelings问题4选项A.a sort of birdB.a sort of manC.a sort of treeD.a sort of animal【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:B第4题:C【解析】1.根据文章第一段第二句，“the presence of Western culture seems merely to emphasize this unfamiliarity”，推断出西非文化似乎表现出得更加陌生，选项B符合题意。2.根据文章第一段第七句，“to soothing the unknown and the unseenevil spirits”，可推断一些宗教是为了抚慰那些未知的死去的灵魂。选项D符合题意。3.根据文章第一段，“I have myself been kept awake at night in Calabar by a friend from Lagos”，可推断我是因为朋友而不能入睡。选项B符合题意。4.根据文章第一段，“with their awkward exposed roots, to be standing knee-deep in the water.” 句意：它们的根暴露出来，站立在齐膝深的水中。可推断出mangrove应该是一种树，选项C符合题意。4. 单选题He felt a great sense of （ ）after his success.问题1选项A.fulfillmentB.fortificationC.innovationD.illumination【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。fulfillment “履行，实行，满足”；fortification “防御工事”；innovation “创新”；illumination “阐明”。句意：成功后他获得了一种满足感。选项A符合题意。5. 单选题The death of his father gave him a Whole new（ ）on life： now he spends more time with his family.问题1选项A.perspectiveB.euphemismC.conformationD.providence【答案】A【解析】名词词义辨析。perspective “观点”；euphemism “委婉语”；conformation “构造”；providence “天意，深谋远虑”。句意：他父亲的死亡给了他一个对生活的新观点：现在他要花更多的时间在家庭上。选项A符合题意。6. 翻译题中国是世界文明的发源地之一，有五千年的文明史。在中国古代思想史上，涌现出了许许多多杰出的思想家，为中华民族乃至整个人类留下了丰富的思想遗产。这些思想成果独树一帜，在漫长的历史中又不断地被阐释、被发展，很多思想对于今天的中国乃至世界而言，仍然历久弥新，极具生命力。比如，儒家学派创始人孔子“仁”的理念、“和”的思想，不仅在当代中国，在其他亚洲国家也一直备受推崇。【答案】China is one of the birthplaces of the world civilization which has a 5,000-year history. There are many outstanding ideologists in Chinese ancient thought history that left a rich ideological heritage for our China and even the whole mankind. The ideological achievements were very unique and constantly explained and developed in the long history. Today, some of these thoughts are still lively and full of vitality for todays China and the whole world. For example, the ideal of “benevolence” and the “harmony” thought of Confucius who is the originator of Confucian school have been praised highly by China and other Asian countries at present.7. 单选题When the concentration of calcium in the blood is too low, the parathyroid glands began to secrete the hormone parathormone.问题1选项A.concentrationB.tooC.beganD.secrete【答案】C【解析】根据题中when引导的时间状语从句中为一般现在时态可知，C选项也应该用begin动词原形，句意：当血液中的钙浓度过低时，甲状旁腺开始分泌甲状腺激素。选项C符合题意。8. 单选题The（ ）of computer technology has led to major changes in our social and family life.问题1选项A.fraudulenceB.arrivalC.dawnD.advent【答案】D【解析】名词词义解析。fraudulence “欺诈性”；arrival “到达”；dawn “黎明，开端”；advent “到来，出现”。句意：计算机技术的到来对我们的社会和家庭生活带来了主要的影响。选项D符合题意。9. 单选题Some social critics took a dim view of the industrialism of the nineteenth century, believing that it （ ） a harsh, crude life-style.问题1选项A.eradicatedB.facilitatedC.releasedD.imagined【答案】B【解析】动词词义辨析。eradicate “根除，消灭”；facilitate “促进，助长”；release “释放，发行”；imagine “想象，猜想”。句意：一些社会批判家对19世纪的工业化持悲观态度，认为它助长了一种严酷粗糙的生活方式。选项B符合题意。10. 单选题Freud derived psychoanalytic knowledge of childhood indirectly; he（ ） childhood processes from adult memory.问题1选项A.reconstructedB.incorporatedC.obstructedD.fostered【答案】A【解析】动词词义辨析。reconstruct “重现，改造”；incorporate“包含，吸收”；obstruct “阻塞，妨碍”；foster “培养，养育”。句意：弗洛伊德间接性地推断出了儿童精神分析知识，从成年人的记忆中修复了儿时的记忆。选项A符合题意。11. 单选题Some sociologists are worried about the （ ） throughout the whole society.问题1选项A.fraudulentB.generousC.dynamicD.compulsive【答案】A【解析】形容词词义辨析。fraudulent “欺诈的”； generous “慷慨的”；dynamic “动态的”; compulsive “极有趣的”。句意：一些社会学家担心整个社会的欺诈问题。选项A符合题意。12. 单选题Please do not be（ ）by his offensive remarks since he is merely trying to attract attention.问题1选项A.distractedB.disregardedC.irritatedD.intervened【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。distract “使心烦意乱”；disregard “忽视，不尊重”；irritate “刺激，激怒”；intervene “干涉，调停”。句意：请不要被他无礼的评论所激怒，因为他只是想引起注意。选项C符合题意。13. 单选题A series of attempts（ ）made, he came to realize that he had underestimated the enormity of the task.问题1选项A.wereB.to beC.had beenD.having been【答案】D【解析】语法知识题。独立主格结构的用法，A和C选项均为谓语动词，可以排除，一系列的尝试在意识到问题之前就做过了，应该用完成时态。句意：一系列的尝试之后，他意识到他低估了这个任务的繁重性。选项D符合题意。14. 单选题The writer seems to（ ）between approving of Collins actions and finding them disgusting.问题1选项A.alterB.transformC.vacillateD.vibrate【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。四个选项的意思分别是: alter更改； transform改变，改观； vacillate犹豫不定； vibrate振动，摆动。句意:作者似乎在赞成和否定柯林的行为之间举棋不定。 vacillate between意为“在之间摇摆不定”，根据句意可推出正确答案是C。15. 单选题The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied（ ） in the area on the night of the fire.问题1选项A.to beB.to have beenC.having beenD.be【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。Deny doing sth. “否认做过某事”。句意：警察指控他在大厦纵火，但是他否认他在场当火灾发生时。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题James is quite （ ） with the customs and languages of the people in that part of the country.问题1选项A.knowledgeableB.commonC.awareD.familiar【答案】D【解析】形容词词义辨析。knowledgeable “博学的”;common “普遍的”;aware “意识到的”;familiar “熟悉的”。句意：詹姆斯对这个国家的这个地区人们的习俗和语言都相当熟悉。选项D符合题意。17. 单选题Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation t resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.1 would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archaeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preser-vation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all lo appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in clamming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. I refer to the thousand pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as l melekh handles have been found in abundancemore than 4000 examples so far. The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds； as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes. 1.The primary purpose of the passage is to propose（ ）2.The author implies that all the following statements about duplicate artifacts are true EXCEPT（ ）.3.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?4.The author anticipates which of the following initial objections to the adoption of his proposal?问题1选项A.an alternative to museum display of artifactsB.a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological professionC.the governmental regulation of archaeological sitesD.a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts问题2选项A.A market for such artifacts already existsB.Such artifacts seldom have scientific valueC.Museums are well supplied with examples of such artifactsD.Such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those already catalogued in museum collections问题3选项A.Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.B.Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.C.Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.D.Such artifacts are often damaged by variations in temperature and humidity.问题4选项A.An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.B.Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.C.Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.D.Counterfeiting of artifacts will become more commonplace.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:C第4题:B【解析】1.主旨题。第一段介绍了考古界面临的问题。根据文章第二段，“make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging.”作者是想提出一种方法解决考古的两个问题，一个是资金问题，另一个是非法挖掘的问题。选项B符合题意。2.推断题。根据文章第一段，“there is the problem of illegal excavation t resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.”。可知非法挖掘导致了艺术品卖出高价，存在这样的市场，所以A项可排除。根据文章第三段，“you may be correct in clamming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.”，可知认为每件工艺品都有价值是错的，选项B可排除。根据文章最后一段，“The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future.”，可知博物馆已经没有足够的空间，无法储藏未来可能会被发现的文物，说明已经储藏了很多这样的文物，所以选项C可排除。选项D符合题意。3.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段，“not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds”可知由于储存空间不够，没有足够的资金把它们编入目录，一旦被放进去就难以被找到。选项C符合题意。4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all lo appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder.”，可知人们认为古代文物是供人们欣赏的，而不是卖出高价，所以人们会反对被展出的文物卖给私人收藏家。选项B符合题意。18. 单选题His（ ）directions confused us； we did not know which of the two roads to take.问题1选项A.ambiguousB.complicatedC.arbitraryD.intricate【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ambiguous “模糊不清的”；complicated “复杂的”；arbitrary “任意的，武断的，专制的” ；intricate “复杂的，错综的”。他模糊不清的指导使我们困惑，我们不知道该走哪条路。选项A符合题意。19. 单选题Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the worlds largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvanias Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy named the area one of Americas “Last Great Places”.Operating out of a centuiy-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancys Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemoses family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his familys land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.Cook attributes the Conservancys success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents.“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort. ”For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the worlds other “Last Great Places”，please call 1-888-5646864. Or visit us on the World Wide Web at www. tnc. org1.The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of Americas “Last Great Places” is to（ ）.2.We learn from the passage that（ ）.3.What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?4.What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence”(Line 1，Para* 5)?问题1选项A.gain support from the local communityB.protect it from irresponsible developmentC.make it a better home for black bearsD.provide financial security for future generations问题2选项A.the population in the Pocono area is growingB.wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidlyC.the security of the Pocono residents is being threatenedD.farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast问题3选项A.The setting up of an environmental protection website.B.Support from organizations like the Nature Conservancy.C.Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.D.Inclusion of farmlands in the regions protection program.问题4选项A.Financial contributions from local business leaders.B.Consideration of the interests of the local residents.C.The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.D.The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development”，主要目的使保护自然美景，选项B符合题意。2.信息推断题。根据文章第二段第一句，因为溪流、山脊等一些自然风貌吸引了很多人来到这里，推测人口是不断增加的。选项A符合题意。3.信息推断题。根据文章第六段，“The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” 文中提到了与当社区合作。选项C符合题意。4.信息归纳题。根据上下文语境，Bud Cook 认为大自然保护协会的成功离不开 “having a local presence”，在第四段也提及了农民受到了协会的支持，所以 having a local presence 应该是指一个组织或机构，选项D符合题意。20. 单选题Certainly no creature in the sea is odder than the common sea cucumber. All living creatures，especially human beings, have their peculiarities, but everything about the little sea cucumber seems unusual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other eccentricities, eats mud，feeds almost continuously day and night but can live without eating for long periods, and can be poisonous but is considered supremely edible by gourmets?For some fifty million years，despite all its eccentricities, the sea cucumber has subsisted on its diet of mud. It is adaptable enough to live attached to rocks by its tube feet, under rocks in shallow water, or on the surface of mud flats. Common in cool water on both Atlantic and Pacific shores, it has the ability to suck up mud or sand and digest whatever nutrients are present.Sea cucumbers come in a variety of colors, ranging from black to reddish-brown to sand-colored and nearly white. One form even has vivid purple tentacles. Usually the creatures are cucumber-shapedhence their name and because they are typically rock inhabitants, this shape, combined with (heir flexibility, enables them to squeeze into crevices where they are safe from predators and ocean cu