非谓语动词用法总结

-非谓语动词用法总结非谓语动词是历年高考英语的重要考点之一，同时也是较难掌握的难点之一。它贯穿于英语学习和考试过程的始终。但是，只要认真分析、透彻理解、看透本质、准确把握，就一定能在高考中运筹帷幄，游刃有余。一非谓语动词区别简表类别区别to dodoingdone含义主动被动同位或将来主动或正在进展被动或完成成分名词主语、宾语、表语不定式定语、状语、补语动名词主语、宾语、表语、定语表用途(现在分词)定语、状语、补语过去分词作定语、状语、补语、表语多表状态否认notto do(not)doing(not)done时态一般：to do进展：to be doing完成：to have done一般：doing进展：本身完成：having done只作状语一般：done进展：无完成：本身语态一般被动：to be done 进展被动：to be being done完成被动：to have been done一般被动:being done 进展被动：being done完成被动： having been done本身作用作目的状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语 作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语作时间状语、条件状语、原因状语、方式状语、伴随状语、让步状语二不定式的用法不定式不可作谓语，但它可以有自己的宾语、状语，构成不定式短语，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语表用途、状语或补足语。高考对不定式的考察主要有不定式的时态、语态、作用、否认、省略、连词不定式等。作主语不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件的事或目的。不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 eg:To say is a thing,to do is another.(说是一回事，做是另外一回事。)2不定式短语较长时，通常放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。eg:It is important to learn English well.(学好英语是重要的。)It is necessary for us to do the job well.(我们做好这项工作是必要的。)It is a great honor to be invited to give a speech here.(被邀请在这儿发表演讲是一个极大的荣幸。)2.作宾语1常只用不定式作宾语的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,e*pect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。eg:He refused to help me.(他拒绝帮助我.)She has agreed to come tomorrow.(他已同意明天来.)(2) 不定式较长时，作宾语，也可用it代替，放在后面。 eg;I find it difficult to do the job well.(3) 特殊疑问词不定式to do构造具有名词特征，可作宾语。eg:She didnt know whether to go or not.They havent decided when and where to build the school.4不定式可作介but,e*cept,besides(除之外)的宾语，介词前有实义动词do的任何一种形式，后边的不定式就无to,否则必带to。eg:I want to do nothing but play the computer games。I have no choice but to wait。3.动词不定式作表语1不定式作表语放在be和其他系动词后，说明主语的内容。同样，特殊疑问词不定式具有名词特征，也可作表语。eg:My job is to sweep the floor.His goal was to enter the key university of Beijing.The first question is how to find a better way to learn English well.(2)不定式作主语时，表语也必须为不定式，构造必须保持一致。eg:To see is to believe.(3)如果主语局部的谓语动词或非谓语动词是实义动词do的*种形式，则作表语的不定式可以省去to.eg:The first thing to do is find her.The only thing he could do was tell the truth.4.不定式作定语不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。eg:I have something important to tell you.(不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。)His wish to an artist has never come true.( 不定式与被修饰名词构成同位关系。) He is the right man to do the job. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。) The little girl was unhappy because she had no friends toplay with. ( 不定式与被修饰名词构成主动关系。)注：假设不定式为不及物动词，其后须加上相应的介词。)5.不定式作状语不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。eg:We set off early that morning to catch the first bus.目的To get a good result,she worked very hard.目的I feel it an honor to be invited to the party.(条件)She was very happy to get the first prize.(原因)He worked hard only to fail.(结果)(注：1.不定式常用在so as 或in order后,与它们一起作谓语，表示目的，但so as引起的不定式不可置于句首。eg:In order to avoid mistakes,check your homework.2.不定式表目的常和only连用，往往表示出乎意料的意想不到的不愿得到的结果。eg:He hurried to the station only to find the train had left.)3形容词enough不定式和too形容词或副词不表情感不定式 也可作结果状语。 eg:He is old enough to go to school. He is too weak to raise the stone.但too表情感形容词pleased,ready,glad,willing,an*ious等to do表示肯定意义，too前面可用only,but等词修饰。eg:They were (only) too an*ious to leave.(他们只是太急于离开了。)She is (only) too pleased to go home.(她非常快乐可以回家了。)6.不定式作补语不定式作补语表示动作的完成。宾语与作补语的不定式之间是主动关系。1后接动词不定式作宾补的常见动词有：want,wish,e*pect,prefer,like,hate,ask,beg,request,require,beg,get,advise,persuade,invite,order,remind,permit,allow,send,callon,wouldlike/love,arrange for,depend on等。eg:She wanted me to arrive there early.Our headmaster call on us to work hard.2动词不定式可作感官动词五看二听一感觉即：see,look at,watch,observe,notice，hear,listen to，feel和使让动词let,make,have等后面的宾补时，不定式符号to要省略，但如果句子变被动构造，必须带to.表示动作的完成。eg:He made them climb the hill. They were made to climb the hill.(3)动词不定式可作形容词的补足语动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：(一)主语系动词表语adj为convenient/easy/e*pensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)二主语find/think/consider/believe等宾语adjto do.(注：其中to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)：He is easy to fool特殊疑问词不定式to do具有名词特征，可作宾补。(谓语动词多为show,know,teach,tell等。)eg:Ill tell you how to get there7不定式作评注性状语或插入语不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。eg:To begin with,I thinkyou are wrong.三动名词用法动名词具有动词和名词的特点，有一般式和完成式，有主动式和被动式，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语.否认形式在其前面加not.1动名词作主语动名词作主语表示抽象动作，指一件的事或经历。eg:Driving a car on the crowded road is boring.Reading is my hobby.2常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider考虑dislike,enjoy,escape,e*cuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,suggest等。eg:I cant imagine marrying her.She managed to escape being punished.以下动词词组后面只接动名词作宾语：give up,belong to,look forward to,keep on,insist on,be busy,get down to,be devoted to,have difficulty/trouble(in),have agood/wonderful time (in)等。eg:Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.He gave up smoking three years.(3)动名词可作表语动名词可作表语，一般为主语的内容.表示一般性或习惯性的动作。在概念上可以和主语划等号。把主语和表语倒过来，句子的根本含义不变。eg:His hobby is painting.(4)动名词可作定语动名词可作定语，表示所修饰事物的功能或用途。eg:He often studies in the reading room.四现在分词现在分词具有动词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中作定语、状语、补语和表语。1作定语现在分词作定语，单个v.-ing放在被修饰的名词前；如果短语作定语，则放在所修饰词的后面。动词-ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进展或经常性发生。eg:the falling leavesthe leaves which are fallingthe rising sunthe sun which is risingI saw him go into the house facing south.2作状语动词-ing或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。eg:Hearing the news,they got e*cited.(时间)Having finished his homework,she was playing on the playground.(原因)Studying hard,you are sure to get the first prize.(条件)3作补语现在分词作补语表示动作正在进展，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词五看二听一感觉see,lookat,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel使让动词have,get以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进展。eg:I saw them playing games on the playground yesterday.Dont leave him waiting outside the room.作表语现在分词作表语相当于形容词，常表示主语所具有的特征，含有主动意味。大多数使动词的现在分词通常可作表语，常见的有：interesting,amusing,boring,tiring,pleasing,e*citing,moving,disappointing,surpring,encouraging等。eg:His story was very moving.The speech is really boring.作评注性状语或插入语可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。五过去分词过去分词既有副词的特征又有动词的特征，在句中可作定语、状语、补语、表语等成分。1作定语过去分词作定语，它和被修饰词之间是被动、完成关系，单个过去分词作定语放在前，过去分词短语作定语放在后。其中及物动词的过去分词表示完成或被动概念，不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成概念，没有被动的意味。eg:the risen sun the sun which has risenfallen leavesleaves which has fallenThis is the house built several years ago.This is the house which was built sveral years ago.(2)作状语过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。eg:Tired out,they stopped to have a rest.(原因)Taken around the city,we were impressed by the citys new look.Though warned of the danger ,he still went skating on the thin ice.(3)作补语及物动词的过去分词作补语，和宾语之间构成被动关系。不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表状态和完成。(1)可以带过去分词作宾补的动词有感官动词五看二听一感觉，使役动词have,get,make等，以及其他类动keep,leave,like,want,wish等。eg:I cant get the car going.I had my leg broken last week.4作表语过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,e*cited,e*perienced,e*hausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。eg:The door remained locked.We were greatly encouraged when we heard the speech.六非谓语动词的独立构造非谓语动词的独立构造为名词或代词非谓语动词或with名词/代词非谓语动词。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子即：非谓语动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，须保存之后所构成的构造。可放在句首或句尾。(一) 名词或代词非谓语动词1名词/代词不定式名词或代词通常为动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，可位于句首或句末。eg:He will send me 100 first,the rest to follow in a year.(2) 名词/代词现在分词名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。eg:Time permiting,we finish the work.(表条件)Spring coming on,the trees turns green.(表时间)3名词/代词过去分词名词或代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。eg: The sigal given,the bus started. Their strength e*hausted,they sank down one by one.(表原因)二with名词/代词非谓语动词1with名词/代词不定式不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作尚未发生。eg:With nothing to do,they went out for a walk.表原因 (2)with名词/代词现在分词宾语和动词-ing之间是主动关系，表示的动作和谓语动词的动作同时发生。eg:The boy slept with the light burning.表伴随(3) with名词/代词过去分词不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。eg:They stayed inside with the door locked.表伴随七非谓语动词的区别问题一动词后接to do不定式还是动名词1只能接to do不定式的动词有：want,wish,hope,long,e*pect,desire,intend,decide,ask,promise,aim,offer,agree,plan,learn,choose,refuse,fail,manage,pretend等。2常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider考虑dislike,enjoy,escape,e*cuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss(错过),practise,risk,resist,suggest等。3动词后二者都可跟，意义不同的有：forget to do sth 忘记要做*事forget doing sth 忘记做过*事regret to do sth 懊悔要做*事regret doing sth 懊悔做过*事go on to do sth 接着做另外一件事go on doing sth 接着做同一件事stop to do sth 停下来开场做*事stop doing sth 停顿做*事try to do sth 尽力做*事try doing sth 试着做*事mean to do sth 打算意欲，企图做*事mean doing sth 意味着做*事cant help to do sth 不能帮助做*事cant help doing sth 情不自禁地做*事 4动词后二者都可跟，意义一样的有：begin,start,like,love,prefer,hate等。但是区别在于：后接动名词时表示经常性的动作，后接不定式时表示的是具体的特定的动作。eg:I like playing football,but I dont like play now.重点提示：在以下情况下begin和start后只接不定式：.主语是物不是人。eg:Spring came on and the snow began to melt.二者用于进展时eg:Its begin to rain.二者后接表示心理活动或状态的动词。 eg:I began to realize how stupid I was.二者后接不定式的被动式。eg:The new type of computer began to be developed in the 1980s.二感官动词宾语宾补to do sth/doing sth的区别感官动词宾语宾补to do sth表示事实或全过程感官动词宾语宾补doing sth表示片段或进展eg:The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. Did you see a pencil-bo* lying on the ground just now.(三)个别使让动词宾语宾补的特别词的用法1have宾语宾补 have宾语do让做*事，不定式作宾补可以指现在、将来或可能发生的动作。eg:They had me repeat the message.I wont have you say such things.I wont have you blame it on me.have宾语doing 让一直做*事，现在分词作宾补可以表示主语有意让别人去做或无意引起*人可能去做或表示遭遇。eg:Tom tried to have her talking.But no use.I wont have you speaking to your parents like that. (注：have宾语doing 用于否认句，have有容忍之意。) Why should we have the boy standing in the corner the whole morning.have宾语done 让被做过去分词作宾补可表示主语有意识的行为或表示遭遇、经历动作违背主语的意愿eg:We ought to have her e*amined by a doctor. The old woman had her handbag stolen.2get宾语宾补get宾语to do(have宾语do) 让做*事有时则是说服或劝说*人做*事eg:I will get the publisher to illustrate(加上插图) the book. get宾语doing使静的物体动起来，具有进展含义。eg:I shall soon get the machine working.3get宾语done让被做用法与have宾语done根本一样。eg:He got his wrist broken.习题练习：1.(2009全国I)Now that weve discussed our problem,are pople happy with the decisions .A.taking B.take C.taken D.to take 2. (2009全国I)The children all turnedthe famous actress as she entered the classroom.A.looked at B.to look at C.to looking at D.look at3. (2009全国)They use computers to keep the traffic.smoothly.A.being runB.run C.to run D.running4.(2009北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruiton his own farm.A.grownB.being grownC.to be grown D.to grow5. (2009北京)twice,the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog.A.Being bitten B.Bitten C.Having bitten D.To be bitten6.(2009湖南)Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it.A.reusing B.reusedC.reuses D.to be reused7.(2009陕西)I still remember to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken 8.(2009重庆)Michaels new house is like a huge palace,with his old one.A paring B pares C.to compare D pared9.(2009重庆)With the world changing fast,we have something newwith all by ourselves every day.A.deal B.dealt C.to deal D.dealing10.(2009山东)We are invited to a partyin our club ne*t Friday.A.to be heldB.heldC.being heldD.holding11.(2009福建) not to miss the flight at 15:20,the manager got out for the airport in a hurry.A.Reminding B.Reminded C.To remind D.Having reminded12. (2009福建)In April,2009,President Hu inspectd the warships in Qingdao,the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.A.marking B.marked C.having marked D.being marked13.(2009安徽)The playne*t month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.A.produced B.being produed C.to be produced D.having been produced 14.(2009天津)by the advances in technology,many farmers have set up wind farms on their land.A.Being encouraged B.Encouraging C.Encouraged D.Having encouraged15. (2009天津)the project in time,the staff were working at weekends.A pleting B.Having completed C.To have completed D.To complete16.(2009辽宁)When we visited my old family home,memory cameback.A.flooding B.to flood C.flood D.flooded 17. (2009辽宁),you need to give all you have and try your best.A.Being a winner B.To be a winner C.Be a winner D.Having been a winner18.(2009江苏)Schools across China are e*pected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers,almost three times the number hired last year,reduce unemployment pressures.A.help B.to have helped C.to help D.having helped19. (2009浙江)There is a great deal of evidencethat music activities engage different parts of the brains.A.indicateB.indicatingC.to indicateD.to be indicating20.2009浙江，the pay isnt attractive enough,though the job itself is quite interesting.A.Generally speaking B.On the contrary C.In particular D.To be honest21.(2009四川)He told us whether a picnic was still under discussion.A.to haveB.having C.have D.had22. (2009四川)Ladies and gentlemen,please remainbefore the plane has come to a complete stop.A.seated B.seating C.to seat D.seat 23.(2009四川)many times,he finally understood.A.Told B.Telling C.Having told D.Having been told24.(2009江西)the right kind of training,these teenager soccer players may one day grow into international stars. A.Giving B.Having given C.To give D.Given25. (2009江西)The government plans to bring in new lawsparents to take more responsibility for the education of their children.A.forcedB.forcing C.to be forced D.having forced26.2008全国II like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good.A.to be breathed B.to breathe C.breathing D.being breathed 272008江苏They are quiet,arent theyYes.They are accustomedat meals.A.to talk B.to not talk C.to talking D.to not talking 28.(2008江苏)To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear Englishas much as we can.A.speak B.speaking C.spoken D.to speak 29.2008湖南the project as planned,well have to work two more hours a day.A pleting B pleted C pleted D.To complete30.2008辽宁Please remain;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A.seating B.seatedC.to seat D.to be seated31.(2008山东)Lucys new job paid twice as much as she had madein the restaurant.A.working B.work C.to work D.worked32.(2008上海)Something as simple as some cold water may clear your mind and relieve pressure.A.to drink B.drinking C.to be drinking D.drunk 33. (2008上海)Ideally for Broadway the theatres and Fifth Avenue,the New York Park hotel is a favorite with many guests.A.locating B.being locatedC.having been located D.located 34.(2008浙江)that he was in great danger,Eric walked deeper into the forest.A.Not realized B.Not to realize C.Not realizing D.Not to have realize35.(2008陕西)around the Water Cube,we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A.Having shown B.To be shown C.Having been shown D.To show36.(2008福建)in the queue for half an hour,the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.A.WaitingB.To wait C.Having waited D.To have waited37. (2008福建)Can thoseat the back of the classroom hear me.A.seat B.sit C.seated D.sat答案解析：1.C此题主要考察 with名词/代词过去分词的用法。不定式和宾语之间是被动关系，表示动作已经完成。2.B此题主要考察不定式作状语。不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。3.D此题主要考察现在分词作补语。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词五看二听一感觉see,lookat,watch,observe,notice/hear,listen to/feel使让动词have,get以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进展。4.A此题主要考察过去分词作定语.过去分词短语作定语放在后，表示完成或被动概念。5.B此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作原因状语。6.D此题主要考察不定式作形式宾语。不定式较长时，作宾语，可用it代替，放在后面。7.D此题主要考察只用动名词作宾语。常只用动名词作宾语的动词有：admit,avoid,appreciate,consider考虑dislike,enjoy,escape,e*cuse,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,practise,risk,resist,su-ggest等。8.D此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作方式状语。9.C此题主要考察不定式作定语。不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。10.A此题主要考察不定式作定语。不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。不定式与被修饰名词构成被动关系。11.B此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作原因状语。12.A此题主要考察现在分词作状语。动词-ing或其短语作状语时，作伴随状语。13.C此题主要考察不定式作后置定语。不定式作定语常放在所修饰的名词或代词后。表目的或将来。14. C此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作原因状语。15.D此题主要考察不定式作状语。不定式作状语主要是表示目的。可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。16.A此题主要考察现在分词作状语。动词-ing或其短语作状语时，作伴随状语。17.B此题主要考察不定式作状语。不定式作状语表示目的。可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。18.C同17题19.B此题主要考察现在分词作定语。现在分词短语作定语，放在所修饰词的后面。动词-ing作定语和被修饰词之间为主动关系，表示动作正在同时进展或经常性发生。20.D此题主要考察不定式作评注性状语或插入语。不定式可以作评注性状语或插入语,放在句子前面、中间或末尾。常见的有to be frank,to be honest,to tell the truth,to begin with，to start with,to be short等。21.A此题主要考察不定式作主语。不定式作主语表示具体的动作，通常指一件的事或目的。22.A此题主要考察过去分词作表语。过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有astonished,delighted,disappointed,e*cited,e*perienced,e*hausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。23.D 此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状语。24.D 此题主要考察过去分词作状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中作条件状语。25.B此题主要考察现在分词作定语。现在分词作短语作定语，放在所修饰词的后面，与被修饰词之间为主谓关系，表示动作正在同时进展或经常性发生。26.B此题主要考察动词不定式可作形容词的补足语。动词不定式可作形容词的补足语，句型为：主语系动词表语adj为convenient/easy/e*pensive/difficult/hard/impossible/pleasent等to do.(注：to do常用主动表被动，其中do为vt,主语为to do的宾语。)27.D此题主要考察动名词否认形式，须在其前面加not.28.C此题主要考察现在分词作补语。现在分词作补语表示动作正在进展，宾语与作补语的现在分词之间是主动关系。后面常接现在分词作宾补的动词有感官动词五看二听一感觉see,look at,watch,observe,notice,hear,listen to,feel使让动词have,get以及其他类动词leave,keep,catch,set等。表示动作正在进展。29.D此题主要考察不定式作状语。不定式作状语主要是表示目的、条件、原因和结果，可位于句首或句末，但句首时通常用逗号隔开。30.B此题主要考察过去分词作表语。过去分词作表语表示被动意义，主语常是人，一般用来表示感受和状态，可以用作表语的常见的过去分词有：astonished,delighted,disappointed,e*cited,e*perienced,e*hausted,frightened,interested,puzzled,qualitied,satisfied,upset等,有些过去分词作表语实际上已经构成固定短语。如：be interested in,be satisfied with,be covered with,be dressed in,be seated,be locked等。能用这些分词作表语的系动词有be,get,remain,stay等。31.A此题主要考察现在分词作时间状语。动词-ing或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。32.B此题主要考察现在分词作时间状语。现在分词或其短语作状语时，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的动词-ing短语可由连词while或when引出。33.D此题主要考察过去分词作原因状语。过去分词在句中作状语，说明动作发生的背景或情况。它和被修饰词之间是被动关系。它在句中可以作时间、条件、原因、方式、让步和伴随状