资源描述
-摘要第一段：写论文解决什么问题 1 问题的重述 a. 介绍重点词开头：例1：Hand move irrigation, a cheap but labor-intensivesystem used on small farms, consists of a movable pipe with sprinkler on top that can be attached to a stationary main. 例2:is a real-life mon phenomenon with many ple*ities.例3：An (effective plan) is crucial tob. 直接指出问题：例 1：We find the optimal number of tollbooths in a highway toll-plaza for a given number of highway lanes: the number of tollbooths that minimizes average delay e*perienced by cars. 例2：A brand-new university needs to balance the cost of information technology security measures with the potential cost of attacks on its systems.例3：We determine the number of sprinklers to use by analyzingthe energy and motion of water in the pipe and e*amining the engineering parameters of sprinklers available in the market.例4:After mathematically analyzing the problem, our modeling group would like to present our conclusions, strategies, (and remendations )to the .例5：Our goal is. that (minimizes the time ).2 解决这个问题的伟大意义 反面说明。如果没有Without implementing defensive measure, the university is e*posed to an e*pected loss of $8.9 million per year.3 总的解决概述a通过什么方法解决什么问题 例：We address the problem of optimizing amusement park enjoyment through distributing Quick Passes (QP), reservation slips that ideally allow an individual to spend less time waiting in line.b实际问题转化为数学模型 例1We formulate the problem asa network flow in whichvertices are the locations of escorts and wheelchair passengers. 例2 :A navestrategy would be to employ the minimum number of escorts to guarantee that all passengers reach their gates on time.c.将问题分阶段考虑 例3：We divide the jump into threephases: flying through the air, punching through the stack, and landing on the ground.第二、三段：具体分析1在什么模型中/ 建立了什么模型a. 主流模型 例1：We formulate a differentialmodel toaccount forthe rates of change of these uses, and how this change would affectthe overall consumption of water within the studied region.例2:We e*amined the mathematical effects of. We developed a detailed (simulation methodology) to test our ideas and to quantify the differences between (among) different (strategies).例3：Based on (write your basis .such as the theory of supply and demand), we establish a model (such as differential equation system that includes demand, supply).例4：To (write the aims), we establish a criterion (write the criterion).b. 模型非主流例5：We build a model to determine how to lay out the pipe each time the equipment is moved.例6：We determine 例7：We build a model to determine.例8：We formulate a model forBy analyzing and e*amining.2分析模型使用什么数据，怎么做，一般三句话a. 写历史数据例1：Using historical data from the United States, we determine initial conditions for our model.b. 写计算机模拟例1：thismodel leads to a puter simulation of catch-can tests of the irrigation system and 例2:Software packing reachesby calculating and paring.c. 运用数据模拟例1：to ground this model in reality, we incorporatee*tensive demographic data and run例2：We fit the modified model to data (such as 1970-2003.). We conclude that (write the last conclude).d. 讲详细分析例1：We physically characterize the system that例2：We provide a strategy (write the logical strategy).例3：The model is (efficient, intuitive, and fle*ible) and could be applied to例4：To meet the needs of people today without, we establish a criterion of rational(合理的标准) oil allocation(分配).3总结该模型的结果/得到什么结论a. 说明不是最优但能产生作用例：We show that this strategy is not optimal but can be improved by assigning different numbers b. 说明如果用这个模型，结果如何例1：If Delta Airlines were to utilizethe nave strategy at Atlanta International Airport, the cost would be 例2：We modify the model to reflect (some trend such as e*ponentially increasing) and generalize the model to (other field).例3：Our results are summarized in the formula for the optimal number Bof tollbooths forc通过其上情况的列举得到的结论例：For various situations, we propose an optimal solution.d. 得出了结论例1：we elicit that a conclusion.例2：We conclude with a series of remendations for how best toe.进一步说明其他因素对模型的影响例：In addition to the model, we also discuss policies for .f.用真实数据检验模型例:To demonstrate how our model works, we apply it to .最后一段：写总的结论a. 说明结论的可行性例：Our suggested solution, which is easy to implement, includes a detailed timetable and the arrangement of pipes.b.说明算法的广泛性 例1：Our algorithm is broad enough to acmodate various airport concourses, flight schedules, and flight delays.例2：Our analysis began by determining what factor impact, Our conclusions are presentedc.说明模型可用于其他领域例：Since our model is based on it can be applied to (other domain).其他承上启下的连接词/常用词组例:In addition to the model, we also discuss引言局部1回忆研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等2说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达3介绍论文的重点容或研究围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法局部1介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, e*amine,e*periment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等2说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等3介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有等结果局部1展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等2介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论局部1述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, e*pect, describe等2说明论证，常用词汇有等support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify3推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest, suggestion, remend, remendation, propose, necessity, necessary, e*pect等。摘要中常用的词语汇：critical 至关重要的 algorithm 运算法则 a method of evaluating 评价方法appropriate 近似的 consider 考虑 configurations 布局 optimal 统一的 ma*imize 使最大化 strategy 策略 parameter 参数，主要的决定因素accuracy 准确性 strengths and weaknesses 优点和缺点 contact 相关的 contract 建立，构造 calculate 计算 establish 建立 formula 公式 modify 改进 rational 合理的 countermeasure 对策 criterion 标准，准则Assumptions引出：We make the following assumptions aboutprocess in this paper.a. 不考虑因素例1：We do not take into account interactions between factors.例2：The influence of can be neglected例3：is ideal in , can be neglected.b. 为了简化模型，之后反驳不正确，但是合理。例1：In fact in realityfactors effect each others, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors.例2：In fact in reality factors effect each others, but in order to simplify the model ,we ignore the interactions between factors.c. 近似例1：can be appro*imated as a liner function of .例2： are assumed to be the same. In practice, there is a slight difference.例3：can be appro*imated as a liner function of .d. 细致考虑可附原因例1：An airport consists of 1 to 10 concourses, each of with consists of 2 to 50 gates. Gates in the same concourse are generally located close to one another, while the travel time between concourses can be quite lengthy. Hence, we assume that inter-concourse travel is much lengthier than intra-concourse travel.例2：A average fast walking speed is 250ft/min(3mph), but average speed when arms are immobilized (as when pushing a wheelchair) is only ft/min (2 mph) Gross and Shi 2001. We assume that an escort walks at these speeds.例3：An escort can operate only one wheelchair at a time. U.S. Dept. of transportation guidelines discourages leaving WPs unattended. Hence, the escort takes a WP to the connecting flight and remains until the flight leaves.e.直接定义(假设)：例1：To measure the,we define例2：Yearly industry statistics can be used valid.例3：Sth may be represented by 例4：.are independent and randomly distributed总结：Additional assumptions are made to simplify analysis for individual sections. These assumptions will be discussed at the appropriate locations.公式由假设得到公式1We assume laminar flow and use Bernoullis equation:由假设得到的公式公式Where 符号解释 According to the assumptions, at every junction we have 由于假设公式由原因得到公式2Because our field is flat, we have公式, so the height of our source relative to our sprinklers does not affect the e*it speed v2 由原因得到的公式；公式Since the fluid is inpressible(由于液体是不可压缩的), we have公式Where公式用原来的公式推出公式3Plugging v1 into the equation for v2 ,we obtain 将公式1代入公式2中得到公式11Putting these together(把公式放在一起), because of the law of conservation of energy, yields：公式12Therefore, from (2),(3),(5), we have the ith junction由前几个公式得公式Putting (1)-(5) together, we can obtain pup at every junction . in fact, at the last junction, we have 公式Putting these into (1) ,we get把这些公式代入1中公式Which means that the monly, h is about From these equations, 从这个公式中我们知道we know that 引出约束条件4Using pressure and discharge data from Rain Bird 结果,We find the attenuation factor 得到衰减因子，常数，系数 to be 公式计算结果6To find the new pressure ,we use the ( 0 0),which states that the volume of water flowing in equals the volume of water flowing out : 为了找到新值，我们用什么方程公式Where () is ;7Solving for VN we obtain (公式的解)公式Where n is the .8We have the following differential equations for speeds in the *- and y- directions: 公式Whose solutions are 解公式9We use the following initial conditions ( 使用初值 ) to determine the drag constant:公式根据原有公式10We apply the law of conservation of energy根据能量守恒定律. The work done by the forces is 公式The decrease in potential energy is 势能的减少公式The increase in kinetic energy is (动能的增加)公式Drug acts directly against velocity, so the acceleration vector from drag can be found Newtons law F=ma as : (牛顿第二定律)Where a is the acceleration vector and m is massUsing the Newtons Second Law, we have that F/m=a and 公式So that 公式Setting the two e*pressions for t1/t2 equal and cross-multiplying gives公式22We appro*imate the binomial distribution of contenders with a normal distribution:公式Where * is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. Clearing denominators and solving the resulting quadratic in B gives公式As an analytic appro*imation to . for k=1, we get B=c26Integrating, 使结合we get PVT=constant, where公式The main position of the air is nitrogen and o*ygen, so i=5 and r=1.4, so 23According to First Law of Thermodynamics, we get公式Where ( ) . we also then have 公式Where P is the pressure of the gas and V is the volume. We put them into the Ideal Gas Internal Formula:公式Where 对公式变形13Define A=nlw to be the ( )定义; rearranging (1) produces 将公式变形得到公式We ma*imize E for each layer, subject to the constraint (2). The calculations are easier if we minimize 1/E.为了得到最大值，求他倒数的最小值 Neglecting constant factors 忽略常数, we minimize公式使服从约束条件14Subject to the constraint 使服从约束条件公式Where B is constant defined in (2). However, as long as we are obeying this constraint, we can write 根据约束条件我们得到公式And thus f depends only on h , the function f is minimized at 求最小值公式At this value of h, the constraint reduces to 公式结果说明15This implies暗示 that the harmonic mean of l and w should be 公式So , in the optimal situation. 5This value shows very little loss due to friction.结果说明 The escape speed with friction is 公式16 We use a similar process to find the position of the droplet, resulting in 公式With t=0.0001 s, error from the appro*imation is virtually zero.17We calculated its trajectory(轨道) using 公式18For that case, using the same e*pansion for e as above,公式19Solving for t and equating it to the earlier e*pression for t, we get 公式20Recalling that in this equality only n is a function of f, we substitute for n and solve for f. the result is 公式As v=, this equation bees singular (单数的).由语句得到公式21The revenue generated by the flight is 公式24Then we have 公式We differentiate the ideal-gas state equation公式Getting 公式25We eliminate dT from the last two equations to get 排除因素得到公式22We fist e*amine the path that the motorcycle follows. Taking the air resistance into account, we get two differential equations 公式Where P is the relative pressure. We must first find the speed v1 of water at our source: 找初值公式图引用的文献数据所画的图：1、分阶段图的引入：First we study the (文献)，showing under the situation. 分阶段图的引出：The pression process is divided into three(数字) phases, as shown in the figure:The first phase: deformation, according to ; the second phase: deformation. The pression grows more slowly and reaches the ma*imum. The third phase: deformation: After pression reaches the ma*imum, the rate of deformation starts to fall. The unrecoverable deformation goes on increasing. (200365)2、引用已有的模型图： A model of flow rate for instant total failure is right triangular 【U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1997】. (see Figure 1)(20055354)3、通过历史数据作图：We validate our model by e*amining historical HIV rates from prenatal clinics in South Africa between 1995 and 2005(Figure 1). (2006244)4、拟合的图形：Figure 1 shows the number of bags still left for the EDS to process at airport A after each minute in airport B, the results are similar. (2003260)自己根据计算所画的图：1、为了.(目的)，我们作了.图。To demonstrate better the change in flow rate with time when the breach begins t form, we plot over a shorter range of time in Figure 5. (200555)We plot for values of from 6 to 13, in steps of 0.25, together with the best-fit quartic, in Figure 2 (200592)2、根据数据拟合的图：Fitting (式子) to the data in (表), we get the curve in Figure 1, for the function (公式). (2005211) We use the graph in Figure 1 to simulate the arrival of passengers. (2003201)The simulation model also generates system characteristics for the ETD machines at airport A. These results are shown in Figure 3. (2003232)3、根据取值不同画图：We take 2001as the starting point, when total remaining oil was 1.1178bbl.We calculate the time to oil e*haustion under different cases: GDP growing at 10%, 5%, 3%,and 1%.(Figure 3)For 10%, . ; for 5%,;for 3%,;for 1%,. (2005213233)4、用软件如MATLAB画图：To solve the differential equations in our model, we use (the ODE45 numerical integrator) in MATLAB on (式子) to find the results in Figure 3.(2005232)5、图形的改进：Generally speaking, the shape of the target is not too irregular, so we choose five typical shapes of the targets in different sizes. In Figure 3a, we illustrate the ma*imum section of a typical bean-shaped target, whose ma*imum dimension is 35mm. Using the skeleton generation algorithm, we get corresponding skeleton shown in Figure 3b. Then we apply the GA-based shot placement algorithm, resulting in three shots for the target: one 14 mm helmet and two 8 mm helmets. The locations and sizes of the helmets in 2D are indicated in Figure 3c, while 3D shot placements are shown in Figure 4. (2003130)6、画示意图：The irrigation order and position of sprinklers are presented in Figure 4. (2006127)This algorithm can be viewed in the flowchart in Figure 3.We define some of the objects found in the chart. (2006164165)表表的格式：表头在上 注：红字标记代表可通用的句子1、 在表前对表的来源和数据进展说明例1 In Table 1, we summarize the minimum number of escorts needed to reach each service level表的解释局部For each airport, the difference between the Good and Adequate service levels is roughly a factor of two, with slightly increasing returns to scale; with larger scales, the staff are spread more uniformly, so it is less likely that a job will crop up with nobody close enough to take it.例2 表的解释局部前面的说出数据的来源，然后筛选出比较代表性的数据进展说明。We determined absolute and relative criticality values for each country for which all the data used in puting parameters was available (108 countries). We then used relative criticality in selecting our most critical countries, by continent. Had we used absolute criticality it would have given precedence to large nations, despite relatively mild HIV/AIDS situations. 例3The table below is the generated irrigation schedule for the repositioning of the sprinklers, given 12-hour work day for a rancher. Each pipe is set in place for 5 hours.例4And some data processing we can get the relevant statistical data information of patient and donor characteristics for the simulation.例5 The graft survival rates show in the following UNOS data for kidney transplants in the U.S (based on OPTN data as of 2006):2、在表后对表的容进展说明例1Table 9 shows linear fit parameters for all three models. Note that all three models are well described by a linear equation.例2Using the cellular automata model, we pute waiting time as a function of both the number of lanes and the number of tollbooths. For a fi*ed L, we pare all values of Ctotal and choose the lowest one. The results of this method are presented in Table6.例3 According to the above data,we can see that many of the European countries have the high rates of the donor, particularly in Spain. This phenomenon shows that the organ transplant is also hot in Europe. Although the relevant policies and statutes in these countries are less prehensive than that in U.S, there still a lot what U.S could learn from. Here, we mainly analyze the organ transplant policies in Spain, U.K and Korea this three countries.The population contained in each region is summarized in table 1.在表后对数据的容进展总结例4图表的解释局部As indicated in Table 6, there is fairly good agreement between the remended number of booths for a typical day and for peak hours. However, we note that the optimal booth number for a typical day never e*ceeds that for rush hour. Rush hour seems to require slightly more booths than a typical day in order for the plaza to operate most efficiently.Each value in Table 6 is representative of appro*imately 20 trials. Through these trials, we noted a remarkable stability in our model. Despite the stochastic nature of our algorithm, each number of lanes was almost always optimized to the same number of tollbooths. There were a handful of e*ceptions; they occurred e*clusively for small numbers of highway lanes ( 3 lanes). Integer values are presented in Table 6 only because fractional tollbooths have no physical meaning.3、表前表后有引入引出 ，且中间对两表之间进展比较例1表的解释局部We can obtain the data which is involved with the status of the American OrganTransplant from the data banks. We have collected the demand of the various organs in United States to date, the annual donors，transplants and the demand (Here taking the kidney for e*ample, by years 1995-2006)From the above table1, we can see that the kidney accounts for 73% in thetotal of the organ transplants. It accounts for a very large proportion as a most important organ which can be transplanted. Therefore, we only need to discuss the status of the kidney transplant here, being able to achieve the analysis and research on the organ transplant.According to the above data, we can get the figures as follow:例2 So after many times simulation under the conditions discussed above, we obtain statistic results as follow:表的解释局部By analyzing the above result, we can find: When there are more donors (moreresources), the number of transplant will increase obviously, and the matching rate changes only a little; When the network is divided into 11 regions (small networks), the costs of the transport and preservation of the organ will be reduced greatly.例3Table 7 reports the general patient statistics under each regime in the columns. The first column in these tables reports the total live donor transplants as percentage of the population size, which is the sum of ne*t two columns, transplants from own patible donor and transplants from trades. The forth column is the percentage of patients upgraded to the top of the waitlist as heads of w-chains. The fifth and si*th columns report the quality of matches in the live donor transplants: the risk of graft failure relative to the risk under no-e*change mechanism with population size n=400 is reported in the fifth column and the number of HLA mismatches for an
展开阅读全文