学术英语社科Unit 含答案

会计学1学术英语社科学术英语社科Unit 含答案含答案第1页/共69页Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLead-inText A Text BListening SpeakingWritingUnit Contents第2页/共69页 Lead-in Reading critically: questions for discussionUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第3页/共69页Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionReading critically:Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions: l Do you agree with the author? Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl What is the author assuming I will agree with?l What is the author trying to prove?第4页/共69页Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionl Does the author adequately defend their argument? l What kind of proof do they use?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Is there something they leave out that you would put in? l Does putting it in hurt their argument? 第5页/共69页Lead-inReading critically: questions for discussionDiscuss the following questions:l How do you make the decision that you take this course?l What do you consider when you make this decision?Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第6页/共69页 Text A Key terms Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost languageUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第7页/共69页Text AKey termsl rational people: 理性人理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal change: 边际变化边际变化 small incremental adjustments to a plan of actionl marginal benefit: 边际效益边际效益 the additional benefit from an increase in an activity第8页/共69页Text AKey termsUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl marginal cost: 边际成本边际成本 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl marginal decision-making: 边际决策边际决策 the additional cost from an increase in an activityl incentive: 激励激励 something that induces a person to act第9页/共69页How People Make DecisionsEconomists explanation about decision making: There are rules behind peoples decision-making behaviors.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第10页/共69页l Rational people think at the margin.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesExample 1: standby ticketsWhat a rational airline can do?Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.Cost of each seat: $500 (Thats to say, never sell a ticket for less than $500.)Suppose: A plane is about to take off with 10 empty seats. A standby passenger will pay $300 for a seat.Question: should the airline sell the ticket?第11页/共69页Answer: Yes.Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.Conclusion: As long as the standby passenger pays more than the marginal cost, selling the ticket is profitable.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第12页/共69页waterdiamondNecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra cup is small because water is plentiful.Unnecessary for survivalThe marginal benefit of an extra diamond is large because diamonds are rare.Unit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesText ACritical reading and thinking第13页/共69页Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesConclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.) Are you a rational person?第14页/共69页Example 1: the price of an appleHow people respond to incentives?When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people respond to incentives.第15页/共69页 Example 2: a tax on gasoline How people respond to incentives? Encourage people to drive small, more fuel-efficient cars; carpool take public transportation; live closer to where they work; drive hybrid cars; drive electric cars.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第16页/共69页 Example 3: a seat belt law American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.How a seat belt law alters a drivers cost-benefit calculation (Peltzmans analysis):Seat belts reduce the likelihood of injury or death make accidents less costly drive faster and less carefully a large number of accidentsText ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第17页/共69页Result: These laws produce both fewer deaths per accident and more accidents. Conclusion 1: The net result is little change in the number of driver deaths and an increase in the number of pedestrian deaths.Conclusion 2: When analyzing any policy, consider both the direct effects and less obvious indirect effects.If the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behavior.Text ACritical reading and thinkingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第18页/共69页 Rational people know that when they make a decision, it is often not a yes-or-no choice, but requires deliberate consideration of the pros and cons. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Rational people know that decisions in life are rarely black and white but usually involve shades of gray. (Para. 2) 第19页/共69页 The most important theory in economic study concerns itself with incentives. Other theories are not as important. “The rest is commentary” is a phrase used in American English to mean “the rest is trivial or less important”. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” (Para. 6) 第20页/共69页 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like random talk not supported by evidence. Text ADifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like idle speculation. (Para. 12)第21页/共69页Specialized vocabularyl rational peoplel marginal decision-makingl marginal changel marginal benefitl marginal costl net resultText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第22页/共69页CollocationsText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl achieve the high level of satisfactionl maximize profitsl achieve objectivesl be black and whitel roll roundl blow offl fly standbyl puzzling economic phenomenal take an actionl allocate scarce resourcesl end up with l unintended consequencesl idle speculation第23页/共69页Formal and informal Englishl See Page 9, and do Task 3.Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第24页/共69页Signpost languagel Show connections between sentences and paragraphs. See Page 9, and do Task 2 Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第25页/共69页Signpost languageText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activitiesl Signal important parts of academic writing, such as structure, writers position, arguments, conclusionReporting someones view: Some people/researcher(s) maintain(s) / argue(s) / assert(s) / claim(s) / point(s) out第26页/共69页Signpost languageDisagreeing with someones view: I disagree with that The view is open to doubt / not necessarily true / highly debatable One of the main argument against is thatText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第27页/共69页Signpost languagePointing out a gap in research: However little information These studies have emphasized, as opposed to Although considerable research has focused on, less attention has been given toText AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第28页/共69页Signpost languageAgreeing with someones view: I agree with when he writes that X is certainly correct in saying that Another point in favour of is A further argument supporting isNB: In the following units of study, more examples will be given. Text AEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第29页/共69页Task 1 The tree diagram below illustrates the main points of the text. Fill in the blanks according to the text.Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesDecision-making behaviors in economic activitiesThinking at the margincomparing marginal _ and marginal _ Responding to _Example 1standby tickets Critical reading and thinkingExample 2_ vs. _Example 1the price of an appleExample 2a tax on _Example 3_costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseat belts law第30页/共69页Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingF_ 1 When rational people make decisions in life, they are very certain of the choice._ 2 At the time of examination, students have to decide how to use all their time studying._ 3 Marginal changes are small gradual changes of the present plan of action._ 4 The example of the standby fly is told to show how cost can be ignored._ 5 Diamonds are more expensive than water because people are more attracted to them.FFFT第31页/共69页Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).Text ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCritical reading and thinkingT_ 6 The quotation of one economist “People respond to incentives. The rest is commentary.” is given to show the importance of incentives._ 7 The example of the apple shows how food prices vary according to market needs._ 8 The gasoline tax has an effect on peoples choice of cars._ 9 When the seat belt is made compulsory, people drive more carefully._ 10 Policymakers need to take into consideration the less obvious indirect effects of a policy.FFFT第32页/共69页Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.Column A Column B1 marginala resource2 scarceb result3 maximizec change4 netd satisfaction5 level ofe people6 rationalf profit第33页/共69页Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the words in Column A with those in Column B and then translate the phrases you have got into Chinese.1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _marginal change边际变化边际变化scarce resources稀缺资源稀缺资源maximize profits最大化利润最大化利润net result净结果净结果level of satisfaction满意度满意度rational people理性人理性人第34页/共69页Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.1 我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。 _2 时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪 费了。费了。 _ _We aim to maximize profits over the next year.Time is a scarce resource, so if workers are unemployed their time is wasted.第35页/共69页Task 1 Specialized vocabularyText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Translate the following sentences into English, using some of the phrases above.3 理性人有非理性的想法吗？理性人有非理性的想法吗？ _4 满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。 _ _Do rational people have irrational thoughts?Research into satisfaction level has found that tourists are not satisfied with some of the services.第36页/共69页Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Match the signpost language from Text A with the purpose each of them serves. Signpost languagePurposes 1 as we will seea explanation2 at the same timeb time sequence3 by contrastc giving examples4 for exampled comparison and contrast5 in other wordse coherence6 in this case1 _ 2 _ 3 _ 4 _ 5 _ 6 _ebdcae第37页/共69页Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.1 He is not well-known for his respect for factual accuracy, _, he was lying.2 Offices can easily become more environmentally-friendly by, _, using recycled paper.3 We dont like the situation. But _, we have to deal with this problem.in other wordsfor exampleat the same time第38页/共69页Task 2 Signpost languageText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the following sentences using the signpost language listed above.4 Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, _, has declined.5 _, in this chapter there is no general formula for the solution to this question.6 The whole team dont want to lose him. _, he needs to realize that company regulations must be obeyed.by contrastAs we will seeIn this case第39页/共69页Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.1 As you study economics, you will come across firms that decide how many workers to hire and how much of their product to manufacture and sell to maximize profits. Key: _2 The reason is that a persons willingness to pay for any good is based on the marginal benefit that an extra unit of the good would produce. Key: _encounteryield第40页/共69页Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.3 An incentive is something that persuades a person to act, such as the prospect of a punishment or a reward. Key: _4 Many policies change the costs or benefits that people face and, therefore, change their behavior. Key: _5 For example, consider public policy about auto safety. Key: _inducesalterregarding第41页/共69页Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up1Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A.6 The decline in safe driving has a clear, bad impact on pedestrians. Key: _7 At first, this discussion of incentives and seat belts might seem like an idle guess. Key: _8 When a person wears a seat belt, the likelihood of surviving an auto accident rises. Key: _adversespeculationprobability第42页/共69页Task 3 Formal EnglishText ASuggested answersUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesLanguage building-up2Complete the sentences with some of the answers you have got in the above exercise.1 Stress can have a(n) _ effect on peoples health.2 This doesnt _ the fact that what you did was wrong.3 He warned us that we might _ a lot of opposition at the very beginning.4 Some believe that surgery could _ a heart attack.5 He has very little to say _ the new EU regulations.6 Knowing about the past doesnt necessarily _ solutions to current problems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield第43页/共69页 Text B Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第44页/共69页New Airport Landing Fees Delayedl See Page 14, and do Task 1 and Task 2 Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities A new federal policy: allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods Reason for formulating this policy: encourage airlines to arrange flights more evenly throughout the day, thus reducing flight delays第45页/共69页Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines第46页/共69页Text BCritical readingUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesYour reflections on this policy:It will work: It wont work:第47页/共69页l , which last month called the proposal “congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”. (Para. 13)Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities , which claimed that the proposal was actually charging fee for congestion rather than for the airport. 第48页/共69页l “Because the central policy issue at stake here influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,” (Para. 14) Text BDifficult sentencesUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities “The central policy issue which is how to influence airline market decisions through airport pricing has always been complex and controversial. Hence it is necessary to allow more time for the parties involved in the industry to phrase their opinions that most clearly express their views.”第49页/共69页Collocations l reduce / address congestionl charge higher landing feesl peak periodsl reduce delaysl take effectl implement measuresText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第50页/共69页Collocations l traffic volumel on-time arrival ratel be supportive ofl accommodate requestsl clear up ambiguityl go into effectText BEnglish language for academic purposeUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第51页/共69页 Listening Prediction strategies Listening tasksUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第52页/共69页Prediction strategiesl Prediction Instead of relying on the actual words or sounds, you use background information and common world knowledge to develop expectations about what you will hear and then confirm or reject them as you listen. ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities第53页/共69页l Prediction strategiesListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesPrediction strategies Use visual information including titles on the board, on slides, or in a PowerPoint presentation. Think about what you already know about the topic. Ask yourself questions that you think the speaker might answer. Listen for specific phrases.第54页/共69页Task 1 Before listening, look at the first sentence of the lecture you are going to hear and predict what will follow. Write down your expectation.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesBusinesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.Listening tasks第55页/共69页Task 2 Listen to the lecture again and complete the following table according to what you have heard.ListeningUnit 1 Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic ActivitiesListening tasksForms of businessOwnership Responsibility for debtsLength of existence_Proprietorship_owner fully responsible_Partnership_an unlimited lifetimeIndividual / soleCorporation sole owner l i m i t e d l i a b i l i t y partnerships h a r e s o f ownership by stock holdersp a r t l y responsibleshare holders not responsibleexist only for as l o n g a s t h e owners remain aliveexist only for as l o n g a s t h e partners remain alive第56页/共69页Task 3 Listen to the lecture a third time and choose the correct answer to each of the follow