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最新整理 2021年考研英语一答案及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) from each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding yes! _1_ helping you feel close and _2_to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a _3_ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you _4_ getting sick this winter.In a recent study _5_ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs _6_ the participants susceptibility to developing the common cold after being _7_ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come _8_ with a cold, and the researchers _9_ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging _10_ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. _11_ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe _12_.Hugging protects people who are under stress from the _13_ risk for colds thats usually_14_ with stress, Notes sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging is a marker of intimacy and helps _15_ the feeling that others are there to help _16_difficulty.Some experts _17_ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often calledthe bonding hormone _18_ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it_19_ in the brain, where it _20_ mood, behavior and physiology.1. ABesidesBUnlikeCThroughoutDDespite2. AequalBrestrictedCconnectedDinferior3. AviewBhostClessonDchoice4. AavoidBforgetCrecallDkeep5. AcollectingBaffectingCguidingDinvolving6. AonBinCatDof7. AdevotedBattractedClostDexposed8. AalongBacrossCdownDout9. AimaginedBdeniedCdoubtedDcalculated10. AservedBrestoredCexplainedDrequired11. AThusBStillCRatherDEven12. AdefeatsBsymptomsCerrorsDtests13. AhighlightedBincreasedCcontrolledDminimized14. ApresentedBequippedCassociatedDcompared15. AassessBgenerateCmoderateDrecord16. Ain the name ofB in the form ofC in the face ofD in the way of17. AattributeBcommitCtransferDreturn18. AunlessBbecauseCthoughDuntil19. AremainsBemergesCvanishesDdecreases20. AexperiencesBcombinesCjustifiesDinfluences完型答案：1-5: ACBAD6-10: ADCDC11-15: DBBCB16-20:CABADSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans economic and private lives, not to mentioninfuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons both fake and real past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicagos O Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly disputethis.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreChecks fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned toA explain Americans tolerance of current security checks.B stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.C highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.D emphasize the importance of privacy protection.答案 A答案解释 根据题干关键词 The Crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 定位到第一段第 3 句。该句提到埃及航空公司的 804 航班被击落又一次提醒了为什么要进展安检。该句的前两句提到了美国的大型机场对旅客提出了更多的安检要求，但旅客为了平安愿意忍受耗时的安检程序。所以 A 符合文意。22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?A New restrictions on carry-on bags.B The declining efficiency of the TSA.C An increase in the number of travellers.D Frequent unexpected secret checks.答案 C答案解释 根据题干关键词 long wait 定位到第二段第 2 句。这句话中提到加强的平安措施和航空旅游的数量的增加导致了大型机场的 long wait。题干中用 contribute to，原文中用同义短语 result in。选项 C 中的 an increase in the number of travellers 和原文中的 rise inairline travel 意思一样。儿加强平安措施在其它几个选项都没提到过。故正确选项为 C。23. The word “expedited (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning toA quieter.B cheaper.C wider.D faster.答案 D答案解释 应该出上下文中推断出单词的意思。题干关键词 expedited 出现在第五段的第 2 句话，这句话指出那些背景审核合格的乘客才能走 expedited 筛查过道。后句解释这使得 TSA 能把注意力集中在那些高风险的旅客身上，以节省大家的时间。D 选项 faster 更快，是原文中 saving time 的同义词替换。故正确选项为 D。24. One problem with the PreCheck program is A a dramatic reduction of its scale.B its wrongly-directed implementation.C the governments reluctance to back it.D an unreasonable price for enrollment.答案 D答案解释 提干中的关键词 One problem with the PreCheck program 可以定位在文中第六段第 2 句话，该句提到自从一开场预先检查的价格标签一直是致命的缺陷，文中的 fatal flaw 是题干中的 problem 的同义置换，下文中有进一步说明接下来的改革可能会使价风格整到一个更合理的水平。根据这两句话，可以推断出现在 PreCheck program 的价格是不合理的。选项 D 符合文意。25. Which of the following would be the bestfor the text?A Less Screening for More SafetyB PreCheck a Belated SolutionC Getting Stuck in Security LinesD Underused PreCheck Lanes答案 C答案解释 文中第一段提到权威人士建议在美国大型机场搭乘国内航班现在要提前三个小时候机，第二段第一句又进一步提到美国人愿意忍受这种耗时的安检程序，第三段的第二句话说加强平安措施和航空旅游人数的增加导致了在大型机场的长时间候机，第五、六段提出了通过了现在的 PreCheck program 来解决长时间候机问题在价格方面的缺陷。在最后一段又重申，大多数的旅客依然遭遇不必要的排队候机问题。所以，可以看出，全文以长时间候机为主线贯穿始终，故正确答案为 C。Text 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers, wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaiis last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanitys view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMTs planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the worlds most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Keas peak rises above the bulk of our planets dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Keas fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past； it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaiis shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. TheTMT site was chosen to minimize the telescopes visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalanis remark in Paragraph 1 indicates A her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.B the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.Cthe regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.D her appreciation of star watchers feats in her time.答案 B答案解释文中第一句提到古代的夏威夷人是天文学家。第三句话，话锋一转，“sadly, 提到当今的夏威夷人在天文学上表现不尽如人意。暗指天文学在古代的重要性。应选 B。27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to A its geographical features.B its protective surroundings.C its religious implications. D its existing infrastructure.答案 A答案解释 根据题干定位到第二段第二句话，But 属于提示词。Mauna Kea 也是世界上具有影响力的望远镜的家园。后面继续介绍它的地理优势。所以选 A。28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because A it may risk ruining their intellectual life.B it reminds them of a humiliating history.C their culture will lose a chance of revival.D they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.答案 B答案解释 根据题干定位到第三段。第二句话一小局部当地的夏威夷人和环境专家一直认为该地是不圣神之地，而且让人痛苦地回忆起曾经被占领。故此题选 B。29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in todays astronomy A is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.B helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.C may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.D will eventually soften Hawaiians hostility.答案 C答案解释 根据该段最后一句话跟倒数第二句话指出，他们忽略了天文学和夏威夷文化试图答复的问题：我们是谁，我们从哪儿来，要到哪儿去。最后一句话指出这就是我们探索星空的原因。据此可以推出 may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture。故 C 为正确选项30. The authors attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one ofA severe criticism.B passive acceptance.C slight hesitancy.答案 DD full approval.答案解释 此题是一道态度题，题干中问及作者对选择 Mauna Kea 作为 TMT 的地址的态度。文章的最后一句话作者用一个双重否认的句子清楚地表达了自己对这件事情的看法。句子的意思是：没有任何理由不欢送大家到 Mauna Kea 去研究星空，但同时又能保护他们的文化遗产。故正确答案为 D。Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a countrys GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile. With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UKs GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their countrys economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of howcountries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2021 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isnt the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a countrys success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes all things that contribute to a persons sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress. 31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he Apraised the UK for its GDP.Bidentified GDP with happiness.Cmisinterpreted the role of GDP.D had a low opinion of GDP.答案 D答案解释首先要找到例子所对应的观点，例子出现在第一段的第一句，第二句是其对应的观点，与选项 had a low opinion of GDP 是同义替换。故答案 D。32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Athe UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.Bthe UK will contribute less to the world economy.CGDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.Dpolicymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.答案 C答案解释根据第二段第四句话，“英国的 GDP 是西方世界的羡慕对象，第五句话话锋一转，“如果一切都运作正常的话，为什么一千七百万人选择脱欧。暗指英国否认 GDP 的奉献。故答案 C.33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?AIt excludes GDP as an indicator.BIt is sponsored by 163 countries.CIts criteria are questionable.DIts results are enlightening.答案 D答案解释根据题干 recent annual study 定位到第三段第一句话“一项最近关于国家和他们增加幸福感能力的年度研究报告给这个问题一些启发是 Its results are enlightening 的同义替换。故答案 D。34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that Athe UK is preparing for an economic boom.Bhigh GDP foreshadows an economic decline.Cit is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.Dit requires caution to handle economic issues.答案 C答案解释 根据题干可以看出，答案来源句是第一段的第二句话，这句话的意思是，尽管 it 指的是美国最高法庭撤销了弗吉尼亚州长 Robert Mcdonnell 的腐败罪名，但是他们却对他的行为准那么嗤之以鼻。文中的 holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct 是选项 C 中 was contemptuous of McDonnells conduct 的同义改写，故答案为 C。35. Which of the following is the bestfor the text?AHigh GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lessonBGDP figures, a Window on Global Economic HealthC Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDPDBrexit, the UKs Gateway to Well-being答案 A答案解释 全文围绕着 GDP 反映民生幸福的内容展开，所以带有 GDP 的选项优先。正确答案在 AB 中选择，选择 B 中明显说 GDP 对于安康经济的指引，与全文主线矛盾。选项 A 中的 lesson 一词文中也出现过。故答案为 A。Text 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high courts decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnells trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts, or the former governors decisions on “specific and “unsettled issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful and “nasty. But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act.The courts ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government, wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leaders source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on anunderstanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The courts ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and officialfavoritism.36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court A avoided defining the extent of McDonnells duties.B made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.C was contemptuous of McDonnells conduct.D refused to comment on McDonnells ethics.答案 C答案解释 根据题干可以看出，答案来源句是第一段的第二句话，这句话的意思是，尽管 it 指的是美国最高法庭撤销了弗吉尼亚州长 Robert Mcdonnell 的腐败罪名，但是他们却对他的行为准那么嗤之以鼻。文中的 holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct 是选项 C 中 was contemptuous of McDonnells conduct 的同义改写，故答案为 C。37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves A concrete returns for gift-givers.B sizable gains in the form of gifts.C leaking secrets intentionally.D breaking contracts officially.答案 A答案解释
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