毕业设计论文光电计数器

无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院毕业设计英文翻译无锡职业技术学院系别（部、分院） 电子信息技术系 班 级 电子工艺30902班 姓 名 学 号 课 题 名 称 光电计数器 指 导 教 师 职 称 讲师 指 导 教 师 职 称 高级工程师 2012 年 3 月 17 日第 13 页 共 59 页无锡职业技术学院毕业设计任务书课题名称 光电计数器的设计 指导教师 职 称 讲师 指导教师 职 称 高级工程师 专业名称 电子工艺与管理班 级 30902 学生姓名 学 号 课题需要完成的任务：设计要求：1、实现0999范围计数，能在超出最大值后溢出报警；2、要求使用红外发光二极管、光电管检测；3、能在设定值报警，能在报警后延时3秒钟自动关闭报警并自动重新计数；可以手动清除报警；4、要求光电发射管与接收管有1米以上的间距；5、画出完整的电路原理图（包含电源部分）和PCB板图。课题计划： 2012.2.13 2012.2.20 查资料,初步方案设计。 2012.2.212012.2.28 设计最佳方案。 2012.3.12012.3.15 画原理图,印制电路板,编写程序调试系统。 2012.3.162012.4.1 写毕业论文,并做答辩准备。计划答辩时间：4.24.6 电子信息技术 系（部、分院）2011 年12月29日英文 Introduction of Electronic TechnologyIn fact, the history of the development of microelectronic technology is not long, on the contrary, its late start. Because until 1958, the United States microelectronics experts Kilby invented the worlds first integrated circuit germanium oscillator, the only marks the beginning of human society entered the era of microelectronics. Although a late start microelectronic technology, but as electronics and information science and technology frontier disciplines, it is in the social life and play a decisive role: it with economic development are inseparable, and is closely related to peoples lives, also in the national defense and security plays irreplaceable and important role. Cite an example of life, we have to use public transport BUS IC cards, go to the hospital, pharmacy medicines used medical insurance IC cards, the use of public telephone booth telephone call IC cards are Application of the products of the microelectronics technology. Today, the IC card has been widely used in finance, telecommunications, transportation, insurance, medical care, food, entertainment, identification and other fields, and led us into the VISA times. For example, we normally use to the digital home appliances, such as MP3, digital cameras, mobile phones, television sets and so on, they are the crux of the information processing part, is what we call chips, but also is the application of microelectronics technology one of the products. In the national defense modernization process, the application of microelectronics technology is very extensive. As everyone knows, Small Mega rifles, Gone are the days, information warfare, electronic war marked the emergence of modern warfare is to rely on more advanced technology and weaponry. National Semiconductor Advisory Committee had in the Gulf War after a report pointed out: The United States and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization armed advantages, and ultimately can be traced back to the advantages of microelectronic technology, microelectronics technology is a force multiplier. However, although the status of microelectronics technology is so important, but because of historical reasons, the development of Chinas microelectronics technology has been lagging behind international standards. Fortunately, the National Microelectronics has now been included in the priority development of the information industry, and its development momentum Duibugedang. Moreover, the country has already begun putting in a lot of financial and human resources to the development of microelectronics technology and microelectronics personnel training. Beginning in 2003, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education has at Beijing University, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, Fudan University, Western Electric, delivered, southeast, into electricity, Huazhong Science and Technology, West, South China Polytechnic, HIT, Xigongda, Tongji and the guarantor of Chinas famous institutions of higher learning such as the establishment of the 15 IC design talent training base, a large number of professional training Microelectronics senior technical personnel, and in Shanghai, Xian, Wuxi, Beijing, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Shenzhen, Suzhou, and many other cities established a state-level chip design industry base, and promote the industrialization of microelectronic technology. However, microelectronics in the end? In fact, the more popular Microelectronics said, but it is a realization of the electronic mode, which uses the method for electronic semiconductor equipment minimal. However, not micro-microelectronics, microelectronic technology involved in a very wide range of semiconductor materials, semiconductor technology, semiconductor devices, circuit modules, as well as in various types of integrated circuit design and manufacturing, microelectronics are subject coverage of the . From the academic basis, for those determined to sit microelectronics professional students, a solid foundation for the importance of physics and mathematics. Chinas well-known microelectronics experts, Xian University of Electronic Science and Technology Vice-Chancellor Professor Yue Hao once said: microelectronics the fundamental physics and mathematics combination. Professor Yue Hao undergraduate and masters engineering phase of the study, but Dr. phase of the transfer of mathematics, his development experience, it has also given us that the physics and mathematics to study the importance of microelectronics. Because physics and mathematics is the basis of microelectronics, therefore, microelectronics professionals is not an isolated profession, and its similar to many professional, such as electronics and information science and technology, physics, integrated circuit design and manufacturing. Microelectronics professionals have opened those courses. Judging from the current situation, Chinas microelectronics majors College Courses offered are: semiconductor physics and experimental, semiconductor device physics, integrated circuit design principles, principles of integrated circuits, IC CAD, microelectronics and integrated circuit technology Experiment internships. Microelectronics as the core of information industry is the most competitive in todays world, the globalization of the most rapidly developing industry, in the trial of comprehensive national strength in a key strategic position, it is very optimistic about employment prospects. With economic development, increased the number of vehicles, road congestion is becoming increasingly serious, intelligent traffic lights on the emerged. At present, the worlds Intelligent Transportation System will be: a huge structure, management difficulties, such as the maintenance of large inputs. In order to improve the existing traffic conditions, and to overcome the existing shortcomings of intelligent transportation system I designed analog control traffic lights in urban and rural areas of small-scale smart traffic lights. It has small size, intelligence, maintenance into small, easy to install and so on. And other intelligent transportation system compared to the system to adapt to economic and social development, in line with the current status of scientific and technological development. Intelligent traffic lights are a comprehensive use of computer network communication technology, sensor technology to manage the automatic control system of traffic lights. Urban traffic control system is used for urban traffic data monitoring, traffic signal control and traffic management computer system; it is the modern urban traffic control system command and the most important component. In short, how to use the appropriate control method to maximize the use of costly cities to build high-speed roads, trunk road and the ramp to alleviate urban areas with the neighboring state of traffic congestion has become more and more traffic management and urban planning departments need to address the the main problem. To this end, this article on the urban traffic light control system analog circuit theory, design calculation and experimental testing and other issues to discuss specific analysis. Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various hardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components are extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4Kbytes of flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.1-3Pin DescriptionVCC Supply voltage.GND Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs .Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1：Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2：Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVXDPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3：Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special feature soft the AT89C51 as listed below:RST：Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG：Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN：Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When theAT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP：External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin all receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.XTAL1：Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quarts crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed. Idle Mode In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory. Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFR but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize. The AT89C51 code memory array is programmed byte-by byte in either programming mode. To program any nonblank byte in the on-chip Flash Memory, the entire memory must be erased using the Chip Erase Mode.2 Programming AlgorithmsBefore programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 Mrs. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated. 2.1Ready/Busy: The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY. Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.2.2 Chip Erase: The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control sign