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精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上语法：连词 Link words连词是虚词，不能在句中单独担任成分，只起连接作用。按其用法，连词可分为两大类：并列连词(Coordinate Conjunctions)和从属连词(Subordinate Conjunctions)。一并列连词：连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。 1. 并列关系：and, not onlybut also, bothand, neithernor I used to live in Paris and London. Both Jane and Jim are interested in fishing. The weather here is neither too cold nor too hot. She is not only kind but also honest. 2. 转折关系：but, yet, while(然而), when(然而，偏偏) The car is very old but it runs very fast. The problem was a little hard, yet I was able to work it out. The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. Why did you borrow the book when you had one?3. 选择关系：or, notbut, eitheror, Would you like to live or would you like to stay? He is not a teacher but a writer. You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.4. 因果关系：for It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet now. The leaves of the trees are falling, for its already autumn.5. 区别（1）and和or 1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题 -I dont like chicken _ fish. -I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； butC. or； butD. or；and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。判断改错： (错) We will die without air and water. (错) We cant live without air or water. (对) We will die without air or water. (对) We cant live without air and water.(2) 表示选择的并列结构 1) or意思为否则。 I must work hard, or Ill fail in the exam.2) eitheror意思为或者或者。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。 Either you or I am right.(3) 表示转折或对比1) but表示转折，while表示对比。 Some people love cats, while others hate them.典型例题 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。2) notbut 意思为不是而是 not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.(4) 表原因关系1) for 判断改错： (错) For he is ill, he is absent today. (对) He is absent today, for he is ill. for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2) so, therefore He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game.注意： a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。 You can watch TV, and /or you can go to bed. He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldnt play in the game.b. although yet，但although不与 but连用。 (错)Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work. (对)Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.(5) 注意： not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.neithernor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。(6) 比较so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj.such + a(n) + n. so + adj. + a(n) + n. such + n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. (pl.) such +n. (pl.) so + adj. + n. 不可数 such +n. 不可数 so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/ few flowers such nice flowers so much/little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of peopleso many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。sothat与suchthat之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。二从属连词：指在复合句中引导从句的连结词。常见的从属连词有： 引导时间状语从句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引导原因状语从句的：because, since, as 引导让步状语从句的：although, though, no matter（无论）, even if (though) 引导条件状语从句的：if, unless, once, as (so) long as 引导结果状语从句的：so, so that, so that , such that 引导目的状语从句的：so, so that , in order that 引导比较状语从句的：as as , not so (as), as, than 引导方式状语从句的：as, as if , as though 引导地点状语从句的：where，wherever 引导名词性从句（主语，宾语、表语或同位语从句）的连词主要有：that, whether, if三个。其中that 和whether间或还可以引起同位从句和状语从句。（一）某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别1、当while, when, as引导时间状语从句时的区别：while引导的状语从句中动词必须是延续性。谓语动词多为进行时，或状态动词的一般时。while 的这些用法可用when代替，等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying； when除可指一段时间外，还可用来指一点时间，等于 “at the time”， when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的，也可以是延续性的。因此主句和从句的谓语可以是一般时，进行时，或完成时。例如：When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（不能用while） He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可换成while）as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37. when引导的状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致，主、谓是“主语+系动词”结构时，这时主语和系动词可以省略。例如：When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man.Shell be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. when有时代替if，引导条件句，意为“如果”、“假如”，例如：Ill come when (if) Im free.2、before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。试看以下句子的：He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。3、till, until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句，用于否定句时，结构为not until (till)，主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可，意为“直到才”。用于肯定句时，只与延续性动词连用，表示“到为止”。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.They didnt talk（延续）until (till) the interpreter（译员）came.He didnt go to bed（非延续）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till则不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing. Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒装）；till, until只用于时间，以下句子是错误的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）。4、because, since, as引导原因状语时注意使用上的区别：如果原因构成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引导的从句往往放在句末。用why提问的句子，一定用because回答。例如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已为人们所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引导的从句一般放在句子的开头。例如：As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin.5、although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样，但注意以下区别：although用于各种文体，而though则多用于非正式的或书面语中。注意由although, though引导的从句后，主句不能用but，但可用副词yet, still。例如：Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或yet they went on working）though常与even连用，even though表示强调，意为“即使”，但不能说even although，例如：Even though I didnt understand a word, I dept smiling. though可用作副词，意为“然而”，常用逗号与句子分开。although则不能这样使用，它只作连词。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、once作副词译“曾经”，作为连词译“一旦”，引导条件状语从句。相当于if的加强形式。例如：I dont believe he was once a thief. (once这里是副词)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once连词)7、unless引导条件状语从句等于if not 。例如：Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low. ( = Hell accept the job if the salary is not too low.)8、在用as if引导的方式状语从句及表语从句中，根据情况要使用虚拟语气。例如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有时也可用直陈语气。It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if引导从句的用法区别：引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided. whether可接不定式，而if则不可。例如：I havent decided whether to leave or not.whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调，而if则不可。例如：Everything depends on whether we have enough money./ Whether he will come, I am not sure. whether和if均可引导宾语从句， whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句，if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此时不能用whether），例如：Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia?/ I wonder if it doesnt rain. 引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与or not连用。连用时要注意or not的位置，它一般与 whether、if分开使用，有时它可与whether合起来使用，但不能与if合起来使用。例如：I dont know whether/ if they will come or not./ I dont know whether or not they will come.if可用来引导条件状语从句，译“如果”，whether则不行。例如：If you work hard, you are sure to succeed.10、as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句。as引导时间状语从句，意为“当时”。例如：As (he was) a young man, he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./ He sang as he worked. as引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样”。例如：We must do as the Party teaches us.as引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”，例如：As you are tired, you had better rest.as引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”Child as he is, he can do it well. ( = Although he is a child, he can do it well.) 另外，as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句，如：I have the same book as you.连词while是高考一个命题的热点，你知道其考点主要涉及哪些方面吗？ 一、考查表示时间的用法，其意为“当的时候”。如： We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。 Stand still while I take your photograph. 我给你拍照时站着不要动。 Have we got enough books to read while we are on holiday? 假期里我们有足够的书看吗? Were there any calls for me while I was out? 我出去的时候，有人来过电话吗? She hates anyone listening while she is telephoning. 她打电话时不愿让任何人听。 二、考查表示让步的用法，其意为“尽管”“虽然”。如： While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 虽然工作有难度，但很有趣。 While I understand what you say, I cant agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。 三、考查表示对比的用法，其意为“而”“但”。如： Some people waste food while others havent enough. 一些人糟踏食物而另一些人却食不果腹。 I went swimming while the others played tennis. 我去游泳，而其余的人则去打网球了。 Prices are rising sharply, while incomes are lagging far behind. 物价飞涨而收入却远远落后。 注：这样用时，while引出的句子通常位于末，但有时也可位于句首。如： While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help. 大多数儿童学会阅读很容易，有一些儿童却需要特别帮助。 While Deauville is a holiday resort, Trouville is more of a working town. 特维尔是个度假胜地，而特鲁维尔更多的却是个工业城市。 四、考查其省略用法，即主句与从句主语相同，且从句谓语动词含有动词be时，通常可省略从句主语和动词be。如： While (he was) in prison, she wrote her first novel. 她在狱中写出了第一部小说。 He had strayed from home while still a boy. 他小时候就离开家到处流浪了。 He fell asleep while (he was) doing his homework. 他做着做着功课就睡着了。 I was only listening to the radio with half an ear, while (I was) preparing some food. 我正在做吃的东西，没太留心听收音机。 【考点实训】 1. She just sits there reading her story book, _ I do all the work.A. until B. while C. because D. though 2. Their economy has expanded enormously, _ ours, by contrast, has declined. A. while B. unless C. in case D. which 3. Could you watch my bags for me, _ I go to the toilet? A. though B. unless C. what D. while 4. The professor is typing his own letters _ his secretary is ill. A. what B. which C. if D. while 5. She said she was going to the shops and asked me whether I wanted anything _ she was out. A. though B. while C. which D. before 6. Tea is the most popular drink, _coffee comes second. A. since B. until C. what D. while 7. Schools in the north tend to be better equipped, _ those in the south are relatively poor. A. since B. before C. while D. because 8. It is no accident that men fill most of the top jobs in nursing, _ women remain on the lower grades. A. after B. since C. while D. which 9. _ trying to open the can, I cut my hand. A. Though B. Because C. For D. While 10. Some people prefer a vegetarian diet, _ others prefer a meat-based diet. A. though B. while C. which D. for 11. He didnt ask me in; he kept me standing at the door _ he read the message. A. while B. before C. after D. which 12. Nows the time to buy a car, _ the interest rates are low. A. but B. which C. while D. until 13. The couple took good care of the baby _ occupied by their work. A. while B. after C. which D. since 14. How did you spend your time _ you were on holiday? A. although B. while C. which D. since 15. Because Jane had once had a bad accident _ driving, she was afraid to try it again. A. though B. unless C. for D. while （以上答案均是while）练习 连词1 .He is very old,_ he still works very hard. A. but B.if C.when D.as2. _ you are dismissed.A. Neither you go nor B. Either you go or C. Whether you go or D. Both you go and3. They had camped once before, _ they knew what to take.A. because B. now C. so D. since4. Why these things happened was _ the driver had been careless. A. because of B. owing toC. due to D. that5. Although, its raining, _are still working in the fields.A. they B. but they C. and theyD. so they6._we have satisfied you, you have no grounds of complaint.A. So B. Since that C. Now that D. By now.7. Write clearly _ your teacher can understand .you correctly.A. since B. for C. becauseD. so that8.Youll miss the train _ you hurry up.A. unless B. as C. if D. until9. Francis did the task_ his brother. A. as good as B. as better as C. as well as D. as best as10.The size of the audience,_ we had expected, was well over twenty thousand.A. as B. what C. that D. whom11.I thought he hated the TV .You are right,_ he still watches the program.A. yet B. besides C. also D. then12. It looks _ its going to rain.A. that B. as C. as if D. like that13._ to New York, her father has not heard from her.A. Because she went B. After she wentC. When she went D. Since she went14._he daydreamed, Peter saw figures in the sky.A. Until B. Since C. While D. During15. We arrived at the station _ the train had left.A. after B. before C. since D. when16._ he was in poor health, he worked just as hard as everyone else.A. But B. Although C. Even if D. If17. Give me one more minute _ Ill have finished.A. so B. until C. and D. when18. The worker hunted for jobs in New York for months,_ he could not find any work.A. and B. yet C. or D. and but19. Hurry up, _ youll be late.A. or B. and C. so D. yet20. Do not make the same mistake _ I did.A. so B. as C. like D. that21. My sister is expecting me,_ I must be off now. A. however B. or C. so D. otherwise22. We should pay attention _ to industry _ to agriculture.A. either, or B. neither, nor C. not, but D. both, and23. He ran off_ I could stop him.A. before B. after C. since D. when24._ you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. A. Till B. Until C. After D. Since25. Where have you been _ you left home?A. before B. as C. since D. when 26._ the problem of method is solved, talking about the task is useless.A. UntilB. SinceC. AfterD. Unless27. We have produced 15% more cotton this year_ we did last year.A. as B. than C. like D. white28.It is late; _, Im too tired to go out.A. besides B. except C. except for D. except that29. Everything around us is _ solid .liquid _ gas.A. not . .but. B. either. .or.C. neither. .nor. D. whether. .or.30. He will come _ you ask him.A. whether B. unless C. if D. while31._ he will come or not is still unknown.A. If B. Where C. That D. Whether32.I don t know _ to stay at home or go out. A. whether B. if C. how D. where33. He spoke loudly _ the audience could hear him clearly.A. so B. that C. so that D. in order to34. The book is not easy._ its rather difficult.A. On the one hand B. On the contrary C. On the other hand D. On the other contrary35. You must work hard,_ you will not learn English well.A. if B. whether C. otherwise D. unless36. It rained heavily,_ the basketball match had to be put off.A. so that B. when C. otherwise D. therefore37. We must do _ the people want us to do.A. whatever B. however C. wherever D. whenever38. You are certainly right,_ others may say.A. what B. whatever C. that D. as39._ makes mistakes must correct them.A. Who B. What C. Whoever D. Whatever40.Ill discuss it with you _ you like to come. A. when B. where C. whoever D. whenever41._ you work, you must always serve the people heart and soul.A. Wherever B. Whenever C. Where D. When42._you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty. A. Once B. At once C. Only D. Only then43._ difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.A. No matter how B. No matter what C. No matter when D. No matter where44. We can surely overcome these difficulties _,_ we are closely united.A. so far as B. so long as C. as soon as D. as well as45._ I know he will stay here for half a year.A. as soon as B. as long as C. so far as D. as well as46. Please write me _ you arrive in New York.A. as well as B. so long as C. as far as D. as soon as47. That is not _ I want.A. that B. why C. what D. whose48. _ he did it remains a secret.A. What B. Whom C. Which D. How49. It is quite clear _ he wont see us.A. what B. that C. why D. how50. Would you tell me _ way I should take? A. what B. that C. which D. whose51. I am sure _ you said is true.A. what B. that C. which D. who52. The trouble is _ we can not find such an expert.A. why B. that C. where D. /53. It has not been decided _ they will leave.A. why B. when C. which D. what54. We shall go _ you are ready. A. while B. as soon as C. as D. since55. He will tell you about it _ you get there.A. while B. as C. when D. /56. Dont try to get off the bus _ it has stopped.A. while B. as C. since D. before57. Ill come and see you _ I go to the countryside.A. while B. when . C. as soon as D. before58. _ he came to study in the university, he has made much progress in the study of English.A. While B. When C. Since D. After59. Things have changed a lot _ I wrote to you last time.A. when B. since C. as D. before60. I cant use your pen, _ there is no ink in it.A. for B. when C. if D. whether 61. Id like to go swimming _ the water is not too cold.A. for B. unless C. if D. whether62. Difficulties are nothing _ we are not afraid of them.A. for B. as C. if D. whether63. The doctor will not perform the operation _ it is absolutely necessary.A. when B. if C. for D. unless64. Go back _ you came from. A. until B. where C. which D. when65. He lay _ the grass was the thickest. A. where B. when C. that D. after66. You will find friendly people _ you go in China.A. where B. and C. wherever D. so67. _ it was already dark, they went on working in the fields.A. If B. Whether C. But D. Though68. _ he has finished writing the novel is unknown. A. If B. Whether C. When D. While69. Well go and see the patient _we are busy. A. even if B. for C. if D. while70. The museum is _ far _ it will take us half an hour to get there by bus.A. such. that B. as.as C. so.that D. so as练习、连词1(全
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