自考英语二重点讲解复习资料

.自考英语二重点讲解复习资料自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解：1.organizational:a组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize:v组织；organization:n组织；organizer:n组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1).Lastweek,ourschool_aspringouting.2).Thetaskcallsforthehighest_skill.3).ChinahasjoinedWorldTrade_.4).Heisthe_ofthespeechcontest.Answers:organized,organizational,Organization,organizer2.objective:n目标；a客观的，反义词subjective:主观的3.predict:v预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction:n预言；predictable:a可预测的；predictor:n预言家4.simplify:v简化由此我们可以联想到：simple:a简单的；simply:ad简单地，仅仅地；simplification:n简化；simplified:a被简化的。Exercisesfortheabovewords:1).Themachineis_inoperationbutcomplexinstructure.2).ShakespearesRomeoandJulietintheoriginalisbeyondourcapacitywhile_editionisquiteeasy.3).Thereisnopointinarguingaboutit,becauseitis_aquestionofprocedure.4).The_ofworkingprocessfreedtheworkersfroheavylabor.Answers:simple;simplified;simply;simplification5.tendency:n趋势、倾向；tend:v倾向于，tendtodosthe.g.oldpeoplehavethetendencyofgettingfatter.Oroldpeopletendtogetfatter.6.managerial:a经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage:v管理、经营；management:n;manager:n经营者，管理者；manageable:a可管理的、可经营的。7.argue:v争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：arguwithsbabout/oversth由于某事而同某人争论；arguesbintodoingsth说服某人做某事；arguesboutofdoingsth说服某人不要做某事。e.g.1.Theyoungcouplealwaysarguewitheachotherovertheirchildseducation.2.Iarguedhimoutofgoingonsuchadangerousjourney.8.define:v给下定义；definition:n定义9.profitability:n赚钱，获利由此我们可以联想到：profit:n利润；profitable:a有利可图的,有好处的；profitless:a没有利润的。1).Hehasmadea_fromrunningasmallrestaurant.2).Thedealwas_toallofus.3).Theyvalued_differently,whichledtodisagreementastothecorrectnessofdecision.Answer:profit,profitable;profitability.10.correctness:n正确性；字根：correct:a正确的；v纠正，correction:n纠正；incorrect:a不正确的。11.unintended:a非计划中的，由此我们可以联想到：intend:v打算，计划；intention:n；intended:a计划中的课文难句讲解、分析1.Adecisionisachoicemadefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable.(p1)译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。分析：该句是主系表结构。madefromamongalternativecoursesofactionthatareavailable是过去分词短语做定语修饰achoice;其中thatareavailable是定语从句修饰coursesofaction.像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！2.Thereasonformakingadecisionisthataproblemexists,goalsorobjectivesarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.(p1)译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。分析：该句又是主系表结构。That引导三个并列的表语从句，aproblemexists，goalsorobjectivesarewrong；somethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem。短语：makeadecision:做出决策；standintheway:阻挡、防碍3.Oftenmanagersmustmakeabestguessatwhatthefuturewillbeandtrytoleaveaslittleaspossibletochance,butsinceuncertaintyisalwaysthere,riskaccompaniesdecisions.(p2)译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。whatthefuturewillbe是at的宾语；aslittleaspossible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.4.Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecisiontobemade.(p3)译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：tobemade。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。比如：Thelastquestiontobediscussedtodayishowtodividetheworkamongourselves.5.Formanagers,everydecisionhasconstraintsbasedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike.(p3)译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。分析：这句话的考点是basedonpolicies,procedures,laws,precedents,andthelike。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：baseon以为基础。如：ThefilmisbasedonsshortstorybyJackLondon.6.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.(p4)译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。分析：该句主语thetendencytosimplify，谓语blinds;them是宾语。tosimplify是定语，修饰thetendency；tootheralternatives是宾补。其中短语：blindsbtosth:使看不见；weshouldntletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.7.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.(p6line4-6)译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中howtoattainthegoals做介词about的宾语，whomakesthedecision做介词on的宾语。8.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(p7line2-4)译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。分析：请注意比较级moreimportantthan，词组：varyfrompersontoperson译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异varyfromseasontoseason.9.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(p7line5-7)译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when+过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：bepresentedwith=befacedwith当面对Whenfacedwithdifficulties,weshouldbebrave.10.Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.(p9)译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume:=imagine;isolated:adj孤立的。phenomenon:n现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena6.Butthetendencytosimplifyblindsthemtootheralternatives.(p4)译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。分析：该句主语thetendencytosimplify，谓语blinds;them是宾语。tosimplify是定语，修饰thetendency；tootheralternatives是宾补。其中短语：blindsbtosth:使看不见；weshouldntletourprejudicesblindustothefacts.7.Becauseindividuals(andorganizations)frequentlyhavedifferentideasabouthowtoattainthegoals,thebestchoicemaydependonwhomakesthedecision.(p6line4-6)译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中howtoattainthegoals做介词about的宾语，whomakesthedecision做介词on的宾语。8.Someoftheseobjectivesaremoreimportantthanothers,buttheorderanddegreeofimportanceoftenvaryfrompersontopersonandfromdepartmenttodepartment.(p7line2-4)译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。分析：请注意比较级moreimportantthan，词组：varyfrompersontoperson译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异varyfromseasontoseason.9.Whenpresentedwithacommoncase,salesmanagerstendtoseesalesproblems,productionmanagersseeproductionproblems,andsoon.(p7line5-7)译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when+过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：bepresentedwith=befacedwith当面对Whenfacedwithdifficulties,weshouldbebrave.10.Peopleoftenassumethatadecisionisanisolatedphenomenon.(p9)译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume:=imagine;isolated:adj孤立的。phenomenon:n现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena自考英语二复习资料第二章重点单词、词组详讲1.interview:n/v采访、面试；interviewer:n采访者；interviewee:n被采访者e.g.1.WhosthemostfamouspersonyouveeverinterviewedonTV2.InaTVinterviewlastnight,shedeniedshehadanyintentionofresigning.2.criticism:n批评，评论；criticize:v批评；critical:a批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic:n评论家,请填填看。1Heisaliterary_.2Weareata_timeinourhistory.3Hecanttake_.4Theboywas_byhisfatherforbeinglateforschool.Answers:critic,critical,criticism,criticized3.indifference:n冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent:a冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic:热情的cf:different:a不同的，名词：difference;反义词：same.4.inefficiency:n无效，由此联想得到：efficient:a高效率的；efficiency:ninefficient:a低效率的5.conservative:a保守的、保存的；conserve:v保存；conservation:n6.applytosbforsth:向某人申请某物e.g.Thestudentappliedtotheembassyforavisa.7.takethetroubletodosth:不辞劳苦、费力地做某事e.g.IfyoutookthetroubletolistentowhatIwassaying,youdknowwhatIwastalkingabout.8.putoneselfinsomebodysplace:设身处地Ifyouputyourselfinyourmothersplace,youwillunderstandwhysheissoworriedaboutyou.9.inhand:手头上有，进行中Ivegotenoughmoneyinhandtobuyanewcar.10.turndown:调小，降低，拒绝TurndowntheTV,forthebabyissleeping.Heturneddownthejobbecausethepayisntgoodenough.课文难句分析1.Thekeywordsherearepreparationandconfidence,whichwillcarryyoufar.（p2）译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。分析：whichwillcarryyoufar非限定性定语从句，修饰preparationandconfidence。另外请注意：key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence:n信心。Confident:a有信心的；self-confidence:自信心。2.Findoutallyoucanaboutthejobyouareapplyingforandtheoriginationyouhopetoworkfor.(p4)译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。分析：youareapplyingfor定语，修饰thejob;youhopetoworkfor定语修饰theorigination。词组：applytosbforsth向某人申请什么。3.Itshowsanunattractiveindifferencetoyouremployerandtoyourjob.(p6)译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。分析：it主语；shows谓语；anunattractiveindifference宾语；toyouremployerandtoyourjob间接宾语。Showsthtosb=showsbsth.另外，请注意：indifference:冷漠，漠视。4.Hewantssomebodywhoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob.(p7)分析：whoishard-workingwithapleasantpersonalityandarealinterestinthejob全部都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表示带有。；haveinterestinsth对有兴趣。5.Anythingthatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployercanbeusedtoyouradvantageduringtheinterviewtoshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor.(p8)译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anythingcanbeusedtoyouradvantage.thatyoufindoutabouttheprospectiveemployer是定语从句；duringtheinterview状语；toshowthatyouhavebotheredtomastersomefactsaboutthepeoplewhoyouhopetoworkfor是目的状语；whoyouhopetoworkfor是另外一个定语从句修饰thepeople.词组：toyouradvantage:对你有利；workforsb为某人工作。6.Donotbeafraidtoaskforclarificationofsomethingthathasbeensaidduringtheinterviewifyouwanttobesurewhatwasimplied,butdobepolite.(p10)译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。分析：基本句型：notbeafraidtodosth;不要害怕去做某事；askforclarification要求澄清；thathasbeensaidduringtheinterview定语，修饰something;whatwasimplied宾语；dobepolite:其中do为了强调，如：dobecareful!Idoloveyou!Hedoeslietous!7.Havetheletterinvitingyouforaninterviewreadytoshowincasethereisanydifficultyincommunication.(p16)译：拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。分析：这是一个祈使句。Have动词，拿着；theletter宾语；invitingyouforaninterview现在分词做定语；readytoshow状语；incasethereisanydifficultyincommunication条件状语从句；词组：thereissomedifficultyinsth/doingsth在方面有困难。如：WehavesomedifficultyspeakingEnglishfluently.8.Thereislittlelikelihoodthatapaneloffivewantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn.(p20)译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。分析：这句话的重点在于thatapaneloffiveantstogothroughtheprocessofallshakinghandswithyouinturn是一个同位语从句，是对littlelikelihood的解释。其中：likelihood:n可能性，相当于possibility;gothrough经历；inturn:轮流。9.Wouldyoumindrephrasingthequestion,please(p23)译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗.分析：考点minddoingsth.如：WouldyoumindturningdowntheTV语法：介绍as的相关用法as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如：asif,asthough,aslongas,asto,asfor,soasto,etc.请看下列例句,并请分析出as的具体用法。1.IworkasanEnglishteacherinamiddleschool.2.Runasfastasyoucan.3.Youngasheis,heknowsmorethanI.4.JustasIwasleaving,thetelephonerang.5.PleasedoasIhavetoldyou.6.AsIamtheoldestchildinmyfamily,Imusttakecareoftheotherchildren.7.Suchpeopleasyouhavedescribedarerarenow|自考英语二复习资料第三章1.astronomer:n天文学家；astronomy:n天文学2.explode:v爆炸,由此联想：explosive:a爆炸性的/n炸药；explosion:n爆炸1).Whenthebomb_,manypeoplewereseriouslywounded.2).Theunexpected_frightenedthelittlegirl.3).Itmightbepossibletoconvert_energyintoheat.Answers:exploded,explosion,explosive3.density:n密度；联想产生：dense:a密度大的，反义词：sparse;densely:ad高密度地；densely-populated人口稠密的；sparsely-populated人口稀疏的1).The_fogkeptthetravelersfromfindingthecorrectdirection.2).Thebusinessareaofthecityis_populated.3).Thisliquidhasamuchgreater_thanwater.Answers:dense,densely,density4.shrink:v收缩、退缩、缩水1).Asaresultofcarelesswashing,thejackethasshrunktoachildssize.2).Thegirlshrinksatthesightofblood.5.measurement:n衡量、测量；由此联想：measure:n措施/v衡量、测量；measurable:a可衡量的，可测量的1).Wemusttake_toprotectourenvironment.2).Wehavecomewithin_distanceofsuccess.3).Clocksgiveusa_oftime.4).Theretherainfallis_notininchesbutinfeet.Answers:measures,measurable,measurement,measured6.implication:n含义、暗示；imply:v暗示7.basis:n基础、根据，由此可以联想得到：base:n底部；v以为底，为根据；basic:a基础的，根本的；basically:ad根本上来说,1).IfyouwanttoimproveyourEnglish,youmusthaveasolid_.2).Thefurnitureofoutdormisreally_:twobeds,twochairsandtables.3).Thechargesarefalsefortheyarenot_onprovenfacts.4).Sincenobetterplancanbeworkedout,wehavetoadoptthe_workableone.Answers:basis,basic,based,basically8.observatory:n天文台；由此可以联想得到：observe:v观察；observation:n观察；observer:n观察家9.convincing:a有说服力的，使人信服的；convince:v使人信服；convinced:a感到有说服力的，常见搭配：convincesbofsth;convincesbthat1).Hegaveusaconvincingspeech.2).Heconvincedmefhissincerity.10.operate:v运转、操作、动手术；operation:n手术，操作；operator:操作者11.researchinto对进行研究SheisresearchingintopossiblecuresforAIDS.12.swallowup:吞没、耗尽Manysmallbusinesseshavebeenswallowedupbylargecompanies.13.applytosb/sth：适用于某人/某事，请对比：applytosbforsth向某人申请某事；applyAtoB将A应用于B1).Youshouldapplywhatyouhavelearnedtoyourwork.2).Iappliedtohimforanewjob.3).ThestudymethoddoesntapplytoeveryoneAnalyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext1.Well,itsdifficulttoanswerthisquestion,sincethetermswewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenonareinadequatehere.(p1)译：哦，这个问题很难回答，因为我们通常用来描述一种科学现象的现有术语在这里不够用。句子分析：it是形式主语，toanswerthisquestion是句子主语；since引导原因状语从句，wewouldnormallyusetodescribeascientificphenomenon是定语从句，修饰terms;inadequate:不充分的，不合格的。2.Astronomersandscientiststhinkthatablackholeisaregionofspacenotathingintowhichmatterhasfallenandfromwhichnothingcanescape-notevenlight.(p1)译：天文学家和科学家认为黑洞是一个空间区域，而不是一个物体，物质会掉进黑洞而没有物体可以从中逃脱出来，即使是光也不行。句子分析：intowhich和fromwhich引导两个定语从句，介词：into和fall搭配；from和escape搭配。这种介词+which的定语从句的形式请多注意。3.Thetheoryisthatsomestarsexplodewhentheirdensityincreasestoaparticularpoint.(p2)译：（关于黑洞形成的）理论就是一些星球的密度增长到某个特定的点就会爆炸。句子分析：这是一个主系表结构句。that用来引导表语从句，不可省略。其中又包含一个when引导的时间状语从句。toaparticularpoint是达到某一个特定的点的含义。4.Butifthestarisverylarge(muchbiggerthanoursun)thisprocessofshrinkingmaybesointensethatablackholeresults.(p2)译：但如果星球很大（比我们的太阳还要大得多），其收缩过程可能很剧烈，以致于产生了黑洞。句子分析：这是一个if引导的条件状语从句，sothat表示如此以致，是结果状语从句。如：ImsotiredthatIcanevensleeponmywayhome.5.Imaginetheearthreducedtothesizeofamarble,butstillhavingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull,andyouhavesomeideaoftheforceofablackhole.(p2)译：假想一下地球收缩到弹球儿那么大，但仍具有同样的质量和更强的吸引力，你就会对黑洞的力量又某种概念。句子分析：该句的主要结构为imagine.andyou事实上相当于ifyouimagine,youwillhavesomeidea.这种句子结构在历年的考试中曾出现过。请记住：祈使句+and+陈述句=if引导的条件状语从句。如：Hurryupandyoucancatchthelasttrain!另外，该句还有两个定语成分reducedtothesizeofamarble和havingthesamemassandastrongergravitationalpull用来修饰theearth.前者为过去分词，而后者为现在分词。词组：havesomeideaofsth对有所了解6.Itisonlyrecentlythatastronomershavebegunspecificresearchintoblackholes.(p3line13-14)译：只是近来科学家才开始对黑洞进行具体的研究。句子分析：本句的核心结构为itisthat的强调句型，强调时间状语onlyrecently。词组：researchintosth对进行研究。7.Themostconvincingevidenceofblackholescomesfromresearchintobinarystarsystems.(p4)译：有关黑洞最有说服力的证据来自对双星体系的研究。句子分析：该句主语evidence，谓语comesfrom；宾语researchintobinarystarsystems。Themostconvincing是定语，修饰evidence.其中请注意convincing:令人信服的，通常修饰物的形容词多以-ing结尾；而修饰人的多以-ed结尾。如：Ifeelexcitedafterhearingthesurprisingnews.8.Matterfromtheonewhichwecanseeisbeingpulledtowardsthecompanionstar.(p4)译：我们所看到的星球的物质正在被吸引到伴星去。句子分析：主语matter;谓语isbeingpulled，这是一个进行被动语态；towardsthecompanionstar介词宾语；fromtheonewhichwecansee定语。9.Ontheotherhand,scientistshavesuggestedthatveryadvancedtechnologycouldonedaymakeuseoftheenergyofblackholesformankind.(p5line4-6)译：另一方面，科学家也提出有一天高科技会利用黑洞的力量为人类服务。句子分析：请注意在本句中suggest不是建议的含义，是指出、指明的意思。advanced高级的、先进的；makeuseofsth利用，该词组可以拓展成：makegooduseof好好加以利用；makefulluseof充分加以利用。10.Theyshowusaworldwhichoperatesinatotallydifferentwayfromourownand question our most basic experience of apace and time.(p5) 译：他们展示给我们一个不同于我们自己的世界运行方式的世界，并对我们最基本的时空经验提出了质疑。句子分析：这个句子复杂在于：从which引导的很长的定语从句，特别注意;operate：v 操作；in a way以某种方式；be different from同不同；question: v 质疑，询问。自考英语二复习资料第四章Learnnewwordsandphrases1.resolve:v旋转，常见搭配关系为：resolvearoundsb/sth围绕转。Shespendsallofhertimeresolvingaroundherfamily.Theearthresolvesaroundthesun.2.solar:a太阳的，日光的solarenergy太阳能；solarsystem太阳系；solarmonth阳历月3.concerned:a有关的、担心的Herjobissomethingconcernedwithcomputer.Heisconcernedabouttheresultoftheexam.4.colored:a有色的，对比；colorful:a丰富多彩的Ilikeorange-coloredcoat.Everybodylikescolorfullife.5.religion:n，religious:a虔诚的；请对比：region:n地区；regional:a地区的6.circumstance:n情况、境遇；Undernocircumstancescanwewastetime.7.agreatmany=anumberof=many很多，修饰复数名词。而agreatdealof+u.nAgreatmanystudentsareabsenttoday.Ihavewastedagreatdealoftime.8.aboveall:首先、首要Afterthewar,helongedabovealltoseehiswifeandfamily.9.asarule:通常、一般而言Asarule,Ionlywatchsportsnews.Analyzetheimportantsentencesamongthetext:1.Firstofall,letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolvingaroundthesun.(p1)译：首先，让我们把地球看作是围绕太阳运行的一颗行星。句子分析：firstofall首先，词组：considersthassth把当作，与之类似的词组还有：lookupsthassth;reviewsthassth;treatsthassth;revolvingaroundthesun是现在分词短语作定语修饰aplanet。2.Thesenineplanets,togetherwiththesun,makeupwhatiscalledoursolarsystem.(p1)译：这九大行星和太阳一起构成我们所说的太阳系。句子分析：该句主语为：Thesenineplanets；谓语是makeup；whatiscalledoursolarsystem是宾语；togetherwiththesun是状语，而并非句子主语。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar-主谓一致。3.Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracyislargelyamystery(p1)译：这个奇妙的星系是怎样起源的.什么使它保持极其精确的运转，很大程度上现在还是一个谜。句子分析：这也是一个主语很复杂的句子：Howthiswonderfulsystemstartedandwhatkeptitworkingwithsuchwonderfulaccuracy是主语，它是一个主语从句。关于该语法内容请见本讲后面的grammar-主谓一致。4.Thetotalwaterareaisaboutthreetimesaslargeasthelandarea.(p4)译：水域的总面积大约是陆地面积的三倍大。句子分析：该句的核心句型是A+be+倍数+as+adj+as+B.e.g.TheAtlanticOceanisonlyhalfasbigasthePacificOcean.5.Thesecurrentsareimportantbecausetheyaffectedtheclimateofthelandareasclosetowheretheyflowandalsobecausetheycarrylargequantitiesofmicroscopeanimalandvegetablelifewhichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes.(p5)译：这些海洋之所以重要是因为他们影响着所流经区域的附近陆地的气候，也是因为它们携带大量的微生物，植物，而这些构成鱼类食品的一大部分。句子分析：这是一个由because引导的主从复合句，其中closetowheretheyflow是定语，修饰thelandareas；词组：largequantitiesof+c.n/u.n;whichformsalargepartofthefoodforfishes是定语从句修饰animalandvegetablelife。其中life是指生命，不可数名词。6.Thecircumstancesunderwhichdifferentpeoplelivemakeadifferencebetweenthewayinwhichtheyliveandthewayinwhichwelive,anditoughttobeourbusinesstotrytounderstandthosedifferentcircumstancessothatwecanbetterunderstandpeopleofotherlands.(p8)译：不同民族的生活环境造就了他们和我们极为不同的生活方式，我们应该做的是去了解他们不同的生活环境以便可以更好理解其他地区的人们。句子分析：该句中的underwhich和inwhich又是介词+which的定语从句用法，修饰Thecircumstances和theway；sothat引导的时目的状语从句。其中：makeadiference;使不同，产生差异；business是指责任；7.Aboveall,weshouldavoiddecidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselveswithoutfirsthavinglearnedagreatdealaboutthemandthekindoflivestheyhavetolive.译：其中很重要的实在没有对于与我们不同的人们和他们必须过的那种生活有大量的了解之前，我们应该避免对他们有先入为主的看法。句子分析：Aboveall是状语，意思是最重要的，首先；we主语；shouldavoid谓语；decidingwhatwethinkaboutpeopledifferentfromourselves宾语；withoutfirst状语。differentfromourselves是定语，修饰people;havinglearned动名词的完成时态，表示这个动作早于deciding发生。重要词组：aboveall;avoiddoing;agreatdeal8.Itistruetosaythatthemorewelearnaboutotherpeople,thebetterweunder theirideasandasarule,thebetterwelikethosepeoplethemselves.译：确实我们了解其他人越多，我们就越能理解他们的观点，通常我们就更喜欢那些人。句子分析：该句的主要结构为：themorethemorethebetter意思：越就越；如：Thelongeryoukeepthiswine,thebetterittastes.ThebusierIam,thehappierIam.Grammar主谓一致主谓一致是指句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上须保持一致。我们一般遵从三个原则：1、语法一致的原则：是指主语为单数或复数时，其谓语动词要与其相呼应。2、意义一致的原则：指谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的概念，而不取决于表面的语法标志，主要表现为某些集体名词后可跟动词单数或复数。如果这些集体名词指整体概念时，谓语动词用单数；指具体成员时用复数。3、就近原则：是指谓语动词单复数取决于离它最近的词语，而无须考虑其他的词。主谓一致的热点1由manya或morethan+单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。ManyaforeignerhasbeentotheGreatWall.Morethanonestudenthasvisitedtheexhibition.2“的几分之几”和“的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于of后的名词。Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthissea.40percentofthestudentsinourclassaregirls.3“anumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“thenumberof+名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。Anumberofpupilslikereadingpicture-books.Thenumberofthestudentsinourclassis55.4并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前没有冠词。ThesecretaryofthePartybranchanddirectorofthatfactoryoftenworkswiththeworkers.5成对的名词，如breadandbutter涂黄油的面包，sodaandwater汽水，coffeeandmilk加牛奶的咖啡，aimandend目的，saltandwater盐开水等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。Aknifeandforkisonthetable.6由and连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each,every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。Nostudentandnoteacherisinvitedtotheparty.Inourcountryeveryboyandeverygirlhasrighttoreceiveeducation.7主语是单数，其后跟有togetherwith,alongwith(与一道)，aswellas(和；也)，nolessthan(和一样)，ratherthan(而不)，以及with,not,like,but,except,besides,including等引起的短语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。HeaswellashissisterisaLeaguemember.8在定语从句中主语是关系代词who,that,which,谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致。I,whoamyourteacher,willteachyoueverythingIknow.9主语是一些只有复数形式的名词，如clothes,trousers,glasses,compasses,scissors,shoes,socks,gloves等时，谓语用复数。但这类表示成双的东西的名词前有apairof修饰时，谓语用单数。Mytrousersarebeingwashednow.Thereisapairofshoesinthebox.10表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。Tendollarsisnotenough.Threemonthshaspassedsinceheleft.11主语是以-ics结尾的学科名词以及news,works(工厂)等都属形式复数，而意义单数的名词，其谓语用单数形式。另外means一词单复数同形应视具体情况而定。Mathematicsseemstobedifficulttolearn.Anewmeansofteachingisbeingusedinthatschool.12主语是用作书名、剧名、报纸名、国名等的复数名词，谓