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第一章 英语国家概括第一节英国概括I地理有四个音6分组成 great Britain England, Wales, Scotland and northern Irelandn地理特征最短的海峡 strait of Dover多佛海峡1 England the pennies英格兰 最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone : the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands , 首都 是Edinburgh , river Clyde克莱德河是最重要的河流，3 Wales Cardiff最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖 Lough Neagh5 Rivers and lakes最长的是 Severn river赛文河，第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，Thames river，典型的海洋性气候maritime climate出人口 60million ,英国人是 Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人 hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people,北爱尔兰 的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethicgroups伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区IV History :1 first settlers are Lberians伊利比亚人2 1066Norman conquer 1215 大宪章13371453英法百年战争1381农民 起义1458玫瑰战争，1350-1650Renaissance1642-1646first civil war ，1658the restoration 王朝复辟1688the glorious revolutionV 教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习VI ReligionEstablished churches 分为 the Church of England official church ,英国君主必须是这个 教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定 and the Church of Scotland Presbyterian,长老教会Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会，the free churches 自 由教，the roman catholic church 天主教vn 主要节日Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节主要的天主教节日whit Sunday圣灵降临节，复活节后的第7个周日Gay Fawkes day 盖伊福克斯之夜，11月5日，燃放烟火的节日皿 sports ,足球是最受欢迎的职业足球从August到May,最典型的英国运动是cricket, 板球网球 annual Wimbledon fortnightIX Arts 博物馆the British museum, the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national galleryMusic(甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the mostfamous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaX media (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报 )the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)XI Politicalconstitutional monarchy ,没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament the house of lord and the house of commons , 任期为五年political party : labor party(Whigs 辉格党)and conservative party Tories 托禾U党 第二节美国概括I yellow National park大平原地带, 大峡谷the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着 Inuits , also called Eskimos)Hawaii Mauna Loa , 莫纳罗亚山， the worlds largest active volcano , 盛产 sugar cane and pineapple,首府是 Honolulu m地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ,2 the Mississippi river greatest continental rivers , American Ruhr ，Ohio river俄亥 俄河3 the great lakes ： lake Michigan 唯一一个在美国境内，lake superior世界上最大的 淡水湖，the lake Huron休伦湖lake Erie伊禾U湖and lake Ontario 安大概 湖IV history1620, 201 pilgrim , mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, 英国成认其独立，签署停火协议 ，1789 established federal government , 1812和 英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要1861-1865civil war,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到 20 世纪初)，1949north Atlantic treaty，1950s civil rights movement 1950-1975the Vietnam war，1972 Watergate scandal1972 (访华)，1979中美建交V American political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，1789讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进展修改。政党(democratic and republican party)VI economy :federal reserve system(coin money ),wheat is American s most important food crop, cotton is a leading commercial crop in south , greatest user and producer of tobacco , second export of rice after ThailandW education :6-16W festival; Christmas (December 25),martin Luther kings day(the third Monday in January ),Lincoln s day (February 12) George Washington s birthday( the third Monday in February ),Easter Sunday( a Sunday between march 22 and April 25 )independence day (July 4) , Halloween( October 31),thanksgiving day (the fourth Thursday in November)IX重要城市1 New York largest city , big apple , five boroughs : Manhattan, Brooklyn , queens, the Bronx and the Staten island2 Boston largest and vibrant city in new England , with the greatest concentration of colleges and universities3 Los Angeles the pacific coasts largest and busiest commercial city with the second largest population , Hollywood4 New Oreleans is the second busiest port in the united states after New York ,5 Chicago has the worlds best collection of modern architecture , sears Tower6 San Francisco crazy city , the worlds largest gay communities7 Atlanta 1996 Olympic games , the home of martin Luther king , the headquarters of CNN and coca-cola8 Salk lake city salty water, so many Mormons ,摩门教徒 第三节 加拿大概况1931，正式独立1 60% 的人口 集中在 Quebec city and the western end of lake Ontario , both French andEnglish is the official language 。2 两条主要的河流是：Mackenzie longest and ST. Lawrence most important river Capital is Ottawa in Ontario , Quebec is the largest province , Vancouver is British Columbia s largest city, and also is the largest cargo port3 Quebec has the western hemispheres largest deposits of asbestos石棉，Canada has become the largest exporter of fish , the oldest university is Laval university 拉瓦勒大学 the largest is the university of Toronto多伦多大学第四节澳大利亚1 Divided into three regionthe great western plateau, 西部高原，the eastern highlands 东部高地the great barrier reef 大堡礁， Murray river as the longest riverthe central eastern lowlands 中东音M氐地2 kangaroos and emus the largest native desert animal3 Anzac day 澳新军团， April 25is the most important holiday o4 worlds largest exporter of wool , coal5 political : Parliament the lower house and upper housepartythe Australia labor party , the liberal party of Australia6 media： the age 世纪报the Australia financial review金融评论报第五节 the others1(New Zealand)1 Wellington as the capital , Auckland as the largest city, kiwi as the symbol , Lake taupe as the largest lake, Clutha the longest in S , Waikato 库鲁萨河 and Wanganui 旺格努伊河 river in N2 largest exporter of lamb and mutton and dairy products第二章英美文学第一节英国文学I中古英国文学449 -10661 general introduction : 8 世名己Anglo-Saxon prose Venerable Bede and Alfred the great, 15 世名己English ballads, Thomas Malory2 important literary terms : old English language spoken by Anglo-Saxon , Romance3 important writers and literary works :1 Beowulf oldest poem and most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature 2 Religious poets : Caedmonfirst known religious poet of England, the father of English songCynewulfthe Christ as most characteristic 3 Prose writers: venerable Bede and Alfred the great4 The romance ： sir Gawain and the green knightThe age of Chaucer： 14 century called age of Chaucer , Chaucerthe father of English poetry and English fiction , the Canterbury tales and Langland朗兰were the most important writers in that ageThomas Malory Morte d Arthur,亚瑟王之死n文艺复兴时期文学1 general introduction ,起源于意大利，维多利亚时代开展最快，代表是戏剧，lyrical poetry ,这个时代的英国被称为a nest of singing birds2 important terms : Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体euphuism夸饰文体3 important writers and literary works :1 English poets ：Thomas Wyatt怀亚特 most interesting poet of the first half of 16 世纪，第一个将 sonnet 带进英国文学Henry Howardsir Philip Sidney飞利浦西德尼爵士Edmund spenser埃蒙德斯宾塞，the poets poet, faerie Queen,仙后2 English prose:Thomas more 托马斯莫尔，Utopia乌托邦John lyly约翰黎里，give rise to the term “euphuism”Francis bacon弗朗西斯培根， the trumpeter of a new age, first essayist, most famous essay as of studies of love and of beauty3 English drama; Christopher Marlowe克里斯弗洛马洛，莎士比亚前最伟大的戏剧家，代表作有，the tragic history of doctor Faustus ,浮土德博士的悲剧，第一个在 戏剧中运用blank verse4 William Shakespeare(one of the founders of realism)除了著名的有： as you like it皆大欢喜，the twelfth night第十二夜，4 Ben Johnson : most famous dramatist,代表作是Volpone狐狸m 17世纪文学1 John Donne 约翰多恩： the founder of the metaphysical school,【a valedictorian : forbidding mourning 临别辞：莫悲伤】2 George Herbert: saint of metaphysical school3 John Milton : greatest writer of 17 century【paradise lost【paradise regained Samson Agonistes力士参孙】4 John Bunyan 约翰班杨【the pilgrims progress 天路历程】5 John Dryden 约翰德莱顿：greatest poet between Milton and Pope, established the heroic couplet, 英雄史诗式两行诗IV18 世纪文学主流是 realism , neo-classicism 获得了加速开展，enlightenment1 Neo-classicism :重要作家Alexander Pope 蒲柏:representative writer of neo-classicism , 18 世纪早期被称为ageof pope 【an essay on criticism 论批评】 【the rape of the lock 夺发 记】essay on man 论人类】Richard steele and Joseph Addison：【the tattler 闲谈者报】【the spectator 旁观者报】Samuel Johnson：著书最多，死后葬在威斯敏特大教堂，著名的有【the dictionary of Englishlanguage 英语字典】 【the lives of English poets 诗人传】2 English novelists有两股学派：realist novelist and sentimentalist 1 Realist novelistDaniel defoe : 丹尼尔笛福， father of English and European novels Robinson Crusoe Jonathan Swift : born in Dublin ,【a modest proposal 一个小小的建议】【GulliverstravelHenry fielding 亨禾U菲尔丁； greatest novelist in 18 century 【the history of Tom Jones , a foundling Tobias George Smollett托利比亚 斯魔莱特 乔治2 SentimentalistSamuel RichardsonLawrence Sterne : 劳伦斯 斯特恩，life and opinions of Tristram Shandy 项狄传】Oliver goldsmith 奥利弗戈德斯密斯【the deserted village 荒村】【the vicar of Wakefield 威 克菲尔德的牧师】3 poetry of the pre-romanticism and sentimentalismJames Thomson苏格兰诗人，seasorl前浪漫主义第一首知名的诗歌Edward YoungWilliam Collins 【ode to evening 晚颂】Thomas Gray elegy written in a country churchyard 墓园挽歌】William Blake 【songs of innocence 其中最著名的是 the lamb songs of experience 其 中著名的有 tiger, London , the chimney-sweeper扫烟囱的孩子】Robert Burns ; the greatest songwriter in the world 【a red, red rose 红红的玫瑰】 【auld Lang sweeper旧日美妙光阴】4 English drama in 18 centuryJohn Gay 【the beggars opera乞丐歌剧，继承了现实主义在歌剧写作中Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯里谢丽丹【the rivals情敌】【the school for scandal造谣学校】V浪漫主义文学1 抒情歌谣集的出版标志着浪漫主义的出现，同时女小说家也开始出现，最知名的历史小说家是 Walter Scott, lamb is the best essayist in this age。2 第一代浪漫主义诗人：William Wordsworth :桂冠诗人，第一代浪漫诗人的代表，他在lyrical ballads中知名的有lines composed a few miles above Tintern abbey 丁灯寺旁】 lines in early spring 早春】【I wondered lonely as a cloud 我似流云天自流】 【the solitary reaper孤独的割麦女】【最著名的长诗是the prelude序曲】Samuel Taylor Coleridge :【the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏】 Kubla khan 忽必 烈汗】【Christabel克里斯特贝尔】3 第二代浪漫诗人：George Gordon Byron ;收到英国工人的喜欢，【she walks in beauty 她走在美的光影中】when we two parted昔日依依别】【Hebrew melodies希伯来歌曲】【chide Harolds pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗尔德游记】【Don Juan唐璜代表作】Percy Bysshe Shelley ;【Prometheus;s unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯】【ode to the westwind西风颂】【to a skylark云雀颂】John Keats： 死的时候只有 26 岁【ode to a nightingale 夜莺颂】【ode on a Grecian urn 希 腊古翁颂】【ode to autumn秋颂】名言是beauty is truth , truth is beauty”4 浪漫主义时期的 prose代表人物是 Charles lambCharles lamb ;被认为是英国最好的通俗essayist,作品幽默特点突出【 tales fromShakespeare莎士比亚故事集】【old china古旧的瓷器】William Hazlitt;【the character of Shakespeares play 莎士比亚戏剧中的人物】【lectures on thedramatic literature of the age of Queen Elizabeth 伊丽莎白时期的戏剧】 lectures on English poets 英国诗人】 essays 有 【my first acquaintance with poets我和诗人的第一次接触】【on going a journey论出游】5 浪漫主义时期的fictionWalter Scott;他的写作生涯标志着小说从浪漫主义到现实主义的过渡 Waverley威弗 禾IJ】在苏格兰最知名的是【 Rob Roy罗布罗伊】，在英格兰知名的是 【Ivanhoe艾凡赫】Jane Austen pride and prejudice sense and sensibility 理智与情感】 【Emma 爱玛】VI 维多利亚时期的文学1出现了一个新的流派一critical realism批判现实主义，这个时期最好的小说家是Charles dickens ,重要的诗人有 Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning , and his wife Elizabeth Barrett Browning , 重要的 prose writers 有 Thomas Carlyle and Matthew Arnold 。2批判主义小说家Charles dickens： Pickwick papers 匹克威客外传】【Oliver twist 雾都孤儿】【the oldcuriosity shop老古玩店】【Dombey and son董贝父子】【DavidCopperfield大卫科波菲尔】great expectations远大前程】【a tale of two city双城记】William Makepeace Thackeray :威廉梅克匹斯萨克雷【vanity fair名利场】The Bronte sisters: Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre 简爱】Emily Bronte Wuthering heights 吼叫山庄】Anne Bronte Agnes Grey艾格尼丝格雷】Mrs. Gaskell ; life of Charles dickens 代表作【Mary Barton George Eliot:Adam Bede亚当比德】【the mill on the floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊】Silas Marner织工马南】Thomas hardy :【德伯家的苔丝】【Jude the obscure无名的裘德】【the return of native还乡】far from the madding crowd 远离尘嚣】【the mayor of Casterbridge卡特桥市长】Samuel Butler the way of all fresh 众生之路】3 维多利亚时代的诗歌Alfred Tennyson: poet laureate ,这个时期最伟大的诗人【the princess【Maud莫德】短诗【break! break! break!拍案曲】Robert Browning : men and women男男女女】【my last Duches我的前公爵夫人】【meeting at night夜间相会】4维多利亚时代的散文家Thomas Carlyle 【the French revolution John Ruskin modern painters 近代画家】 【the seven lamps of architecture 建筑的七 盏明灯】【unto this last给那后来的】【sesame and lilies芝麻与百合】Matthew Arnold :Dover beach5 working class literature in 19 centuryErnest Jones伟大的宪章派诗人 chartist poets William Morris : first socialist writer6 19世纪末的文学潮流Naturalism ： Emile Zola法国作家 George Gissing代表人物New-Romanticism : Stevenson苏格兰作家Aestheticism :Decadence：颓废派文艺，口号是 art for arts sake重要作家有：Oscar wild ,唯美主义代表者，the picture of Dorian grey 多利安格雷的肖像】 happy Prince快乐王子】 vn现代时期英国文学1 short lyrics became popular,著名的有 James joyce注重挖掘人内心的感情2 重要作家：John Galsworthy ： 1932年诺贝尔奖的获得者，代表作是【the Forsyte saga福特赛家史】，包 括3部小说和 2部interlude :【the man of property有财产的人，这部作 品标志着作者现实主义作品的顶点】【the Indian summer of a forsyte ,interlude【in chancery 骑虎难下】awakening, interlude【to let 出让】 Bernard Shaw ： man and superman 人与超人】 mayor Barbara 芭芭拉少校】 pygmalion茶花女，又名皮革马丽翁】William Butler Yeats : 1923年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，爱尔兰人【sailing to Byzantine 驶向拜占庭】【the second coming基督再临】【leda and the sun丽达及天鹅】T.S Eliot 【the waste land four quartets 四重四重奏】David Herbert Lawrence lady Chatterley s lover 查特来夫人的情人】【the rainbow 虹】sons and lovers儿子与情人】【women in love恋爱中的女人】James Joyce：詹姆斯乔伊斯，爱尔兰作家，【a portrait of artist as a young man 一个年轻艺术家的肖像】【Ulysses尤利西斯】【Finnegans wake芬尼根守灵 夜】【Dubliners都柏林人】，同时他也是founder of stream ofconsciousnessesVirginia Woolf女作家：【Mrs Dalloway 黛洛维夫人】【to the lighthouse到灯塔去】【thewaves 波浪】 【a room of ones own自己的房间】 three guineas 三个 基尼】Robert Tressell罗波特屈赛尔：【the ragged trousered philanthropists穿着破裤子的慈善家】 William Golding :【the lord of the flies 蝇王】John James Osborne： 奥斯本，【look back in anger 愤怒的回忆】Samuel bechett：waiting of Godot 等待戈多】第二节美国文学常识I殖民地时期的美国文学1608 captain John Smith first American writer ,【a true relation of such。】 【a map of Virginia with a description of the country Bradford【the history of Plymouth plantation Winthrop 【the history of new England Roger William【a key into the language of America 【a help to the language of the natives in that part of America called new England n 早期美国作家（这个时期的主要文学流派是自然神论【 deism）重要作家有：Benjamin Franklin poor Richards almanac autobiographyPhilip Freneau【美国诗歌之父】：【the wild honey suckle 野生的寒冬】【to the memory of the brave Americans 纪念英勇的美国人】【general Nathaniel GreeneThomas Jefferson【the declaration of independence in浪漫主义文学两大文学派别是transcendentalism and free verse 自由诗体前浪漫主义时期的作家1 Washington Irving作家，第一个写短篇小说，散文的美国作家，同时也是第一个得到国际知名的美国作家，因此在美国的文学历史上占有重要的 地位，作品带有典型的美式幽默：【the sketch of book见闻札记】Rip Van Winkle 瑞普；凡；温克尔】【the legend of sleep hollow 睡谷的传说】2 William Cullen Bryant诗人，威廉科伦布莱恩特，nature was the chief theme of Bryant s works：【to a waterfowl 致水鸟】【the yellow violet 黄色的谨 香花】【Homers Iliad伊利亚特】【odyssey奥德赛】James Fennimore cooper库柏，小说家【leather stocking tales 皮袜子故事集】【the last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人】后浪漫主义时期的作家1 Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生 思想家，最出色的美国散文家，诗人，【nature论自然】2 Walt Whitman沃尔特，惠特曼：第一个运用free verse的美国诗人【leaves of grass 草叶集，song of myself自我之歌 最著名的诗】3 Nathaniel Hawthorne :美国小说家，写作对象往往是人类的心灵 【the scarlet letter 红字】【the house of the seven gables 带有七 个尖角阁的房子】4 Henry Wadsworth Langfellow;朗费罗，美国诗人【Evangeline 伊万杰林】【song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌】翻译【Dantes divine comedy但 丁的神曲】【a psalm of life生命颂】5 Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爱伦坡：第一个美国职业作家，世界上第一个侦探小说作 家，【to Helen致海伦】【the Raven乌鸦】【anabel lee】【the fall of the house of usher6 Harriet Beecher Stowe ,哈里特比彻斯托，美国女作家【 uncle Tom cabin7 Emily Dickinson ,埃米利迪金森，美国女诗人【 because I could not stop for death 因 为我不能等待死神】【Im nobody , who are you我是无名小卒，你是谁？】Henry david Thoreau，亨利大卫梭罗，美国作家【Walden瓦尔登湖】【life in the wood 林 中生活】IV 现实主义文学（文学流派是naturalism ,镀金一代）1 Mark Twain ：【the adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆索耶历险记】【the adventures ofhuckleberry finn 哈克贝利费恩历险记】life on the Mississippi密西西比 河上】【the prince and the pauper王子与贫儿】2 Stephen Crane 斯蒂芬克莱恩：【the red badge of courage 红色英勇勋章，a landmark in American literary naturalism 3 Theodore Dreiser西奥多德莱塞，美国小说家【sister carrie嘉莉妹妹。第一部小说】 【an American tragedy 美国悲剧】【trilogy of desire 欲望三部曲，分别是the financier金融家，the titan巨人，the stoic斯多葛】4 Henry James ,美国小说家，【the American美国人】【the portrait of lady 贵妇人的画 像】【the wings of the dove鸽翼】【the Golden bowl金碗】5 Herman Melville赫尔曼梅尔维尔【moby dick白鲸】6 Jack London 【the call of the wild love of life 热爱生命】【Martin Eden 马丁伊登】7 Edwin Arlington Robinson 埃德温 罗宾逊，美国诗人【the town down the river theman against the skyV 现代主义文学迷茫的一代，文学流派是modernism1 Ernest Hemingway , 1953年普利策奖，1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者【the sun also rises太阳照常升起】【a farewell to arms永别了，武器】【for whom the bell tolls丧钟为谁为鸣】【the old man and the sea老人与海】2 Ezra pound艾兹拉庞德【cantos诗章】【in a metro station地铁站中】3 Francis Scott Fitzgerald 【the great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比】【tenders the night 夜色温顺】4 Robert frost罗伯特 弗罗斯特，美国诗人【a boys wish少年的意志】【north of Boston 波士顿以北】诗有： mending wall 修墙】stopping by the woods on a snowy evening 雪夜林边停】【the road not taken 未选之路】 desert places荒芜地带】5 William Faulkner 威廉福克纳：【the sound and the fury 喧哗与骚动】 【as I lay dying 在我弥留之际】【light in August八月之光】【Abslom , Abslom , 押沙龙，押沙龙】6 Willa Cather ,维拉 凯瑟，美国女作家【my Antonia我的安东尼亚】7 Sherwood Anderson舍伍德 安德森,Winesburg , Ohio俄亥俄州的温斯堡】death in the woods林中之死】【the triumph of the egg 鸡蛋的成功】8 Sinclair Lewis辛克莱刘易斯 【main street大街】【Babbitt巴比特】9 Eugene Oneil 尤金 奥尼尔 美国戏剧家，【the hairy ape 毛猿】desire under the elms 榆树下的欲望】【the Iceman cometh卖冰的人来了】10 John Steinbeck约翰 斯坦贝克 【the grapes of wrath愤怒的葡萄】VI 1945年以后的美国文学1 Ralph Ellison拉尔夫埃里森，当代黑人作家【invisible man看不见的人】2 Saul bellow 索尔贝篓，1976年获得诺贝尔文学奖【the adventures of Augie March 奥吉玛琪历险记】【seize the day勿失良机】【the dangling man摇摆不定的人】3 Flanery O connor弗兰纳里奥康纳美国女作家【 a good man is hard to find 好人男寻】4 John Updike约翰 厄普代克【rabbit, run兔子，跑吧】【rabbit redux兔子归来】【rabbit is rich兔子富了】【rabbit at rest兔子安息】5 William Carlos Williams 【the yachts 游艇】【Paterson 帕特森】【the red wheel barrow 红色手推车】6 Tennessee Williams 田纳西 威廉斯【the glass menagerie 玻璃动物园】 【a streetcar named desire欲望号街车】 【cat on a hot tin roof 热铁皮屋顶上 的猫】7 Arthur Miller 美国剧作家，death of a salesman推销员之死】8 Edward Albee爱德华 阿尔比【the zoo story动物园的故事】 【whos afraid of Virginia Woolf谁怕维吉利亚伍尔夫】9 J.D Salinger 【the catcher in the rye 麦田守望者】10 Allen Ginsberg艾伦金斯堡，美国诗人【howl嚎叫】11 Jack Kerouac杰克 克鲁亚克【on the road在路上】
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