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第二节并列句和状语从句 (2) 考点一：并列句考点一：并列句并列句的基本概念：并列句是由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词连在一起。并列连词所连接的简单句被称为分句。1常见并列句分类(1)表示递进关系用来表递进关系的并列连词有：and，not onlybut also，neithernor，notbut等。如：He had plenty of money and he spent it freely.他有足够的钱，可以随便花。Not only did he speak more correctly, but also he spoke more easily.他不仅说得更正确而且说得还更轻松。(2)表示选择关系常用的并列连词有or，eitheror，otherwise等。Either you are right, or I am.要么你对，要么我对。Dont drive so fast or/otherwise youll have an accident.不要开那么快，否则你会出事的。(3)表示转折关系常用的并列连词有：but, yet, whereas, while等。Jane said she was ill, yet I saw her in the street just now.珍妮说她病了，但刚才我在街上看到了她。Some men are rich, while/whereas others are poor.一些人很富有但其他人很贫穷。(4)表示因果关系常用的并列连词有so，for。It must have rained last night for it is wet all over.昨晚一定下雨了，到处都这么湿。The shops were closed so I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了，所以我没买到牛奶。(5)表示条件或结果常用于“祈使句and/or结构”中。Drive fast or youll be late.开快点，否则你就要迟到了。Raise your hand, and a taxi appears. 只要你一挥手，出租车就会来了。2when和while作并列连词的用法(1)when用作并列连词，其意义为“那时，这时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式：sb. was doing sth. whensb. was about to/going to do/on the point of doing sth. whensb. had just done sth. when如：We were having a meeting when someone broke in.当时我们正在开会，突然有人闯了进来。We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身，突然下起了雨。(2)while作为并列连词，意为“而，却”，表示对比。He likes pop music, while I am fond of folk music.他喜欢流行音乐，而我喜欢民族音乐。考点二：状语从句考点二：状语从句1状语从句的分类(1)时间状语从句when/while/as这3个词都可表示“当的时候(另一件事在发生)”。如：As/When/While I was walking down the street, I happened to see a policeman running after a car.当我正沿着街往下走的时候，我碰巧看到一个警察正在追一辆汽车。when还可表示“突然，这时，既然，如果”之意。如：I felt disappointed and was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention.我感到失望，正要离开，突然发生了一件引起我注意的事。Ill come to see you when I am free.如果我有空一定来看你。while与延续性动词连用，表示“在某一段时间里”或“在期间”，强调主从句动作同时发生。如：While you are there, can you get me some stamps?While we were chatting, she was working hard on her study.while还可表示“而，却”，作并列连词，表示对比。as除了可以表示原因之外，还表示“一面，一面”“随着”之意。如：Looking behind as he was running, he hurried home.他一边跑一边回头看，匆匆忙忙往家赶。As the day went on, the weather got worse.随着日子一天天过去，天气变得越来越糟。比较With the day going on, the weather got worse.这两个句子是学生常容易犯的错误之一，因为不能区分as为连词，with为介词。“一就”的表达常见的连接词有：as soon as, hardly/scarcelywhen, no soonerthan, once; the moment, the minute, the second, the instance; immediately, directly, instantly等。如：Hardly had the train left when we got to the station.火车刚开走，我们就到了火车站。I knew I had made a mistake directly I handed in my paper.我一交上我的论文就知道我犯了一个错误。He said hed phoned you the moment he got home.他说他一到家就给你打了电话。“直到才”until, till, before(不到就)，till不能置于句首，not dotill/until中“do”应为短暂性动词；notuntil句型的理解，强调倒装形式。如：A. till/untilUntil you told me，I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我，我还什么都不知道呢。He cant go to bed till/until he has finished the homework.他做完作业才能睡觉。Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道。B. beforeb e f o r e 意 为 “ 之 后 才 ” “ 不 等 就”“趁”“宁愿，也不”。如：It will be a long time before we meet again.要很长时间后，我们才能再见面了。He had got on the train before I could say goodbye.我还来不及说再见，他已上了火车。Please write it down now before you forget it.趁现在没忘就把它记下来。“自从，自以来”sinceIt is/has been two years since I came here.我来这儿已有两年了。It is/has been two years since I smoked.我已戒烟两年了。(延续性动词要从该动作的最后一次算起，即从最后一次动作以来)表时间的名词或副词引导时间状语从句every time, each time, next time, last time, any time, the first time, all the time等，以及the day, the week, the year, the morning等均可连接从句作状语。immediately, instantly等副词也可连接从句作状语。如：Each/Every time I was in trouble, he would come and help me out.每当我遇到麻烦时，他总会帮我走出困境。(2)地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的从属连词where，wherever(anywhere)指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。如：We should go where the Party needs us most.我们应到党最需要我们的地方去。You are free to go wherever you like.你愿意去哪里就去哪里。Where there is a will，there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Wherever there is smoke, there is a fire.无火不生烟。(无风不起浪)注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)(3)原因状语从句常用连接词有：because，as，since，now that，considering that(考虑到)。如：Why were you absent from the class yesterday?Because I was ill.昨天你为什么没来上课？因为我生病了。As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.由于在下雨，我们不去公园了。Now that/Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都在，我们开始开会吧。此外，when还表示原因，意为：since; considering that(既然；考虑到)，如：It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.既然你步行5分钟能到那里，却打的，真够愚蠢的。其他表示原因的方式除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of，thanks to，due to，owing to等。此外，并列连词for加分句也可表示原因，for引导的分句对前面的内容补充说明。He doesnt know about it, for he didnt see the film.他不了解此事，因为他没有看过这部电影。(4)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有：so that，in order that，for fear that，in case等。in order that与so that两个连词意为“以便；为了”，引导的状语从句中需用情态动词，in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。如：Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.我会慢慢说以便你能懂。In order that we might see the sunrise, we started for the peak early.为了能看到日出，我们很早就出发去了山顶。for fear that与in case这些从属连词引导的目的状语从句中谓语动词要用“(should)动词原形”，它本身带有否定意义，相当于so thatnot或in order thatnot，如：The boy hid himself behind the tree in case/for fear that his father should see him.那个男孩把自己藏在树后面，以防他父亲看到他。Take your raincoat in case it should rain.带上雨衣以防下雨。(5)结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that；sothat，suchthat。在非正式语体中，由sothat，suchthat引导的句子中that可以省略，注意其结构形式：如：Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.麦克如此诚实，以至于我们都相信他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少钱，以至于不能维持家庭生活。注意：当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。如：So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.他是如此聪明的学生以至于能解出所有难题。(6)让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：although/though(尽管，虽然)，even though/even if(即使)although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet，still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。如：Although/Though it was raining hard, (yet) they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大，但他们还是继续踢足球。Even though/if it is raining, well go there.(陈述语气)即使下雨，我们也要去那里。Even if I were busy, I would go.(虚拟语气)即使我忙，也得去。注意：though还可用作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。如：He said he would come; he didnt, though.他说他会来，可是没有来。as或though引导让步状语从句倒装的情况as或though从句一般放在主句之前，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是孩子，却懂得很多。Much as I like it, I wont buy it, for its too expensive.虽然我很喜欢，但不会买的，因为它太贵了。Try as he might, he could not find a job.不管他怎样努力，还是找不到工作。注意：though引导的从句也可以像as引导的从句一样用倒装语序，但是although引导的从句只能用正常语序。注意比较下面的说法：()Smart though/as she is, she doesnt study hard.()Though/Although she is smart, she doesnt study hard.()Smart although she is, she doesnt study hard.()As she is smart, she doesnt study hard.whetheror(不管还是)；疑问词ever与no matter疑问词(不管；无论)。如：Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你相信与否，那都是真的。Whatever(No matter what) you say, he wont believe you.无论你说什么，他都不会相信你的话。Whoever you are( No matter who you are), you must obey the rules.无论你是谁，你都要遵守规则。注意：whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句。如：You can take whatever you like.(宾语从句)when，while还可作从属连词，相当于although。Suddenly, she stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去，她却突然停住了。While I admit that there are problems, I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。(7)条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if，unless(ifnot，除非)，so/as long as(只要)，in case(万一)，on condition that(条件是)等。如：Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(if you dont study hard)除非你努力学习，否则你考试不会及格。As long as you dont lose heart, you will succeed.你只要不灰心，就会成功。In case there is a fire, what will we do first?万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？(8)方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有：as，as if，as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。如：Do as you are told to, or youll be fired.告诉你怎么做就怎么做，否则就解雇你。The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己儿子似的。I feel as if I have a fever.我感觉好像感冒了。(9)比较状语从句连接词有：than，not as/soas，asas，the more，the more等。如：The population of our town is larger than that of theirs.我们镇上的人口比他们镇上的多。(比较对象要相同)The more you explained, the more I was confused.你解释得越多，我越不能理解。2状语从句中的时态问题及紧缩现象(1)状语从句中的时态问题时间状语和条件状语从句中用一般现在时或现在完成时表示将来，主句用将来时或情态动词原形。如：Ill not lend the money to you unless you return it next month.除非你下个月还我，否则我不会借钱给你。You cant get off until the bus has stopped.车停稳了你再下来。(2)状语从句的紧缩现象时间状语从句中常见的紧缩形式。如：Dont speak until spoken to.有人对你说话时你再说。While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Summer Palace.在北京时，我参观了颐和园。I prefer my milk a little sweetened whenever possible.可能的话，我喜欢牛奶甜点儿。As a young man, Abraham Lincoln was a storekeeper and a postmaster.亚伯拉罕林肯年轻时当过零售店店主和邮政所所长。He often makes mistakes when speaking English.他说英语时常出错。She always sings while doing her work.她干活时总唱歌。条件状语从句中常见的紧缩形式。如：Come tomorrow if possible.可能的话就明天来吧。If so, you must go back and get it.如果这样的话，你必须回去把它拿来。Ill buy a TV set if necessary.如果有必要，我就买一台电视机。The girl never gave in unless wrong.这女孩不会屈服的，除非她错了。Unless repaired, the machine is of no use.这台机器如不修理便毫无用处。方式状语从句中常见的紧缩形式。如：Some flowers shut up at night as if(they did this in order) to sleep.有些花夜间收拢，好像是为了睡觉一样。She stood at the gate as if(she was)waiting for someone.她站在门口好像在等人。其他状语从句中的紧缩形式。如：Though cold, he still wore a shirt.天气虽然冷，但他仍然只穿一件衬衫。As he was blind, he couldnt see anything.Being blind, he couldnt see anything.她瞎了，什么东西也看不见。Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.在需要的地方填上冠词。
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