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第八课时动词的时态和语态1.(2016浙江高考)Silk _ one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC. A.had become B.was becoming C.has become D.is becoming 答案A句意：到大约公元前 100 年时丝绸已成为沿丝绸之路进行交易的主要货物之一。by过去时间作状语，谓语应用过去完成时态。根据句意可知选A。感 悟 高 考2.(2016北京高考)Jack _ in the lab when the power cut occurred. A.works B.has worked C.was working D.would work 答案C句意：杰克正在实验室里工作这时突然停电了。此题考查句型be doing.when.结构。由occurred可知停电是发生在过去的某一具体时刻，故用过去进行时，选C。3.(2016北京高考)Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for? The new Star Wars.We _ here for more than two hours. A.waited B.wait C.would be waiting D.have been waiting 答案D句意：请问，你们在等哪场电影？最新的星际大战，我们在这儿已经等了两个小时了。由句中时间状语for more than two hours 可知，动作从过去延续到现在，并对现在产生直接影响，且动作还可能延续，故用现在完成进行时。故选D。4.(2016北京高考)I _ half of the English novel，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend. A.read B.have read C.am reading D.will read 答案B句意：我已经读完这本英文小说的一半了，我会争取在周末读完。前一分句表示到现在已经完成的动作，与现在有联系，故用现在完成时。5.(2016北京高考)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ with success in the end. A.rewarded B.were rewarded C.will reward D.will be rewarded 答案D句意：学生们一直努力学习他们的功课，他们的努力终将得到成功的回报。由句意可知，reward这一动作发生在have been working之后，故用将来时态，reward和efforts之间为被动关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。故选D。6.(2016天津高考)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I _ for years. A.didnt see B.havent seen C.hadnt seen D.wouldnt see 答案C多年未见发生在在大街上遇见David之前，而came across表明遇见David是发生在过去的动作，故空处表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。动词的时态考点一一般现在时考 点 清 单规则 表示现在的情况、状态及经常性、习惯性或不按照时间的变化而发生变化的动作。There are buses to the station every ten minutes.每十分钟就有一趟公共汽车去车站。规则 表示客观真理或科学事实。Its known that the earth goes round the sun.众所周知，地球绕着太阳转。规则 用在时间、条件或让步状语从句中以及谈论按计划或时间表安排的活动时要用一般现在时表示将来。I will discuss this with you when we meet next time.下次见面时咱们再讨论这个问题。The flight takes off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.航班每个星期三、星期五2：30起飞。考点二一般过去时规则 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。At that time，he worked as a teacher to support the family.那段时间他靠教书养家。规则 表示过去某一段时间内反复发生的动作或存在的状态。I always got up late，and never had enough time for breakfast.我总是起床很晚，从来没有足够的时间吃早饭。规则 在时间、条件、方式、让步等状语从句中，表示过去将来的动作。They said they would inform me if they heard any news about him.他们说如果听到任何关于他的消息，就通知我。考点三一般将来时规则 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，或在现在看来即将发生的动作或存在的状态，常与时间状语tomorrow，next week，in a few days等连用。We will have an important meeting tomorrow.我们明天要开一个重要的会议。规则 “祈使句and/or陈述句”句型中，陈述句常用一般将来时。Study hard and you will pass the exam.努力学习你就会通过考试的。规则 非延续性动词，如go，come，leave，die等的现在进行时也可表示将要发生的动作。 “The moment is coming soon，” he thought to himself，waiting nervously.“这一刻就要来到了，”他自思自忖，紧张地等待着。规则 表示临时决定用will。Do you know Mr.Smith has come to our town?No，I will go and visit him right now.你知道史密斯先生来我们镇了吗？不知道。我现在就去看他。规则 “be to do” 和“be going to动词原形”表示“计划、打算要做某事”，此外，be going to还可表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断。be about to do表示马上就要发生的动作，意为“正要”，不和具体的时间状语连用。The meeting is to take place at nine this morning.会议将于早上9点召开。Sit down，everyone.The film is about to start.大家坐好，电影马上就要开始了。Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.看这些乌云，要下雨了。考点四现在进行时规则 表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态，还可表示现阶段一直在进行的动作。Hurry up，kids! The school bus is waiting for us!孩子们，快点！校车在等我们！The people all over the world are fighting against pollution.全世界的人们都在和污染作斗争。规则 常与always，constantly，continually，forever (for ever) 等副词连用，表达说话者生气、赞扬、同情、不满、惊讶等感情色彩。Tom is always coming late for meetings，which makes his boss very angry.汤姆开会老是迟到，这使他的老板很生气。考点五过去进行时规则 表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。She was telephoning a friend when I came in.当我进来时她正给一个朋友打电话。规则 表示在过去某一段时间内一直在进行的动作，但谈话时动作未必正在进行。I was living in the schools dormitory when I was in middle school.我上高中时一直住在学校的宿舍里。规则 与always，constantly，continually，forever等副词连用表示赞美或讨厌的感情色彩。The little boy was continually asking his brother the same question，which made his brother bored(厌烦).这个小男孩总是问他哥哥同一个问题，这让他哥哥厌烦。Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others.He never thought of himself first.雷锋同志总是先想着他人，而不是自己。规则 动词plan，expect，come，go，leave等的过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。She told me that she was leaving for Italy the next day.她告诉我她第二天就出发去意大利。考点六将来进行时规则 将来进行时强调将来某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。Ill be flying to Beijing at two oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点钟我将飞往北京。考点七现在完成时规则 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在，表示动作已经完成。常与以下时间状语连用：already，yet，just，since，so far，recently，lately，up to now，until/till now，in the last/past few years。In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。规则 在条件、时间或让步状语从句中，表示将来某时之前已完成的动作。When you have learned English，you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.当你学习英语之后，你将找到一条通往丰富知识的桥梁。规则 下列情况下常用现在完成时：It is/has been一段时间since从句It is twenty years since Ive seen her.我已经二十年没见她了。This/That/It is the first/second.time that现在完成时This is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema as a family.这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。It/This is the best/worst/most interesting等名词从句现在完成时This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.这是他写得最有趣的一部小说。考点八过去完成时规则 表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”；或延续至过去某一时间的动作。I found the lecture hard to follow because it had started when I arrived.我发现这个报告很难懂，因为当我到的时候，它已经开始了。规则 表示本打算做但事实上并未做成某事。常见的有此用法的动词有：hope，want，mean，suppose，intend，plan，think，expect等。I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at that moment.我本打算帮你的，但当时我太忙了。规则 在“no sooner.than.”或“hardly/scarcely.when.”结构中，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时。Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。规则 It/That/This was the first/second.timethat从句，that从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。That was the first time that I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。规则 It was/had been一段时间since从句，since从句的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们有10年没那么高兴过了。考点九将来完成时规则主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如by six oclock，by the weekend，by the end of next month等。By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家时我将已把房子彻底打扫一遍了。考点十现在完成进行时规则现在完成进行时强调过去发生的动作或存在的状态一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间，并且还在进行。Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.你刚才去哪里了？我们一直在到处找你。I have been ringing you several times in two days.这两天内我给你打过几次电话。动词的语态考点一被动语态的构成规则 被动语态的构成为“be及物动词的过去分词”。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。现以动词do为例列表如下： 时时体体现在现在过去过去将来将来过去将来过去将来一般一般is/am/are donew a s / w e r e donewill/shall be donewould/should be done进行进行is/am/are being donew a s / w e r e being done完成完成have/has beendoneh a d b e e n donewill/shall have been donewould/should have been doneSome new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。Enough has been done for you，but youve made little progress.为你做了很多，然而你进步却很小。This programme has been broadcast by the local radio station many times.这个节目被当地电台播放了多次。规则 “get过去分词”表示被动She got paid before she went on a holiday.她在休假前领到了工资。考点二含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时其结构为：情态动词(can，may，must，have to等)be动词的-ed形式。He must be prevented from going.必须阻止他去。考点三主动表示被动的用法规则 “系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，seem，go，prove，turn，become，get，keep形容词/名词”构成系表结构。This shirt feels much softer than that one.这件衬衫摸起来比那件衬衫柔软得多。规则 表示主语的某种属性特征的不及物动词，如read，write，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut等，可用主动形式表示被动含义。The door wont open，so we will ask a repairman to open it.这门打不开，所以我们请修理工打开它。规则 动词want，need，require，deserve后接不定式的被动形式或动名词的主动形式意义相同。I had my mobile phone repaired two days ago，but it needs repairing/to be repaired again now.我两天前修理了我的手机，但现在还需要再修理。1.利用试题中提供的时间状语确定时态解 题 策 略时态往往和一些特定的时间状语连用。如：every., sometimes, at.，on Sunday等常和一般现在时连用；.ago，the other day，in 2006, last week, just now等常和一般过去时连用；now，at present，at this time等常和现在进行时连用；tomorrow，next week，in 时间段等常和一般将来时连用；by the end of last week，before I went there等常标志着过去完成时。同时要注意，像副词always, forever, constantly等常与进行时连用，表示说话者的赞扬、批评、生气等语气。Why do you know the company so well?Oh，I _ there for three years.A.worked B.would workC.had worked D.was working答案A有些考生认为“for three years”是完成时的标志，于是误选C。其实，过去完成时表示过去某个时间点之前的情况，显然与语境不符，因此正确答案为A。2.利用上下文语境推测时态很多试题中没有时间状语，但是我们可以从试题所提供的语言环境或上下文来推测出动作发生的时间或从双方的交谈中“捕捉”到时间点，这就要求学生要有宏观把握句子和分析句子的能力。Were you surprised by the ending of the film?No.I _ the book，so I already knew the story.A.was reading B.had readC.am reading D.have read答案B句意：你对这部电影的结局惊讶吗？不，我已经读过这本书，早知道结局了。从上下文句意看，应用过去完成时。3.利用时态的呼应来把握时态若主句是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态常用与过去相关的时态(表客观事实、科学真理的从句总用一般现在时)；若主句是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态不受主句的限制，可根据需要选用时态。在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中，若主句为一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时表将来，或主句为过去时，则从句也用相对应的过去时。If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring，you _ fresh watermelon in the fall.A.eat B.would eatC.have eaten D.will be eating答案D句意：如果你春天播下西瓜种子，那么(整个)秋天就会吃上新鲜的西瓜了。因为从句用了一般现在时代替将来时，那么主句就要用一般将来时。因in the fall在此句中意为“在整个秋天”，相当于during the fall，强调了完整的时间段，故用will be eating将来进行时，表示在未来一段时间内一直进行的动作或存在的状态。4.固定搭配法判断语态英语中有许多固定短语，如make use of, pay attention to, find fault with, take care of, take advantage of, keep pace with等，在试题中，常把短语中的名词拿出来作句子的主语，剩下的动词作谓语动词，如果能够看出它们构成固定的动词短语，则问题迎刃而解。The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune _.A.is made B.would makeC.was to be made D.had made答案C句意：在澳大利亚发现黄金这件事情使成千上万的人相信要发财了。thousands在此处指代成千上万的人，由led的时态可知A项不符合句意；而had made为过去完成时，发生在led动作之前，不符合语境；would make应该为would be made；故只有was to be made正确。5.用习惯表达法确定语态在英语中有一些习惯表达，它们往往用主动形式表被动意义，如need/want/require/deserve doing need/want/require/deserve to be done，be worth doing.等，在平时的学习中，要注意归纳和总结。Would you please make up a topic worth _ in tomorrows conference?A.discussing B.to be discussedC.to discussed D.being discussed答案Aworth作后置定语，修饰the topic；worth后常用doing，用主动形式表被动意义。
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