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chapter 1 atomic structure element n.元素all know materials can be broken down into fundamental substances we call element. 我们所知道的所有物质都可以分解成原子。atom n.原子atom is the smallest particle of matter having all that elemenst characteristics. 原子时具有元素性质的最小粒子。nucleus /nju:klis?，n ?u kli ?s/ 原子核electron n.电子proton 质子neutron 中子compound n. 化合物：When two or more elements combine and form a compound, a chemical change takesplace.当两种或两种以上的元素结合形成化合物时 , 发生化学变化。化学中的物质分为单质和化合物，大部分元素是以化合物的形式存在的。ion n. 离子：when an atom get or lost elections,it becomes ion.原子得失电子后形成离子。cathode n. 阴极（negative electrode）Cathode rays are attracted by a positive charge.阴极射线被阳电荷所吸引。anode n. 阳极（positive election）A red wire is often attached to the anode.红色电线通常与阳极相联。particle n. 粒子：Particles include moleculars,atoms , protons, neutrons ,electrons and ion微s.小粒子包括分子，原子，质子，中子，电子，离子等等。ionisation n. 电离,离子化：We can get some elementary substance by ionisation.可以通过电离的方法来制取某些单质。ionisation energy n. 电离能：the energy needed to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms .从原子中移走一个电子所需要的能量。First ionisation energy n. 第一电离能the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole ofgaseous atoms is called first ionisation energy, ?Hi1（2010年真题） as: Ca(g)Ca+(g)+e-;?Hi1=+590KJ/molisotope n.同位素：which element have same number of protons ,but different number of neutrons. 有相同质子数的元素就是同位素。shielding effect n. 屏蔽效应 :electrons in the filled inner shells repel electrons in the outer shell and reduce the effect of the positive nuclear ,this is called shielding effect电. 子都是带负电荷的所以 外层的电子受到内层电子的一个排斥力，这是屏蔽效应。chapter2 atoms molecules and stoichiometry Relative mass n. 相对质量The actual mass of an atom is very small (in the range of 10-20 kg ,for C atomic mass is 1.933 10-20g ). Hence relative mass( where the mass of an atom is compared withthe mass of one reference atom) is used instead因. 为原子本身的质量很小，计算使用都很不方便，因此我们采用一个相对质量，用质量和一个标准物质作比较。relative atomic mass n. 相对原子质量：elative atomic mass is the mass of an atom relative to 1/12 times the mass ofcarbon-12,relative atomic mass is a ratio,it has no unit.相对原子质量就是物质的质量与 C-12 原子的 1/12 的一个比值。相对原子质量是一个比值，没有单位。relative isotopic mass n. 相对同位素质量relative isotope mass is the mass of one atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 timesthe mass of one atom of carbon-12.相对同位素质量就是用同位素的质量和 1/12 C-12 原子的质量相比的一个比值。relative molecular mass n. 相对分子质量As we all know moleculars are all made by atoms so we can get the relative molecularmass by adding up the relative atomic mass of all the atoms present in the molecule.相对分子质量就是组成分子的各元素的相对原子质量之和。avogadros constant n. 阿伏伽德罗常数：23 ，the number is The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon -12 is 6.0 2 10called avogadros constant .2 3，这个数就是阿伏伽德罗常数 12 克 C-12 所含原子的个数是 6.02 10empirical formulae n. 实验式：empirical formulae of a compound shows the simplest whole number ratio of theelement present. 实验式表示的是分子中原子的最简单组成。molecular formulae n. 分子式molecular formulae shows the total number of atoms of each element present in amolecule of the compound. 分子式表示的是分子中原子的组成。titration 滴定：A titration is a way of measuring quantities of reactants. 滴定反应是定量测定的一种方法halogen 卤素：在元素周期表中含 fluorine 氟，chlorine 氯，bromine 溴，iodine 碘，astatine 砹五种卤素precipitation n.沉淀:it is a solid.是一种固体物质。两种离子结合后形成一种微溶或不溶物沉淀下来。dilute vt 稀释：adding water or something else to decrease thme olarities. 在溶液中加水或加入其它溶剂使溶液浓度变低。 The water will dilute the wine.水能使酒变淡。Molarity n. 摩尔浓度：the mol of the substance divided by the volume of the solution，the unit is mol/dm-3. 浓度比上体积就得到我们的摩尔浓度，单位是 mol/dm-3chapter3 化学键 ionic bond n.离子键The electrostatic attraction between positive ion and negative ion is called ionic bond. 正负离子之间的引力成为离子键，如 NaClcovalent bond n.共价键A covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared between two atoms. 两个原子共用电子形成共价键，如 O2metallic bond n.金属键Metallic bond is an attractive forces between the positive ions and the delocalizedelectrons.金属键就是金属阳离子和自由电子 （离域电子） 之间的作用力， 它的大小和金属最外层电子数有关，电子数越多，金属键越强。co-ordinate bond n. 配位键In the co-ordinate bond ,one atom provides two electrons that are shared with anotheratom.thus,the donor atom must have a lone pair of electrons while the acceptor atommust have an empty orbital to accommodate the electrons. 一个原子提供一对电子，另一个原子提供一个空轨道。hydrogen bond n. 氢键Hydrogen bond are usually representedby three dashes:fluorine, oxygen, nitrogenand it is a very strong dipole-dipole attraction.Such as in water:the oxygen atoms have lone pairs of electrons,the hydrogen atom hasalmost lost both the shared electrons to the oxygen to which it is covalently bondedand this leaves it almost bare of electron.实际上氢键也是一种静电引力， 形成氢键的分子中必须带有孤电子对， 电负性很大，而且原子半径很小（如 N,F,O）。考试时要把元素中的孤对电子标出，把分子中的极性标出，表示出氢键。 Van der waals forces n.范德华力Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces is called Van der waals forces.瞬间诱导偶极就是分子间作用力。VSEPR（valence Shell electron pair repulsion ）n. 价层电子互斥理论The shape of simple covalent molecules can be predicted using the valence shellelectron-pair repulsion theory. Electron pairs (bond pairs and lone pairs )will repelone anther so that they are as far apart as possible. 孤电子对之间相互排斥， 从而使原子呈现一定的空间结构， 从而可以根据价层电子对理论来推测分子的空间构型。permanent dipole /dipole-dipole force n. 永久偶极The water molecules are attracted to the charged nylon rod or comb because they havea permanent electric dipole .a force of this type is called a dipole -dipole force.水分子被吸引到了尼龙或梳子上， 是因为他们有了一个瞬间的电偶极。 像这种力就被称为由诱导产生的诱导力，也就是永久偶极。temporary dipole/instantaneous dipole n.瞬时偶极 induce dipole n. 诱导偶极The instantaneousdipole - induce dipole is rather like the effect of a magnet on apin .the pin becomes temporarily magnetised and is attracted to the magnet .thestrength of the force increase with the number of electrons and protons present. 瞬间诱导偶极就好像靠近磁铁的大头针。 大头针有了瞬间的磁性， 而被吸引到了磁铁上，这种瞬间的力随着质子数，电子数的增加而增加。induce vt.引导Her illness was induced by overwork.她的病是操劳过度引起的。polarity 极性Polarity is inherent in a magnet.极性是磁铁的固有性质。chapter4 物质状态 Kinetic energy n. 动能The kinetic energy of the molecules in a solid ,liquid or gas is a measure of theamount of random movement of molecules. 分子动能就是固体，液体，气体分子做规则运动的数目。Evaporation n. 蒸发，发散，消失Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase that occurs attemperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure .and evaporationusually occurs on the surface.蒸发是一个在低于沸点的温度下从液体变为气体的过程， 蒸发一般是发生在液体表面。Vapor pressure n. 气压Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phase. Allliquid and solid have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form , and all gases have atendency to condenseback into their original form .at any given temperature ,for aparticular substance ,there is a pressure at which the gas of that substance is indynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid forms. This is the vapor pressure of thatsubstance at that temperature.气压是一种气液平衡状态， 液体和固体都有一种蒸发成气态的趋势， 所有的气体也都有一种聚集成原始状态的趋势， 。在任何给定的温度下，对于一种特殊的物质，都有一种气态和固态或液态成动态平衡的压力。 这种压力就被称为在此温度下的气压。melting vt. 融化Melting is a physical process that results in the phase change of a substance from asolid to a liquid. 融化是一个从固体变成液体的物理过程。giant molecular lattices n. 大分子晶体 molecular lattices are three dimensional arrangement of atoms held together bystrong covalent bonds .some giant molecular structures contain atoms of only oneelement .这种大分子晶体是通过共价键结合成三维空间排布的晶体。一些大分子晶体只含有一种元素。giant ionic lattices n. 大离子晶体in such a lattice ,there is a regular arrangement of anions and cations ,sodium chlorideand magnesium oxide form a cubic lattice ,in which each cations is surrounded by sixanions and each anions is surrounded by six cations.在大分子晶体中， 阴阳离子呈规则排布， 以立方体的氯化钠和氧化镁为例， 每个阴离子都被六个阳离子包围，每个阳离子都被六个阴离子包围。ideal gas law n. 理想气体定律the behaviour of ideal gases is represented by the ideal gas equation :PV=nRT p is the pressure ,measured in pascals ,Pa; V is the volume ,measured inmetre cubed ,m3 ; T is the temperature on the Kelvin ;R is the gas constant ,8.314JK-1 mol-1;and n is the 理想气体符合理想气体定律。 PV=nRTIntermolecular force n. 分子间作用力Intermolecular force tend to bring order to the movement of molecules . 分子间作用力趋于使分子的运动有序化。Brownain motion n. 布朗运动The random movements of the pollen ,known as brownain motion.花粉的这种有序运动称为布朗运动。Instantaneous dipole forces n. 瞬时偶极力 van der waals forces n. 范德华力It is one of the features of large molecules that their electron clouds are more spreadout , and it is just this type of molecule that has large forces between instantaneousdipoles. There forces are called instantaneous dipole forces ( are also known as vander waals forces).大分子的分子云有一种特点就是他们的分子云会扩散， 在他们的瞬间偶极间会产生一种力叫瞬间偶极力（也叫分子间作用力） 。chapter 5 chemical energetics Exothermic adj. 放热的Most chemical reactions release energy to their surroundings ,these reactions aredescribed as exothermic.一些化学反应会向环境释放能量，这种反应称为放热的反应。Endothermic adj. 吸热的Some chemical reactions occur only while energy is transferred to them an externalsource. Reactions such as these which require a heat input are endothermic reactions.一些化学反应需要从外界环境中吸收能量，这种化学反应为吸热反应。Ehthalpy n. 焓Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials .it is given the symbol H.enthalpy cannot be measured as such , but it is possible to measure the enthalpychange .焓是反应物中所含有的总能量，用 H 来表示，焓的数值不能直接测得，但可以测定焓变。Enthalpy change n. 焓变Enthalpy change is given the symbol H ,the units are kilojoules permole(Kj/mol). H= H products- H reactantsStandard conditions n. 标准条件When we compare the enthalpy changes of various reactions we must use standardconditions. such as known temperature ,pressures , amounts ,and concentrations ofreactions or products . 我们在测定不同反应物的焓变时必须是在标准条件下，比如特定的温度，压强，反应物或产物的数目和浓度。Standard enthalpy change of reaction n. 标准反应焓The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change when amounts ofreactants, as shown in the reaction equation, react together under standard conditionsto give products in their standard states.标准反应焓变就是在反应方程式中的反应物和产物都在标准条件下反应的焓变。Standard enthalpy change of formation n. 标准生成焓The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of acompound is formed from its elements under standardconditions , both compoundand elements are in their standard states.标准生成焓是由标准状态下的元素生成 1 mol 化合物的焓变（产物也要在标准状态下）Standard enthalpy change of combustion n. 标准燃烧含The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole ofan element or compound reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions.标准燃烧含是指在标准状态下 1mol 元素或化合物和氧气完全反应的焓变。Standard enthalpy change of hydration n. 标准水和焓变The standard enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole of agaseous ion dissolves in water to give an infinitely dilute solution .标准水和焓变就是当 1 mol 气态离子溶解在水中生成水溶液放出的能量。Standard enthalpy change of solution n. 标准溶解焓变The standard enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of asolute dissolves in a solvent to give an infinitely dilute solution.当 1 mol 溶剂溶解在水中形成一种稀释溶液时所放出的能量就是标准溶解焓变。Standard enthalpy change of neutralization n. 标准中和焓变The standard enthalpy change of neutralization is the enthalpy change when one mol + ions from an acid is completely neutralized by an alkali to give one mol ofof Hwater.标准中和焓变是酸中的氢离子被碱溶液完全中和形成 1 mol 水。Standard enthalpy change of atomisation n. 标准原子化焓The standard enthalpy change of atomization of an element is the enthalpy changewhen one mole of gaseous atoms is formed from one mole of the element in itsstandard state.标准原子化焓是在标准条件下生成 1 摩尔气态原子的焓变。Bond enthalpy n. 键能Bond enthalpy is the energy needed to break a covalent bond ,and this indicates thestrength of the bond . 键能是指破坏一个共价键所需要的能量，这能表明键的强度。Hesss law n. 盖斯定律The total enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route bywhich the reaction take place, provide the initial and final condition is the same.如果反应前和反应后的条件完全相同，那总的焓变是相同的和反应路径无关。chapter 6 electrochemistry oxidation states n. 氧化态oxidation states are usually calculated as the number of electrons that atoms lose, gainor share when they from ionic or covalent bonds in compounds.氧化态通常通过计算他们形成共价化合物或离子化合物时失去，得到或公用电子的数目。Redox n. 氧化还原反应The term redox is used for the simultaneous processes of reduction and oxidation.氧化还原反应就是用来描述氧化反应和还原反应同时进行的过程。Electrolysis n 电解反应When an electric current is passed through a solution of an ionic salt in water, the ionsmove through the solution and chemical reaction occur at the electrodes. This processis called electrolysis.在离子化合物的水溶液中通电时， 离子会通过水溶液在电极上发生化学反应。 这个过程就是电解过程。Anion n. 阳离子 （anode 阳极）Cations n. 阴离子 （cathode 阴极）The anions are attracted to the positively charged anode and the cations are attractedto the negatively charged cathode. 阳离子被吸引到阴极，阴离子被吸引到阳极。Diaphragm cell n. 隔膜电池In the diaphragm cell, a porou（s 多孔的） asbesto（s 石棉） diaphragm separate theanode compartment into the anode compartment.在隔膜电池中，一个多孔的石棉隔膜把阳极室和阴极室隔开。Chapter 7 equilibria Equilibrium n. 化学平衡It is dynamic at the molecular or ionic level. Both forward and reverse processesoccur at equal rates. A closed system is required. Macroscopic properties remainconstant.化学平衡是在分子离子水平上的动态平衡， 正反方向上的反应速率相同， 需要在封闭体系中进行，宏观性质保持恒定。Dynamic equilibrium n. 动态平衡In general，in a dynamic equilibrium, the rate of reaction in the forwards direction equals the rate of reaction in the reverse direction. 通常在动态平衡中正反应速率等于逆反应速率。Le Chateliers principle n. 夏特列原理When any of the conditions affecting the position of a dynamic equilibrium arechanged, then the position of that equilibrium will shift to minimize that change.当外界条件影响动态平衡的方向时，平衡就会向减小这种影响的方向移动。Equilibrium constant n. 平衡常数 (Kc)Equilibrium constant as the ratio of the product concentrations ( multiplied together )divided by the reactant concentrations ( multiplied together ).平衡常数是反应物浓度的乘积比上产物的乘积。Chapter 8 reaction kinetics Determining step n. 决定步骤It is the slowest step in a mechanism which determines the overall rate of reaction.The slowest step in a reaction mechanism is called the determining step.在化学反应中， 反应最慢的一步决定反应的总速度， 反应最慢的这步就成为反应的决定步。Colorimeter n. 色度计The colorimeter measures the amount of light of a specific colour that passes througha sample. 色度计用来测量穿过样品的特定颜色的光线数量。Effective collision n. 有效碰撞Effective collision occur when the kinetic energy of the colliding molecules providessufficient energy for reaction.当碰撞分子的动能提供了足够的反应能量时的碰撞称为有效碰撞。Boltzmann distribution n. 波尔兹曼分布The Boltzmann distribution representsthe number of particles with particular energies. 波尔兹曼分布指的是有特定能量的分子的数目。Activation energy n. 活化能Molecules have to collide with a certain minimum energy Ea for there to be a chanceof reaction. Ea is referred to as the activation energy. 分子碰撞发生化学反应所需要的最小的能量称为活化能。Catalyst n. 催化剂A catalyst is something added to a reaction that increase its rate, but dose not itselfchange in concentration, the same amount remains after the reaction as before.催化剂是用来加入反应中加快反应速度的，而催化剂本身不发生变化。Enzyme n. 酶Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.酶是一种蛋白质生物催化剂。Chapter 9 chemical periodicity Covalent radius n. 共价半径Covalent radius is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms inmolecules. 共价半径是分子中两个相邻原子距离的一半。Metallic radius n. 金属半径Metallic radius is half the distance between the nuclei of neighbouring atoms inmetallic crystals. 金属半径是金属晶体中两个原子间距离的一般。Atomic radius n. 原子半径 The covalent radius can be measured for most elements and is usually what is meantwhen we use the term atomic radius.对于大多数元素的共价半径能通过测量得到，这也就是我们通常说的原子半径。Siemens n. 西门子Siemens are the reciprocal of the units of electrical resistance. 西门子是电阻的倒数。 S= -1Conductivity n. 导电性Conductivity values give an indication of how easily electrons move through the element. 导电性表示某种元素中电子的活动性Chapter 10 group Hard water n. 硬水Hard water contains dissolved calcium ions.硬水中含有钙离子。 Chapter 11 Group 7Disproportionation n. 不均匀的，歧化反应A particular type of redox reaction in which one species is oxidised and reduced at thesame time.一种特殊的氧化还原反应，一种物质被氧化，同时被还原 。Chapter 7 equilibria Strong acid n. 强酸Strong acid is fully dissociated to ions in aqueous solution.在水溶液中完全电离的酸为强酸。Weak acid n. 弱酸Weak acid is the acid that their molecules are only partically ionized in aqueous solution. 弱酸是在水溶液中部分解离的酸。Chapter 15 introduction to organic chemistry Hydrocarbons n. 碳氢化合物Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as hydrocarbons.只含有碳原子和氢原子的化合物称为碳氢化合物。Aromatic n. 芳香族的Aromatic compounds n. 芳香族化合物Aromatic compounds contain one or more arene rings. They are called aromaticcompounds as they have distinctive , usually pleasant, smells.芳香族化合物又一个或多个苯环， 因为他们有使人愉悦的气味， 而被称为芳香族化合物。Aliphatic compounds n. 脂肪族化合物All other compounds are aliphatic compounds except aromatic compounds. 除了芳香族化合物其他的都是脂肪族化合物。Molecular formula n. 分子式A molecular formula simply shows the number of atoms of each element present in the molecular formula of hexane is C6H14。 分子式简单的表示了分子中各种原子的数目。General formula n. 通式 A general formula may be written for each series of compounds. For example, thegeneral formula for the alkanes is CnH2n+2 (where n is the number of carbon atomspresent).通式用来表示同一系列的化合物，例如：烷烃的通式是 CnH2n+2（n 表示碳原子的数目）Structural formula n. 结构式This shows how the atoms are joined together in a molecule. The structure formula of hexane is CH 3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.结构式 表示 的是 原子 如何 结 合在 一起形成 分子 的。 己烷 的结 构式 是：CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.Displayed formula n. 展开式This shows all the bonds and all the atoms. The displayed formula of hexane is:One of their disadvantages is that they are two-dimensional representation of mulecules which are three-dimensional.展开式可以表示出所有的化学键和原子，例如己烷的展开式是：展开式有一个缺点是只能用二维空间分子表示三维空间的分子。Skeletal formula n. 骨架式This shows the carbon skeleton only. Hydrogen atoms on the carbon atoms are omitted. Carbon atomsare not labelled. Other types of atom are shown as in a structure formula. Skeletal formula arefrequently used to show the structures of cyclic hydrocarbons. The skeletal foemula of hexane is:骨架式只表示出碳骨架的存在， 氢原子被忽略掉， 碳原子也不被标识出来， 但如果有其他原子就要表示出来，骨架式通常用来表示环状碳氢化合物，例如：己烷的骨架式是：A three-dimensional formula n. 三维空间式A three-dimensional formula gives the best examples of the different types of formulae for the aminoacid phenylalanine are shown below: H HCO2H N HH三维结构式是表示分子空间结构最好的表示方式，例如 苯基丙氨酸的三维结构式如上图所示。2Homologous series n. 同系物Homologous series is a series of compounds that contain the same functional group and that have the same general formula.同系物是指具有相同官能团和相同的通式的化合物。Substitution n. 取代反应Substitution involves replacing an atom by another atom . 取代反应就是由一个原子取代另一分子中的一个原子。Addition reaction n. 加成反应Addition reactions involve two molecules joining together to form a single new molecule.加成反应表示两个分子结合生成一个分子的过程。Elimination n. 消去反应Elimination involves the removal of a molecule from a large one. The addition of ethene to steammay be reversed by passing ethonal vapour over a hot catalyst such as pumic. A water molecule iseliminated.CH3CH2OH(g) CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g)消去反应表示的是从一个大分子中移走一个小分子的过程。例如在乙醇中加入催化剂可以从乙醇中移走水分子。Hydrolysis n. 水解反应Hydrolysis reactions involve breaking covalent bonds by reaction with water. The substitution of thebromine atom in bromoethane by hydrolysis is also a hydrolysis. The reaction proceeds much more slowly in water.CH3CH2Br(l) + H2O(l) CH3CH2OH(aq) + HBr(aq)水解反应是指和水反应断开一个共价键的过程。 例如溴乙烷和水反应生成乙醇和溴化氢的过程。Catalysis n. 催化剂Catalysts are frequently used in reactions to increase the rate of reaction. They do this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy 。 催化剂通常被用来加快反应速度，他们是通过提供一个需要更低反应活化能的路径来做到的。heterolytic fission n. 异裂When a covalent bond is broken to form two oppositely charged ions, the process is called heterolytic fission。 当一个共价键断裂形成两个电荷相反的离子，这个过程被
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