定语从句讲解

定语从句讲解被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它需要放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词+ which引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / on which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示 出。）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.2从句结构先行词指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关联词关联词常有2个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替先行词，在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或其宾格形式的whom做宾语，whose作为定语（whom可省略，whose不可省略）。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语（where）时间状语（when），原因状语（why）。定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词表示的）汉语中常用“的”表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“the girl”，“the book”如:She is the girl who likes singing. 她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。这就是一个定语从句。3关系代词关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1、who, whom, that限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人who/thatwhom/that(可省略)whose指物which/thatwhich/that(可省略)whose指人和物thatthatwhose非限定性定语从句中的关系代词作主语作宾语作定语指人whowhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwhose/of which特殊情况：只能用that的情况，先行词为everything，all，little，much等不定代词时；先行词被all，every，no，any，some，little，much，one修饰时；先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时；先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时；先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时；先行词有人又有物时；当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。不能用that的情况介词前置时；非限定性定语从句中多用who，不用that的情况先行词为all，anyone，one，ones时；先行词为those，he和people时；这些词代替指人，whom在定语从句中指人，who和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略,who作宾语变为whom），that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物 。在从句中所起作用如下：（1）Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）（2）He is the man （whom/that） I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见到的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）（3）The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 刚刚和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。（whom在从句中作宾语）注：who在定语从句中指人，作主语和宾语，作宾语时可省略；做及物动词或介词的宾语，可省略。2,which，that 用来指物（有六种情况只可用that而不用which）(用作主语、宾语，作宾语时可以省略），例如：（1）The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在从句中作主语）（2）The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。（which/that在从句中作宾语）注：which在定语从句中指物，可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语，作宾语时可省略；that在定语从句中既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时可省略，指人时，相当于who或whom，指物时，相当于which，作介词宾语时，介词不可提到that前，当介词提前时，需要用which或whom来代替。2、whose(只用作定语)“whose”表示谁（可以为人也可以为物）的（东西）例：A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。（“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲）He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。（“whose”表示那个房子的窗户）关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语。1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，“which”代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，“which”在从句省略。eg：This is the book （which）you want.2.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前面，但有的则放在它前面的位置。3. 代表物时的that常被省略；c）被形容词最高级修饰时；既有人又有物时；e）整个句中前面已有“which”，“why”行关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配）when=during/ on/ in/1. “where”是关系副词，当然也不用“that”引导。By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 当你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都带着生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等其他东西。2. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用“there is”开头。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。4关系副词1、why关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位语从句)2、when关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如：There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。3、where关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如：This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。