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外文文献翻译译文一、 外文原文原文：Financial accounting information and corporate governance systemsAbstractWe posit that limited transparency of firms operations to outside investors increases demands on governance systems to alleviate moral hazard problems. The accounting information system is one part of the company governs, which has a close relation with the corporate governance. The accounting information system has a reaction to the corporate governance. And the quality of the accounting information would be influenced by the corporate governance .In current society, the phenomenon that accounting information distortion keeps appeared all the time. However,this reasonable arrangements wouldn't be carried out effectually because the sanction for the unit principal is not enough and its range is dwindled. And therefore,this paper suggests that Accounting Law and Criminal Law should be revised,examinations on the quality of accounting information should be strengthened and the socially informing system should be set up. It is necessary to perfect corporate governance in order to make the quality of the accounting information better in this article; I explain what the corporate governance and the quality of accounting information are present now. And then I will try to analysis the relationship between the deficiency of corporate governance and the accounting information quality, the influence that the accounting information quality 。IntroductionIn the U.S. and in other economies with strong legal protection of outside shareholders rights, transparency of a firms operations and activities to outside investors disciplines managers to act in shareholders interests.1 Wepos it that limited corporate transparency increases demands on corporate governance systems to alleviate moral hazard problems resulting from a more severe information gap between managers and shareholders, ceteris paribus. We consider two factors that limit corporate transparency to varying degrees across large public U.S. companies: (1) relatively uninformative financial accounting systems characterized by the inability of firms GAAP earnings to explain changes in shareholder value in a timely fashion (low earnings timeliness) and, (2) firm complexity due to extensivegeographic and/or line of business diversification. Accounting information can have a significant impact on economic life. Real reliable accounting information is the important basis for companies to operate day-to-day business and make correct decisions, the important reference for the Government's to make macro-economic regulation and control, the favorable protection for the normal operation of market economy. As China's market economic system has improved steadily, the role of accounting is increasingly important in economy, it is the greatest concern and must be answered by accounting profession that whether accounting information is used to make decisions for government, investors and other users. But China's current disclosure of accounting information should not be optimistic, kinds of disclosure problems often occur such as excessive disclosure of accounting information, inadequate disclosure, untrue disclosure, untimely disclosure, abnormal disclosure, etc. These problems seriously affects correct decision-making of the information users, disrupts the distribution of social resources.With respect to monitoring technology, we conjecture that inherent limitations ofirms information systems in generating information relevant for monitoringmanagerial behavior influence governance structure formation by affecting the costbenefit trade-off underlying governance mechanism configurations. Financialaccounting systems are a logical starting point for investigating properties ofinformation systems important for addressing moral hazard problems. Auditedfinancial statements prepared under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) produce extensive, credible, low cost information that forms the foundation of the firm-specific information set available for addressing agency problems. Inmonitoring top managers, boards and outside investors cannot simply rely on stockprice changes to provide necessary information about the source of changes to firmvalue. For example, agency models generally imply that managers should be held. accountable for controllable events and not uncontrollable events, while stock returns aggregate the implications of all events. The accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable from uncontrollable events. As an illustration, managers often submit budgets to the board and then make periodic reports explaining variances from budget, presumably aiding boards in separating controllable from uncontrollable events (e.g., Zimmerman, 2002, Chapter 6)Measuring governance value of accounting numbers We conjecture that the extent to which current accounting numbers capture theinfor mation set underlying current changes in value (i.e., earnings timeliness, asdefined in our study) is a fundamental determinant of their governance value todirectors and in vestors. Directors monitor managerial and firm performance, ratify managerial decisions, provide managerial incentives, and aid in strategic planningactivities (e.g., strategy development, succession planning). To carry out these duties, directors demand information to help them understand both how and why equity values are changing. For example, the detailed accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable from uncontrollable events to aid in the managerial evaluation process. Outside investors and financial analysts who monitor firm and managerial performance also demand such information. Stock prices provideinformation about overall changes in equity value. Accounting systems, by collecting and summarizing the financial effects of firms investment, operating, and financing activities, convey information about the underlying sources of changes in equity value. Earnings timeliness measures the extent to which current earnings capture the information set underlying contemporaneous changes in stock price. However, we acknowledge that the nature of this measure raises conceptual issues about our hypothesis that earnings timeliness is a determinant of governance choices. In particular, if stock prices efficiently reflect all information available to marketparticipants, is not theinfor mation also availableto residual claimants and theboard? And if so, why would firms need costly monitoring mechanisms or specificknowledge gathering to substitute for low earnings timeliness? Why not just use stock price directly, or simply extract the information included in stock price? We draw on economic theory to address these questions in support of our hypotheses.The detailed information set reflected in stock price is not freely available to the board and residual claimants. Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) demonstrate that fullyrevealing stock prices are incompatible with costly information collection activities of investors. In an equilibrium where private information collection and processing activities are costly, prices cannot be fully revealing. This implies that boards and others cannot extract the underlying information from price.However, one could argue that even if prices are not invertible back to the markets underlying information set, managers and directors have direct access to all this information. Is this the case? Research documents a significant relation betweenchanges in stock price and subsequent investment decisions (e.g., Morck et al., 1990; Baker et al., 2001). One potential explanation for this is that stock pricecommunicates new information to a firms managers that is then incorporated into investment decision (see Morck et al., 1990 for a discussion of competing hypotheses).4 But, even if a firms managers know the entire information set, thisdoes not imply that the board of directors knows it, and so board structure mayrespond to low earnings timeliness as the board seeks to close the information gap between them and top management.5 In addition, even if the board knows the entire information set, it is not necessarily the case that residual claimholders know it, and so costly monitoring activities may respond to low earnings timeliness as residual claimholders attempt to compensate for the information gap between them and both the firms executives and board of directors. Finally, stock price formation is a complex process and the aggregated nature of information impounded in price potentially limits its governance usefulness (e.g., Paul, 1992). As a result, utilizing stock price as a substitute information source forpoor accounting numbers is likely to involve substantial error and to require extensive sophistication, knowledge, and effort on the part of board members. Thus, consistent with our hypotheses, costly governance mechanisms characterized by strong equity-based incentives for outside shareholders, directors, and executives, as well as a relatively knowledgeable, capable, and highly motivated board are likely demanded when earnings timeliness is low. more useful, earnings information is actually superfluous? The answer is no. While stock price changes provide overall information about changes in firm value, information from the accounting system aids directors and investors in understandingthe source of changes in firm value. For example, stock price changescommingle events under the control of managers with events that are not, while agency theory counsels that managers should be held accountable for controllable events and not uncontrollable events. The accounting system facilitates boards efforts to separate controllable from uncontrollable events through analysis of budget variances and other techniques. Thus, even if disaggregated accountinginformation explained 100% of the variance in returns, accounting would not be superfluous to governance as stock price is not a sufficient statistic for the deta. Issues of reverse causalityWhile accounting information systems per se may directly influence governancechoices, we must acknowledge the possibility that governance structures also influence the properties of accounting numbers through accounting policy choices and earnings management activities.27 One econometric solution to this question would involve using an instrumental variable technique. This, however, does not appear to be a fruitful approach in this case, as it is not obvious what to use as areasonable instrument. only a small amount of thecrosssectionalvariation in earnings timeliness is explained by a wide range of firm characteristics. While we could use any or all of these variables as an instrument (e.g., two-stage least square), it would result in throwing out over 95% of the crosssectional variation in timeliness (recall that the explanatory power of the earnings timeliness models using various firm characteristics .While we cannot definitively rule out reverse causality, we note that our timelinessmetrics are based on core earnings, defined as earnings before special items, extraordinary items and discontinued operations. While it is of course possible to manipulate core earnings, the focus on core earnings excludes discretionary accruals within special items, extraordinary items and discontinued operations, which are arguably outlets for earnings management activity.Further, it is not clear how much discretion managers have over earningstimeliness. range of important firm characteristics. Even if executives were significantly manipulating earnings, it is not clear if this would impact earnings timeliness. If marginal sophisticated investors see through earnings management, then earnings management unlikely impacts timeliness. In this instance, our timeliness composite; could also be impacted if earnings management introducesnoise in earnings. If they are being fooled, then earnings management could increasee arnings timeliness as investors are fooled into thinking that current earnings are more informative than they really are. In the end, it is not clear how or if earnings management impacts earnings/returns relations estimated over long time periods.Summary and implicationsThis paper investigates how ownership concentration, equity incentives of directors, executive compensation and board structure vary with inherent limitationsof firms information systems and with firms organizational complexity. We adopt the perspective that observed governance structures represent optimal contracting arrangements endogenously determined by firms contracting environments. We proxy for the intrinsic governance usefulness of accounting information with earnings timeliness, defined as the extent to which current accounting earnings incorporate current economic income or value-relevant information. We empirically document that only a small portion of the cross-sectional variation in earnings timeliness can be explained by firms growth opportunities, return volatility, size, industry and geographic diversification, and past performance. Our inability to explain the cross-sectional variation in earnings timeliness is consistent with the idea that timeliness is distinct from other fundamental firm characteristics. Most existing research into the stewardshiprelevance and research into the value relevance of accounting have proceeded independently. We explore whether the relative importance of accounting numbers in equity valuation appears to matter in the determination of corporategovernance systems of large public companies in the U.S. Although causal inferences are problematic, associations between measures of the usefulness of accounting numbers in valuation and governance structures are a necessary (although not sufficient) condition for concluding that governance structures are influenced by the limitations of accounting numbers for valuation purposesFinally, our evidence supports the notion that the firm-specific timeliness metrics capture meaningful differences across large public U.S. companies in the information properties of accounting numbers. This provides a basis for using such firm-specific metrics to investigate other economic consequences of the information properties of accounting, such as voluntary disclosures, corporate signaling, analyst activity, corporate investment decisions, financing choices, and the cost of debt and equity capital.Source : Robert Bushman,Qi Chen.Financial accounting information, organizational complexity and corporate governance systemsJ.Journal of Accounting & Economics,2004,37(2) 译文：财务会计信息与公司治理结构的关系摘要我们要增加公司治理制度所要求的透明度，以减轻道德风险问题。因此我们就有必要研究会计信息系统与公司治理之间的关系，会计信息质量优劣会影响公司治理好坏且会计信息系统对公司治理具有反作用。在目前的社会中，会计信息失真现象屡见不鲜。要完善公司治理，以提高会计信息质量迫在眉睫。在本文中本人解释什么是公司治理与会计信息质量。然后，我会尽量分析公司治理缺陷对会计信息质量的影响。介绍在美国和其他国家的法律保护下, 股东具有较全面的了解公司的经营操作和活动空间，以及在一定程度上限制了投资者经理的行为。公司透明度的增加对公司治理系统是有要求的。而减轻道德风险遗留下来的问题更加严重阻碍了管理者和股东之间沟通。在其它条件不变的情况下，我们认为这两个因素在不同程度的限制在公共场合下美国公司的透明度。(1)在公认的会计原则下，公司将收入的变化跟随股东价值的变化而变化(2)公司治理的复杂性是由于广泛地理因素和业务多样化而形成的。针对监视机制,我们推测,公司的内部控制能够对公司的信息系统在生成相关治理结构中所需的信息进行监测管理。但同时成本效益在治理机制配置上具有潜在的影响。会计信息系统重要的解决问题是道德风险问题。在公认会计准则下，审计财务报表编制具有广泛性,可靠性。而其形成的特定基础的可供解决代理问题。高层管理者,董事会和外部投资者不能仅仅依靠股票价格变化所提供的信息来改变的公司治理结构和方向。例如,代理模型通常意味着管理者应该为控制事件和无法控制的事件负责, 而股票收益率的高低无法看出是受到哪方面的影响，但是会计信息可以在一定程度上将不可控制和可控制因素区分开。举一个例子,管理者经常向董事会提交预算,然后使周期报告从预算出发，来解释差异的来源。 (如,Zimmerman,2002年,第6章)测量的治理价值会计数字和组织的复杂性我们推测,目前会计信息数据的变化(如盈利的及时性)其根本决定因素是由董事会和投资者决定的。董事监控管理层、批准公司业绩的管理决策,提供管理创新、并有助于战略计划活动(例如,战略发展、接续计划)。执行这些活动,董事需要会计信息,以帮助他们了解为何公司股票价值正在改变。例如,详细的会计信息可以有利于董事会将无法控制的事件撇开，而在评价过程中客观的评价目前的管理控制。外部投资者和金融分析师们在监控公司管理业绩时也需要这样的信息。例如提供有关股权价值的整体变化的信息。会计财务报告，通过收集和总结企业的财务资料来影响投资和融资活动，传达有关权益变动的基本来源。盈余及时性措施,在一定程度上是收集同期股票价格变动的信息。我们承认，该措施的本质问题提出了我们所想要提出的假设，即时效性是盈余影响治理结构的决定因素。实际上, 如果股价有效地将所有信息提供给市场的参与者，那么是不是信息也同时会提供给剩余索取者和董事会呢？如果是这样,为什么公司还需要昂贵的监控机制或特定信息收集来取代低收入呢?为什么不直接使用股票价格,或简单地提取股票价格内载的资料呢?我们利用经济学理论来解决这些问题的同时，也来支持我们的假说。载于股票价格的详细资料反映的，不是免费提供给董事会和剩余索取者的资料。格罗斯曼和斯蒂格利茨（1980）表明，股票价格揭示了会计信息的不对称。在一个相对平衡的环境里,信息的收集和处理活动所需的成本是极为昂贵的, 同时价格也不能完全说明问题。这意味其他一般人并不能从股票价格提取到所需的基本信息。然而,有人也许会认为,即使价格不可逆性回市场所需的信息,那么直接向管理人员和主管索要这些信息。不就可以了吗？可是事实真是这样的吗?研究股票价格的变化与随后的投资决策(例如,Morck 1990)是有极为重要的关系。因此即使公司的高层经理了解整个信息并确定是准确的的,这并不意味着董事会也同样会知道这一点,所以管理层的收入高低决定着其与董事会之间是否存在沟通的问题,此外,即使董事会知道整个信息集,它不一定将剩余的情况让外在投资者所知道, 花费如此高昂成本监测活动是想试图弥补信息沟通中的差距。最后,股票价格的形成是一个复杂的过程,对于基本信息将被扣留在价格之中，可能限制了其治理用途(例如,保罗,1992)。因此,利用股票价格作为会计信息的来源,有可能导致大量的误差,因此要求董事会成员具有渊博的专业知识和准确的专业判断能力。当然，以上论述与我们的假设是一致的。虽然从股票价格的变化可以提供公司的价值部分的信息,但从会计信息系统的角度去让董事和投资者来理解企业价值的变化更加合理。股票价格并不足以是统计资料浓缩而成的。反向因果关系的问题虽然会计信息系统本身可能直接影响治理结构的选择，但我们必须承认这一可能性，就是治理结构也通过会计政策选择和盈余管理活动来影响的会计信息的属性。解决这个问题将使用工具性变量法。但是这看起来并不是一项富有成效的方法, 因为它并不明显表明这是一个合理的工具。最后,虽然我们不能排除反因果关系,但我们注意到我们的及时性标准是在“核心”收入的基础上。当然它可能是操纵的核心收益,将精力集中于核心的收入不包括审计师在特殊的物品上变更,特殊项目的停止操作, 这可以说是盈余管理活动中可操纵应计利润的部分。时效性是公司相对不敏感的地带。即使高管操纵收入显著,也尚不清楚这将是否会影响到收入及时性。如果成熟的投资者看到通过收益管理政策, 识破公司的盈余管理。那么收入时效性所起到的影响不到。如果投资者被愚弄, 那么可以增加盈余管理的时效性，因为投资者都以为当前的收入比他们自己的更丰厚，那就真的上当了。总结和意义本文探讨了股权集中制度、董事会与高管薪酬激励体制与企业的信息系统以及企业组织的复杂性所固有的限制是有所不同。据推测我们发现公司治理系统具有较高的股权集中度,强大的董事、高管的股票奖励,和强烈的名声(即外部董事)的变化与会计信息的及时性成反比,。此外,我们还有一些证据表明，股权集中程度高和董事的股票激励增加并不能使内部董事比例也同样的发生了显著变化。本文扩展了资本市场和管理会计文献，（例如，布须曼和史密斯，2001）。但仍有许多地方需要加以修正。来源：罗伯特·布西、陈奇.财务会计信息与公司治理结构的关系 J.会计经济期刊,2004,37(2)
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