冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文

外文文献翻译 (含：英文原文及中文译文) 英文原文 Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This articles main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in the actual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved. Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is You may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interchangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and The stiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it is difficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more single processes are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the mold removes or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possible quality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT1617; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materials can be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine tools and testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. Chinas major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. Chinas stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number of standard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。 模具是 高质量、 高效率的产品生产工具, 模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。 因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短, 不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置, 然后才是质量和价格。 因此, 如何在保证质量、 控制成本的前提下加工模具是值 得认真考虑的问题。 模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺, 已成为重要发展方向, 在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术,可以 提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。 研究和建立模具工艺数据库, 为生产企业提供 迫切需要的高速切削加工数据,对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。 本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程, 将模具制造企业在实际生产中 结合刀具、 工件、 机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、 工艺参 数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中,不但可以节省大量的人力、 物力、财力,而且可以指导高速加工生产实践,达到提高加工效率,降低刀具费 用,获得更高的经济效益。1. 冲压的概念、特点及应用冲压是利用安装在冲压设备(主要是压力机)上的模具对材料施加压力, 使其产生分离或塑性变形, 从而获得所需零件 (俗称冲压或冲压件) 的一种压力 加工方法。 冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工, 且主要采用板料来加工 成所需零件, 所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。 冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主 要方法之一,隶属于材料成型工程术。冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具,简称冲模。冲模是将材料(金属或非金 属) 批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。 冲模在冲压中至关重要, 没有符合要求的 冲模, 批量冲压生产就难以进行; 没有先进的冲模, 先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。 冲压工艺与模具、 冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素, 只有它们相互结 合才能得出冲压件。与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比, 冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济 方面都具有许多独特的优点,主要表现如下;(1) 冲压加工的生产效率高, 且操作方便, 易于实现机械化与自动化。 这是因为冲压是依靠冲模和冲压设备来完成加工, 普通压力机的行程次数为每分钟可 达几十次, 高速压力要每分钟可达数百次甚至千次以上, 而且每次冲压行程就可 能得到一个冲件。(2)冲压时由于模具保证了冲压件的尺寸与形状精度,且一般不破坏冲压 件的表面质量 , 而模具的寿命一般较长 , 所以冲压的质量稳定 , 互换性好 , 具有 “一 模一样”的特征。(3) 冲压可加工出尺寸范围较大、 形状较复杂的零件, 如小到钟表的秒表, 大到汽车纵梁、 覆盖件等, 加上冲压时材料的冷变形硬化效应, 冲压的强度和刚 度均较高。(4) 冲压一般没有切屑碎料生成, 材料的消耗较少, 且不需其它加热设备, 因而是一种省料,节能的加工方法,冲压件的成本较低。但是, 冲压加工所使用的模具一般具有专用性, 有时一个复杂零件需要数套 模具才能加工成形,且模具制造的精度高,技术要求高,是技术密集形产品。所 以, 只有在冲压件生产批量较大的情况下, 冲压加工的优点才能充分体现, 从而 获得较好的经济效益。冲压加工在现代工业生产中, 尤其是大批量生产中应用十分广泛。 相当多的 工业部门越来越多地采用冲压法加工产品零部件,如汽车、农机、仪器、仪表、 电子、航空、航天、家电及轻工等行业。在这些工业部门中,冲压件所占的比重 都相当的大, 少则 60%以上, 多则 90%以上。 不少过去用锻造 =铸造和切削加工方 法制造的零件,现在大多数也被质量轻、刚度好的冲压件所代替。因此可以说, 如果生产中不能采用冲压工艺, 许多工业部门要提高生产效率和产品质量、 降低 生产成本、快速进行产品更新换代等都是难以实现的。2. 冲压的基本工序及模具由于冲压加工的零件种类繁多, 各类零件的形状、 尺寸和精度要求又各不相 同, 因而生产中采用的冲压工艺方法也是多种多样的。 概括起来, 可分为分离工 序和成形工序两大类; 分离工序是指使坯料沿一定的轮廓线分离而获得一定形状、 尺寸和断面质量的冲压 (俗称冲裁件) 的工序; 成形工序是指使坯料在不破裂的 条件下产生塑性变形而获得一定形状和尺寸的冲压件的工序。上述两类工序, 按基本变形方式不同又可分为冲裁、 弯曲、 拉深和成形四种 基本工序,每种基本工序还包含有多种单一工序。在实际生产中, 当冲压件的生产批量较大、 尺寸较少而公差要求较小时, 若 用分散的单一工序来冲压是不经济甚至难于达到要求。 这时在工艺上多采用集中 的方案, 即把两种或两种以上的单一工序集中在一副模具内完成, 称为组合的方 法不同,又可将其分为复合 -级进和复合 -级进三种组合方式。复合冲压在压力机的一次工作行程中, 在模具的同一工位上同时完成两 种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方法式。级进冲压在压力机上的一次工作行程中, 按照一定的顺序在同一模具的 不同工位上完面两种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方式。复合 -级进在一副冲模上包含复合和级进两种方式的组合工序。冲模的结构类型也很多。 通常按工序性质可分为冲裁模、 弯曲模、 拉深模和 成形模等; 按工序的组合方式可分为单工序模、 复合模和级进模等。 但不论何种 类型的冲模, 都可看成是由上模和下模两部分组成, 上模被固定在压力机工作台 或垫板上,是冲模的固定部分。工作时,坯料在下模面上通过定位零件定位,压 力机滑块带动上模下压,在模具工作零件(即凸模、凹模)的作用下坯料便产生 分离或塑性变形, 从而获得所需形状与尺寸的冲件。 上模回升时, 模具的卸料与 出件装置将冲件或废料从凸、 凹模上卸下或推、 顶出来, 以便进行下一次冲压循 环。3. 冲压技术的现状及发展方向随着科学技术的不断进步和工业生产的迅速发展, 许多新技术、 新工艺、 新 设备、 新材料不断涌现, 因而促进了冲压技术的不断革新和发展。 其主要表现和 发展方向如下:(1)冲压成形理论及冲压工艺方面冲压成形理论的研究是提高冲压技术的基 础。目前,国内外对冲压成形理论的研究非常重视,在材料冲压性能研究、冲压 成形过程应力应变分析、 板料变形规律研究及坯料与模具之间的相互作用研究等 方面均取得了较大的进展。 特别是随着计算机技术的飞跃发展和塑性变形理论的 进一步完善, 近年来国内外已开始应用塑性成形过程的计算机模拟技术, 即利用有限元(FEM )等有值分析方法模拟金属的塑性成形过程,根据分析结果,设计 人员可预测某一工艺方案成形的可行性及可能出现的质量问题, 并通过在计算机 上选择修改相关参数, 可实现工艺及模具的优化设计。 这样既节省了昂贵的试模 费用,也缩短了制模具周期。研究推广能提高生产率及产品质量、降低成本和扩大冲压工艺应用范围的 各种压新工艺, 也是冲压技术的发展方向之一。 目前, 国内外相继涌现出精密冲 压工艺、软模成形工艺、高能高速成形工艺及无模多点成形工艺等精密、高效、 经济的冲压新工艺。 其中, 精密冲裁是提高冲裁件质量的有效方法, 它扩大了冲 压加工范围,目前精密冲裁加工零件的厚度可达 25mm ,精度可达 IT1617级; 用液体、 橡胶、 聚氨酯等作柔性凸模或凹模的软模成形工艺, 能加工出用普通加 工方法难以加工的材料和复杂形状的零件, 在特定生产条件下具有明显的经济效 果;采用爆炸等高能效成形方法对于加工各种尺寸在、形状复杂、批量小、强度 高和精度要求较高的板料零件, 具有很重要的实用意义; 利用金属材料的超塑性 进行超塑成形, 可以用一次成形代替多道普通的冲压成形工序, 这对于加工形状 复杂和大型板料零件具有突出的优越性; 无模多点成形工序是用高度可调的凸模 群体代替传统模具进行板料曲面成形的一种先进技术, 我国已自主设计制造了具 有国际领先水平的无模多点成形设备, 解决了多点压机成形法, 从而可随意改变 变形路径与受力状态, 提高了材料的成形极限, 同时利用反复成形技术可消除材 料内残余应力, 实现无回弹成形。 无模多点成形系统以 CAD/CAM/CAE技术为主要 手段,能快速经济地实现三维曲面的自动化成形。(2)冲模是实现冲压生产的基本条件 . 在冲模的设计制造上 , 目前正朝着以下 两方面发展 :一方面 , 为了适应高速、 自动、 精密、 安全等大批量现代生产的需要, 冲模正向高效率、高精度、高寿命及多工位、多功能方向发展,与此相比适应的 新型模具材料及其热处理技术, 各种高效、 精密、 数控自动化的模具加工机床和 检测设备以及模