西安电子科技大学射频微波电路实验

射频电路实验西安电子科技大学电工电子实验教学中心TOPIC 1系统简介17射频前端收发机Tx ANTDown-Mixer射频铁三角Filters ( LPF, BPF, .)FrequencyCounterOscillatorsVoltage-controlled Oscillator(VCO)Freq. Doublers / Multipliers/ DividersMixers ( Frequency Converter)FrequencyImpedanceAnalyzerScalar / VectorNetworkAnalyzerSpectrumAnalyzerPowerMeterImpedance TransformersMatching NetworksAntennaAttenuators ( PADs)Power SplittersCouplersAmplifiers ( SSA, LNA, PA)射频训练教学五大要素五大要素解决方案传输线理论放大器包含十二个设计单十理功率衰减器功率分配器定向耦合器振荡器压控振荡器微带天线射频发射机射频接收机S11/S21测量功能功率测量功能频率测量功能PC连线功能18个电路模组射频微波电路导论电路设计公式*.mcd filesTRLCAD-MsANTRFGuideWinSmith布线软件教学课程电路设计举例AnSoft_SVTopic 1Topic 2Topic 3Topic 4Topic 5Topic 6Topic 7Topic 8Topic 9Topic 10Topic 11Topic 12Topic 13Topic 14十二设计方案传输线理论 阻抗匹配 功率衰减器 功率分配器 耦合器 滤波器 放大器 振荡器 压控振荡器 倍频器 混频器 天线射频发射机射频接收机TOPIC 2教材内容简介传输线理论1confine E and H fields between signal line and groundPoynting Factor P_ = ExH必3TEM TE TMMagnetic Field axesEle ctric FieldGuided modes of EM waves:Equivalent Circuit of a transmission line:R LPiopagation constant ( y ) and chaiacteiistic impedance ( Zo ):传输线理论2R, L, G, C: for unit length-=-(/?+/Z.)/ A (1) = -(9 + jcoC ) V A (2) dzdzzV2|/from (1),(2), 二=(7?+ j(oL)(G + jcoC)V =y2V dz7 = J(/?+ /g)(G + j *,Z0 = V 11 = 7(/?+ jcoL )/( + jcoC)传输线特性3常用反射损耗（RL） &电压驻波比（VSWR）对照表VSWRIrlReturn Loss(dB)Reflection Power(%)Transmission Power(%)Transmission Loss(dB)1.00.0000infinite0.000100.000.0001.10.047626.450.22799.7730.0101.20.090920.830.82699.1740.0361.22200.199.91.30.130417.701.70098.3000.0741.40.166715.562.77997.2210.1221.43151.50.200013.984.00096.0000.1771.90.310310.169.62990.3710.4401.921010902.00.33339.5411.1188.890.511infinite101000传输线理论4常见传输线结构图同轴线(coaxial cable)微带线(microstrip)带线(stripline)平面波导(coplanar waveguide)狭缝传输线(slot 1 ine)微带线 (suspended microstrip)方形波导 (rectangular waveguide)圆波导(cylindrical waveguide)翼片波导(fin line)介质波导(dielectric waveguide) 光纤(optical fiber)Smith Chart1-JXSmith Chart2Smith Chart3Smith Chartx=-lSmith Chart5+jxg= 8Smith Chart5Smith Chart6Zo=75Network Parameters for 2-port Networkiiv2-PortNetwork2-Port Network22H参数匕+，12 V2S参数b = Sna + SnaY参数+ %2 V2，2 = y2M + y22V2Z参数K = Z1J1 + Z1212V2 = Z21 11 + Z22，2b2 S2。 + S22a2IRL = 20 log |5n|Gain / Loss = 20 log |521 Isolation = 20 log |5121ORL = 20 log |522|Matching Theory3图(a):输入输出功率关系图Pout = 1?jL./Rf = k J=p = -_pUt（1+左）2”kratio of RL to Rs ( k = RL / Rs ) 图(b)：输出功率与阻抗比例关系图乃5 5。.2 o0PoutZl广义阻抗匹配关系图当4=Zs*，即是匹配（Matched ）Matching Network Design1Qs=Xs / RsBl 2-2(a) L型匹配电路(Rs % )Qs-QlRX=QSRS ,Qs=Ql =Xl=Ql.RlMatching Network Design2Cpcp=rL图2-2(c) Ls-Cp低通式L型匹配电路7图2-2(e) CpLs低通式L型匹配电路CsLpCs=1, Lp 二标-2唳*2祇图2-2(d) CsLp高通式L型匹配电路图2-2( f) Lp-Cs高通式L型匹配电路Matching Network Design3Dsi = Q Rs ，Xpi = gR，XS2= Q?，RlCs2Ls1Matching Network Design4Rh=MAX（Rs，Rl）Xs2 = QRXs】 二 QR，Xp1Matching Network Design5设计一个工作中心频率400MHz ,频宽40MHz的50-75。之T型阻抗匹配器。（Rs = 50。，R =（0 + 1） = 5050RX p, = = 505“QV3_ = 198.9仍,J=17tfcF1 2,50ohm/Rs-vsR =75。）lDD，XS1=QRS =500,Q2 = J-1 = 8.145, XP2 = =620V kl2X$2 = 2 , R/ = 610.8iV10.79pFLS22A3nH , CP2时 X pi2可c2gc，X pz199nH/Ls1243nH/Ls2-iM；冷的2争：:-口料厂 一，叫 I I rmllP-ZOCmll8aAS-60ml|W-Snll F-tDriii心 6Onll AMOp.+G2mli L364EII5blAGImll g I.6cmiIWl-6lml|UJ8nll F. 4cmi|，八A I ITmll yUI-6riillA.NG-JeyMV-6 hullW6 Im 11p-5oamnP-4&ZmllUMEdmlll-r WI- / M3 IecrnllIltTill心 GimliP-IOdOnillVV-6lnill，I ITlrill P.2conilY10NWA1Ansoft Corporati on750MHz Microstrip kinson Power SplitterF GHzY2hdB(S21)一NWA1Y2GdB(S31)一NWA1Y1T dBCS22) NWA1Y1洋dB(S33)NWA1X1 = 0 75GHzY1=-33.09X2=0 75GHzY2= -3 14Wilkinson Power Splitters2-5Wilkinson PowerPort-1图4-3 (b)叉路线型等功率分接器Power Splitters3设计公式：C = -3dBK = l(f%。=0.5Power Splitters4z2Z4Z3Z5图4-4 (b)威尔金生型耦合线比例功率分接器设计公式：P ,=kP3y。RLzoP3Z2 =Zok3 (l + k)i/47 77 “1/47 乙4 一乙乙5 -女1/4Directional Coupler1Port-1Pl -Port-4 .P4DirectionalCoupler方向耦合器Port-2A P2a Port-2P3传输系数：Transmissi on = T(dB) = -10 - logP3耦合系数：Coupling = C(dB) = -10 - log,P4阻抗系数：Eolation = I(dB) = -10 - log方向系数：Directivity = D(dB) = I(dB) 一 C(dB)Port-1PiP4Port-4Directional Coupler2Z。 LsCp0-TUTCp-0(a) low-pass typePort-2P2P3Port-3(b)Port-1 Z 3 Port-2Pi o_n_I I_r_0 P2Lp 0 牛p4 0-5-1 |_io p3Port-4Port-3(b) high-pass type 高通L式叉路型耦合器低通L式叉路型耦合器(a)ZoePort-1 PiPort-2P264JPort-4Port-3(d)平行线型耦合器Directional Coupler3设计一个适用于400MHz之lOdB的高通L-C式叉路型耦合器。(Zo=50 ohm)ML:U50UL;网-EH： 1.BnnHetliClnUI_：ER:4.5VARLabel ：5uh TRrOs0,B15step 5BrHs 100gnfc snfcP5B:10wPoi&mCliE.EpFL2; 20nHFREQ GHzDirectional Coupler4设计一个适用于750MHz之10dB的平行线型耦合线50ohnnno.oPlXf 1P2 60 mm一ms上三巴用后三hq_0 0 LHU ： 1gMMjaa9U2：Uc 屹:14c n2吁心:小“T-L-i m：N50 N1:U50 r-J-1H：11L 1dk-rl )H :1.6mmER;4,5Lben?一1n1 nlL1一工邑洞 bend .1nt p,_4nl . bend厂.悍label rsub TRND：0,015i-H同：时必：侬 .200R U2:U：S4J2:Uc n占佞落p：Pc j三占VRR5。而 上矍靠山 50ohn 的_J U50：2.92mnP50；10mm 1ljc：2.38mm-30.0P5P4Sc：0.3UmFREQPc： 5?. 16mriL (near-35.0step 50MHz 1000MHz 5MHz40.0o (Zo=50 ohm)1 , 1 1,卜“卜 +H-FF dB S21 m+H-,+ +H+-H+,4hh 4h-1TH44|HPF.：；11111111111 ：i 111111111111111111111111111111.性寺争胆嘲M书1邛 _T1 QQ 11:zlehzzlljjzzllllTh Q.D1 xmmmnxmmi,(1 3，用珅福田.卜1 - H 府解鞠理EM 卅/二.rrrirrn-rrTT* dJBSl 114；二一1l-1】:十片十- _Lj!前油谕td ,tT 5* f,# 小M蜴5 仙FREQ GHzFilters1ButterworthMaximum FlatTchebyshevType-ITchebyshevType-IIEllipticFrequency (co)Frequency (co)Frequency (Frequency (o)(a) Low-pass Butterworth filter(b) Low-pass Tchebyscheff filter(c) Low-pass inverse Tchebyscheff(d) Low-pass elliptic filter低通滤波器方法:Filters2(A)巴特渥斯型(Butterworth Lowpass Filter )步骤一：决定规格。重路阻抗(Impedance) : Zo (olmi)截止频率(Cutoff Frequency ) : fc (Hz)截通频率(Stopband Frequency ) : fx (Hz)通带衰减量(Maximum Attenuation at cutoff frequency ) : Ap (dB)截通衰减量(Minimum Attenuation at stopband frequency ) : Ax(dB)步骤二：言十算元件级数(Order of elements，N )。,N取最接近的整数。0-_0.5 log -Nlog复步骤三：差十算原型元件值(Prototype Element Values，gQ。0 . (2K 1)不gK = 2 - sin,k2NK = ,2-N步骤四：先逗撵串L加C型或加C串L型，再依公式算除甯感甯容值。(a)串LigC型L以odd(b)左串L型*gdd Z。g oddg even2 球 c * ZoCevenr 、2%ZoT _ g even，Z。evenc _c2/Filters3Mag2 =10-Ax/lQ5 =10必1。_111 - Mag2arccos JMag2N ：y = siiili2N(B )切比雪夫I型(Tchebyshev Type-I Lowpass Filter )步骤一：决定规格。电路阻抗(Impedance) : Zo (olnn)截止频率(Cutoff Ftequency ) : fc (Hz)截通频率(Stopband Frequency ) : fx (Hz)截通衰减量(Minimum Attenuation at stopband ) : Ax(dB)步骤二：计算元件级数(Order of elements，N )。5其中n取最接近的善谈arccos(采用奇整数是为了切比雪夫低通原型在偶数级时，其输入与输出阻抗不相等的力 情况。步骤三：计算原型元件值(Piototype Element Values 5 gK) 0a2Axa团 二r8 k =- 夕 K = 2,3.,N.(2K 1)%4 = sin-k 2NBk =/+sin2()Sk- e 练iFilters4一、设计实例：设计一个3dB截至频率为75MHz之切比雪夫型1dB淳波LC低通滤波器(Zo=50 ohm) 且其在100MHz至少有20dB的衰减。解：步骤一：决定规格。电路阻抗(Impedance) : Zo = 50 ohm截至频率(Cutoff Frequency) : fc = 75MHz版通频阜(Stopband Frequency) : fx = 100MHz通带衰减量(Max. Attenuation at cutoff frequency) : Ap = 3 dB截通衰减量(Min. Attenuation at stopband frequency) ： Ax = 20dB 步骤二：计算元件级数(Order of elements，N)，N取最接近的整数。N = 5 步骤三：计算原型元件值(Prototype曰ement Values，gQ。glg2g3g4g52.20721.12793.10251.12792.2072ClL2C3L4C5理论值93.66pF119.7nH131.65pF119.711H93.66pF采用值94pF120iiH132pF120iiH94pF步骤四：选择并C串L型.10.CC-10OJ.副CO- -4C0J.oro iblo 2bt 3ilo Ecto vtioFREQjMHzOJ-2050OH120nH120nH50OH94pF132pF94pFChebyshev Low Pass Filter4-1PortlChebyshev Low Pass Filter4-3Chebyshev Low Pass Filter44Chebyshev Low Pass Fi-ter4&7一s3._Q=10000 T Q=10000Q=10000-8D-HQuowQ=10000E-If 03=DSDm=G“学一一w=gm一一 DM5m= 口卬学一一wrn一 Hsg=W3A15m= wtsm=or-HOH-000Q=10000,Q=10000Wi5om= US3一GG0m=5Pns3= W315m= W4=sg._曷1*3=Elw=gm= DSDi.一 G=20m=Chebyshev Low Pass Filter4-#ssbj mo AaqsXqaqoChebyshevlw PassChebyshev Low Pass Filter4-9201000-10-20-30TO-50-60Down ConverterS11 Bandl0.52.14 -24NOD 曲 PI 旗 21 DO 50Mhz|S21|BandO|0. 43.91 01.zu 10 00 iiii iiii iiii iiiiIIII IIII IIIIiiiiii111111 r v tI 57.43 02.2. 64.03 -1 , , .3.4.3. 69.93 2I 75.92 -5111I1111115.-10 1 1IIII J i7 11i! L1 95. 81.93 -76.6. 88.02 -107.-20 iiii iiii iiii11111118 ；7. 94.02 -13.J,8.8. 100.01 -179.-JU -40 -50 .Rn -iiii iiii iiii111111i i i9. 106.05 -21F10.11.12.13.10.11.12.13.iiii iiii iiii111111i i iiiii iiii iiii11111111).9 84.9 90.9 9(i i i11111111151.6 56.762.468.173.879.585.290.996.6102108iiii419 55.0 61.0 67.0 729 7(L9 103 109Filters5带通滤波器设计方法： 步骤一：决定规格。电路阻抗(Impedance) : Zo (olnn)上通带频率 (upper passband edge frequency ) : (Hz)，BWpass=fpU -fpL下通带频率 (lower passband edge frequency ) : fpL (Hz) r _ fT- 上截通频率(uppei stopband edge frequency ) : fxl (Hz) |。 J pl J pu 下截通频率(lowei stopband edge frequency ) : fXL (Hz)通带衰减量(Maximum Attenuation at passband ) : Ap (dB)截通衰减量(Minimum Attenuation at stopband ) : Ax(dB)步骤二：计算元件级数(Oide】 of elements，N)。xi =(AJxLB%s.0X2=(册fxu) BWPassX= MIN XIX2)(1)巴特沃斯型(Butterworth )，N取最接近的退。(2)切比雪夫型(Tchebyshev Type)，N取最接近的麦整麟N10-165 kg 10Ap/10_1arccosMag2Narccos(6Z?x)步骤三：计算低通原型元件值(Prototype Element Values，gK),其公式依前所示。并选择串L并C型或并C串L型，Filters6以计算出实际电容(Cp)、电感(Ls)值。(a)串L并C型Lsoddgdd Z2小与卬9Cd =g eveneven 17i-BWDas-Zopass(b)并 C 串 L型二 gddLs 二 gZ。如一 2兀.BWpass 2。 even27T-BWpass步骤四：计算带通原型元件转 换值。由低通原型实 际元件值依下列转换对照 表计算出带通原型实 际元件值，并用带通原 型转换电路取代低通 原型电路元件，以完成 带通电路结构。低通原型 电路元件带通原型 转换电路转换公式CpjqHLpLP =2 c8。C pCs=-Q, = 2 班电感LsCs Ls1|w设计一个中心频率为75MHz、通带频宽为10MHz的切比雪夫型O.ldB淳波 j带通滤波器(Zo=50ohm)，其截通频宽为30MHz，而截通衰减量至少 到烂：决定规格。电路阻抗(Impedance) : Zo = 50 olun上通带频窣(upper passband edge frequency ) :75 + 5 = 80 MHz下通带频率(lowei passband edge frequency) : fpL = 75 5 = 70 MHz 上截通频率(upper stopband edge frequency ) : %； = 75 + 15 = 90 MHz 下截通频率(lower stopband edge frequency):研=75 15 = 60 MHz 通带衰减量(Maximum Attenuation at passband ) : ip = 0.1 dB 截通衰减量(Minimum Attenuation at stopband ) - Ax = 30dB 步骤二：计算元件级数(Oide】 of elements，N)。Filters7cox - MI1cdxvcdx1) - 2.778，f = 4fpL$u=7483MHz，BWpass = fpu- fpL = imhz arccosNN1 Mag2Mag2-s2arccos(6?x )切比雪夫型(TchebyshevType)，N取最接近的差嘤薮;N=3步骤三：计算低通原型元件殖(Prototype Element Values，gK)，其公式依前所示。并选择并C串L型 ，以计算出实际电容(Cp)、电感(Ls)值。步骤四：计算带通原型元件转换值。由低通原型实际元件值依下列转换对照表计算出带通原型实 际元件值，并用带通原型转换电路取代低通原型电路元件，以完成带通电路结构。低通原型值gl1.4329g)1.59371.4329低通原型元件值Cpl456pFLs21268nHCp3456pF带通原型转换值LplIOiiHCs23.6pFLp3lOnHSmall Signal Amplifier1 (Max. Gain Design )Rl图7-1放大器电路方框图邑2=$22 +Si2s21”Ifsin 二 s r out= r S22Rsrs单边设计评量因子(Unilateral Figure of Merit M)最大增益误差比M=IM2 Hs21卜国1卜凡2|(l-|Sn|2).(l-|522|2)1 Gt 1r艮(1-隆)L |(1-S3)(l-$22匚)-跖2S21JSmall Signal Amplifier2单边放大器设计(Unilateral Amplifier Design )in = s” 及 r0UT = s22Gtu = GsGoGlGs = 1 一园 2 Go =|21|2 Gl = 1 一园 2IfW 1 211S 二 S“* 及L = $22*双边放大器设计(Bilateral Amplifier Design )_ c* _ c i Ai-Q11- 11 i-sL_ q _ s + Si2s2 K lOUT 022 - 220 1flsr -r * 乃 -r *1 S -1 IN 乂 1 L -1 OUT最大单边转换增益(Maximum Uni lateral Transducer Gain)Q . B1Jbi2-4.|C1|2 bi = 1 + I5u| -|522| -|aIL = L 2-与=1 -品坐2-|A|21g a-s22q- b2 -4-|c2|2 g =22-豆F) =；2 = S11S22 S2s212.|G|Small Signal Amplifier3放大器的稳定条件(Stability Criteria)稳定因子(stability factor) K= 11 g1 1 1绝对稳定(Unconditionally stable) K 1 ，ISHI 1 且 IS22I 1 ISHI 1，IS22k 1条件稳定(Conditionally stable)I lcsl - rsl 1 ISnl 1 或 I lcLl - rLl 1 IS22I0.03,不可以用单边设计，而需采用双边设计经双边设计计算公式，可得最佳输入反射系数Sm=0 821/172.6。，最佳输出反射系数产。787/41.2。最大转换增益GTmax=20.821dBoMMIC Amplifier1ERA-33SM2-Port MMIC S-parameters Datafile *.s2p# FreqUnit Type Format R val FreqUnit:Units of the frequency data. Can be Hz, kHz, MHz, or GHz.Type:Network data type. Can be S, Y, or Z.Format:Format type. Can be MA, RI, or DB, where DB signifies that all magnitudes are given in decibels and phase is in degrees.Val:Reference resistance fbr the data set (used fbr S parameters)!Mini-Circuits ERA-33SM Vd=4.3V / Id=40mA / Ta=25degC # GHZ S MA R 508.9238.8618.7608.6208.5418.356-3.02-1.79-11.83-15.26-20.93-23.45-27.84-32.46-36.25-39.72-46.651000.122000.113000.114000.125000.146000.147000.158000.179000.181000 0.21200 0.2219.3 9.19416.44 9.21522.75 9.12028.3 9.04730.09 8.995 34.4335.7735.7835.2935.2132.45175.92 0.08172.81 0.09168.97 0.08165.02 0.09161.42 0.08157.99 0.08154.56 0.09151.34 0.08147.85 0.08144.61 0.08137.8 0.082.37 0.13-3.74 0.14-0.44 0.13-0.55 0.13-0.14 0.13-2.35 0.13-1.98 0.130.06 0.13-2.14 0.12-2.53 0.12-2.44 0.12MMIC Amplifier7Ansoft CorporationMMIC AmplifierInitialY10 dB(S11) NWA1dB(S12)NWA1Y1h dB(S21) NWA1Y1Q dB(S22) NWA1X1= 0 40GHzX2= 0.40GHzX3= 0.90GHzX4= 0 90GHzY1= 19,13V2= -18.42Y3= 18.714= -14.91W-IIMII p-40jmii100卬 F117m ll p- 10cmM_E01?IM步 IWnll P- loan II_E0=d105ssw6ami 心 Him ll l-ll7mllT 一lOCCfiF13GOAnsoft CorporationMMIC AmplifieiPracticalY10 dB(S11) NWA1Y1I dB(S21) NWA11n- dB(S22) NWA11 dB(S12) NWA1X1= 40GHz Y1= 19.07X2= 0.40GHzY2= -20.7DX3= 0.90GHzV3= 18.65X4= 0.90GHzY4= -15.20BJT Oscillators1Oscillation Threshold: IT s Si I 1ri.r STout=S22 r LSu_ C ,2521rL D -Ii - s22rLc* _ c , 12215O 99 kJ Ii-sHrsFigure Block Diagram and Oscillation Conditions of Oscillator Circuit一般振荡器电路可以稳定振荡的条件有三个：（一）双端口主动器件电路的稳定因子（Stability Factor，K）必须小于1，即K 1 oBJT Oscillators2FREQF啊GHzLL&00Ldo。Voltage-Controlled Oscillator12Vdc/1.3mA200 -400MHz VCO0.56pF2N5208II33 K10K3.3K里 KV210115dBm output50 ohm LOADune/0-20Vdc Gain Factor ( Kvco ) ( MHz/V ) Tuning Freqency Range ( MHz ) Tuning Votlage Range (V) Output Power Flatness (dB) Spurious Rejection (dBc) Items same as oscillator(alzYcnz-nxr200 - 400、HIz vco10Tliniru: Vokaee、Vtune ( Vdc )Antenna1+偶极子天线的原理图图10-3偶极子天线的近场与远场示意图Antenna5Normalized E field in the y = 0 plane.工，；，二 r 二；J X :.AXAJ*/，,JfJ rj 户J*/ , ， a 4 /. z r -.二:w二三； ，：、；、：， :;、工、二 io n、； A-Lf9LM-kL Li k I 1:x: :、w 二w、：I. lll ll lb Bl bl I- -