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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Microorganisms and Microbiology,Chapter 1,Chapter outline,1.1 What is a microbe?,1.2 The importance of Microbiology,1.3 Microbes in our lives,1.4 The history of microbiology,1.5 Important events in the development,of microbiology,Concepts,Microorganisms are responsible for many of the changes observed in organic and inorganic matter(e.g.,fermentation and the carbon,nitrogen and sulfur cycles that occurred in nature.,The development of microbiology as a scientific discipline has depended on the availability of the microscope and the ability to isolate and grow pure cultures of microorganisms.,Microbiology is a large discipline,which has a great impact on other areas of biology and general human welfare,The word microbe(microorganism)is used to describe an organism that is so small that can not be seen without the use of a microscope.Viruses,bacteria,fungi,protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.,1.1 What is a microbe?,Our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye.These life forms,the microbes or microorganisms,may be seen only by magnifying their image with a microscope.,Microbial world,Organisms,(living),Infectious agents,(non-living),Prokaryotes,(unicellular),eukaryotes,viruses,viroids,prions,Eubacteria,Archaea,Algae,(unicellular or,multicellular,),Fungi,(unicellular or,multicellular,),Protozoa,(unicellular),Other(,multicellular,organisms),Most of the bacteria,protozoa,and fungi are single-celled microorganisms,and even the,multicelled,microbes do not have a great range of cell types.Viruses are not even cells,just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.,The size and cell type of microbes,Microbe,Approximate range of sizes,Cell type,Viruses,0.01-0.25,m,Acellular,Bacteria,0.1-10,m,Prokaryote,Fungi,2,m,-,1m,Eukaryote,Protozoa,2-1000,m,Eukaryote,Algae,1,m,-several meters,Eukaryote,The size and cell type of microbes,Microbes impinge on all aspects of life,just a few of these are listed below:,The environment,Medicine,Food,Biotechnology,Research,1.2 The importance of microbiology,The environment,Medicine,Food,Biotechnology,Research,Press here to continue,Microbes are responsible for the geochemical cycles.They are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships.Some microbes are devastating plant pathogens,but others may act as biological control agents against diseases.,The disease-causing ability of some microbes is well known.However,microorganisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics and other medically important drugs.,Microbes have been used to produce food,from brewing and wine making,through cheese production and bread making,to the manufacture of soy sauce.But microbes are also responsible for food spoilage.,Traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize important chemicals.The advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of polypeptides into microbes.,Microbes have been used as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and,genetical,processes.Millions of copies of the same single cell can be produced very quickly and give plenty of homogeneous experimental material.Most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.,1.3 Microbes in our lives,Microorganisms as Disease Agents,Microorganisms and Agriculture,Microorganisms and the Food Industry,Microorganisms,Energy,and the Environment,Microorganisms and the Future,Branches of Microbiology,Bacteriology,Protozoology,Parasitology,Microbial Morphology,Mycology,Virology,Phycology,or,Algology,Microbial physiology,Microbial taxonomy,Microbial genetics,Molecular biology,Microbial ecology,The future of microbiology is bright,Microbiology is one of the most rewarding of professions,because it gives its practitioners the opportunity to be in contact with all the other natural science and thus to contribute in many different ways to the betterment of human life.,1.4 The history of microbiology,In the field of observation,chance favors only prepared minds.,-Louis Pasteur,The discovery of microorganisms,The spontaneous generation conflict,The recognition of microbial role in disease,The discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic matter,The development of microbiology in this century,The discovery of microorganisms,The first person to accurately observe and describe microorganisms,Antony,van,Leeuwenhock,(1632-1723),The first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur,microscopist,Antony,van,leeuwenhoek,of Delft,Holland.,Leeuwenhock,made his simple,single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 300 times.Between 1673-1723,he wrote a series of letters to the Royal Society of London describing the microbes he observed from the samples of rainwater,and,humam,mouth.,Leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth,.,A drawing of one of the microscop