翻译理论与实践 (2)

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,汉译英对策（3）,汉语的基本句型及其翻译,一、主谓单句,1.防止主语的机械对应,(1)汉语主语可由任何语言单位担任，英语主语只能是名词、代词、不定式、动名词短语和分句,(2)汉语的主语角度变化较少，而英语则变化较多，汉译英时应发挥英语组句优势，根据语境要求译出合适的英语主语。,例1珠海近几年来发生了巨变。,译文1Zhuhai crackles with the dynamics of changes these years.,译文2These years have witnessed great changes in Zhuhai.,译文3There have been great changes in Zhuhai these years.,译文4Great changes have taken place in Zhuhai these years.,例2这个地区多雨,译文1It rains a lot in this area.,译文2People have much rain in this area.,译文3This area sees much rain.,译文4There is much rain in this area.,(3)有些汉语句子常把方位词或者时间词放在句首作主语，译成英语时往往采用”there be”结构,例1墙上挂着一幅世界地图。,译文There hangs a map of the world.,例2很久以前有一位老渔夫。,译文Once upon a time there lived an old fisherman.,(4)汉语的动词词组、主谓结构或句子作主语时，译成英语往往用”it”作主语,例1学法语比学希腊语容易多了。,译文It is much easier to learn French than learn Greek.,例2事情会变成这个样子真是可惜。,译文It is a thousand pities that it should have come to this.,2.翻译汉语句子的非动词谓语时，必须补充动词,3.防止谓语的机械对应,例1,他说日语,He speaks Japanese.,他说他要去看电影,He said he was going to see a film.,他说谎,He told a lie.,他说不出来,He is unable to express it.,他说的多做的少,He talks much but does little.,他背后说你坏话,He backbites you.,例2,现在农民都搞副业生产,Now most farmers engage in sideline production.,他是搞法律的,He is in the law.,他们搞出了一项计划,They have drawn up a plan.,这事把人搞糊涂了,This made people confused.,你把事情搞糟了,You have made a mess of things.,我们搞一点核武器完全是为了自卫,It is purely for self-defense that we have produced some nuclear weapons.,你搞什么鬼？,What tricks are you playing?,4.要译出汉语谓语动词隐藏的时态、情态和语态,例1到本世界末时中国会繁荣起来。,译文By the end of the century China will have become prosperous.,例2街道两旁都种了树。,译文The streets are lined with trees.,例3他想去那儿碰碰运气也不错。,译文He thought it might be wise to try his luck there.,例4明天晚上八点钟你们干什么？,译文What will you be doing at eight tomorrow evening?,二、无主句,1.和英语一样，汉语的祈使句不出现主语，这种情况可以照译。,例1请打开书本。,译文Open your books,please.,例2您的票！,译文Your ticket please!,2.汉语中含有号召、要求、规定等意味的无主句，有时可译成祈使句，有时则应补充主语。,例1为建设一个伟大的社会主义国家而奋斗！,译文Strive to build a great socialist country!,例2 要警惕“右”和“左”的影响，特别是“左”的根深蒂固的影响。,译文It is necessary to be on guard against the influence of both the right and the left deviations,particularly against the deep-rooted left influence.,3.汉语叙事或说理的无主句，翻译时应补充主语,例1还看不出他能挑得起这副担子。,译文Nothing suggests that he will be equal to such a task.,例2不入虎穴，焉得虎子？,译文It one does not enter the tigers den,how can he get a tigers cub?,例3子曰：“学而时习之，不亦说乎？有朋自远方来，不亦悦乎？”,译文Confucius said,“Is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt?Is it not a delight after all to have friends come from afar?”,4.在上文已作交代的情况下或者在人物的对话当中，汉语句子多省略主语，英译时需要补上。,例1年景不好，柴米又贵；几件旧衣服和旧家具，当的当了，卖的卖了；只靠着我替人家做些针线活寻来的钱，如何供得起你读书？,译文Times are hard,and fuel and rice are expensive.Our old clothes and our few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.We have nothing to live on but what I make by my sewing.How can I pay for your schooling?,例2层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星。,译文The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers,some blooming gracefully;others,as if bashfully,still in bud.They were like bright pearls or stars in an azure sky.,5.汉语的不少无主句是惯用法，很难判断主语是什么。翻译这类无主句，有时采用”There be”结构；有时也译为主谓单句或被动式。,例1有个老汉，名叫陈江田。,译文There is an old man whose name is Chen Jiangtian.,例2剩下的时间不多了。,译文There is very little time left.,例3一切都是经过考虑的,译文Nothing was left to chance.,例4无水则无鱼。,译文without water there would be no fish.,三、流水句,流水句是一种特殊的无关联词语复句，其特点是在非句终的句段出现句终语调，语义联系比较松散，句段之间难以补上关联词语。译成英语时，多译为若干个以主谓结构为主干的分离单位或者并列散句，并适当增加关系词。,例1不一会，北风小了。路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。,译文Presently the wind dropped a little.By now the loose dust had al been blown away,leaving the roadway clean and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.,例2在中国要是没有自行车，生活是难以想象的，可是没有多少年以前，人们还把自行车看成奢侈品，很多人都买不起，再说，自行车也供不应求。,译文It is hard to imagine what life would be like in China without the bicycle.Yet it wasnt so many years ago that a bicycle was considered a luxury,beyond the reach of many people.Moreover,it was in short supply.,四、主题句,主题句的前一部分说理或叙事，后一部分进行总结或评论，表达作者的观点和意图。英译时可以把结论和评论放在最前面，叙述放在后面，也可以照汉语的原序照译，原则是读起来要通顺，同时还要符合英语的习惯用法。,例1过去向我们学习的人，现在反而超过了我们。这对我们确实是一个鞭策。,译文It was a real challenge that those who had learned from us now excelled us.,例2下次会议要讨论什么，你给我们吹吹风吧。,译文Will you give us some idea of what will be taken up at the next meeting?,五、连动句,连动句即一个主语统辖两个以上的谓语动词。,1.动作同时发生，成为并列动词，译成英语时也译为并列谓语。,2.动词有发生的前后之分，有条件、方式、因果、假设、目的、主次等关系。译成英语时，要选定一个主要动词作谓语，而将另外的动词译为其他成分。,例1老关忙跳下车去，摸摸腰间的勃朗宁，又像四下里瞥了一眼，就过去开了车门，站在门旁边。,译文Old Guan quickly scrambled out of the car,placing this hand on the Browning at his side and glancing all round.Then he went round and opened the other door and stood holding it.,例2紫鹃答应着，忙出来换了一个痰盆儿，将手里的这个盆儿放在桌子上，开了陶剑门出来，仍旧带上门，放下撒花软帘，出来叫醒雪雁。,译文Zijuan,assenting,hurried out to fetch a clean spittoon,placing the used one on the table in the outer room.Having closed the door behind her,she let down the soft flowered portiere before going to wake Xueyan.,Translation Exercise,1.企鹅走路的样子很滑稽。,2.认识落后，才能去改变落后；学习先进，才有可能赶超先进。,3.忽然传来他逝世的消息，大家都颇为吃惊。,4.又不贪图人的富贵，又不伺候人的颜色，天不管，地不管，岂不快活？,5.灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀恩物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，摸索