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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,广东省省级精品课程,国 际 贸 易,Chapter 9:Tariff Effects,第九章 关税的经济效应,广东外语外贸大学 何元贵 教授,Jan.,2010,牛牛文库文档分享,一、,Analysis of Tariff Effects,（一）,Effects of a tariff:small country,In this market,the autarky equilibrium occurs a price of$50 and quantity of 50.,If the international price is$20,the country will be an importer of the item.,Domestic production will fall from 50 to 20.,Domestic consumption will rise from 50 to 80.,These changes generate imports of 60 units.,牛牛文库文档分享,If a 50%ad valorem tariff is placed on imports,the domestic price rises from$20(the international price)to the tariff price of$30.,Domestic production increases from 20 to 30.,Domestic consumption falls from 80 to 70.,Imports fall to 40.,The amount of tariff revenue is:,$10 x 40=$400,牛牛文库文档分享,To show the welfare changes from the tariff the concepts of consumer and producer surplus must be considered.,Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a specific amount of a commodity and what they actually pay for it.,Graphically,consumer surplus is the area under the demand curve and above the price paid on every unit purchased.,牛牛文库文档分享,牛牛文库文档分享,关税的价格效应：国内,p,关税的消费效应:-(,a+b+c+d),关税的生产效应：+,a,关税的税收效应：+,c （a,和,c,也称为再分配效应）,关税的净福利效应,:-(,b+d)，,此部分属于无谓损失（,deadweight loss）。,牛牛文库文档分享,The imposition of a tariff leaves a net welfare loss to society of the two triangular shaded regions(,b&d),.,These regions are known as the deadweight loss of a tariff.,b is production distortion,d is comsumption distortion.,牛牛文库文档分享,（二）,Effects of a tariff:large country,The effects of a tariff on a large country differ from that in a small country because the imposition of a tariff results in a fall in import demand that lowers the international price.,This is known is as the terms of trade effect.,牛牛文库文档分享,（二）,Effects of a tariff:large country,关税的价格效应：国内,p,关税的消费效应:-(,a+b+c+d),关税的生产效应：+,a,关税的税收效应：+(,c+e),关税的贸易条件效应：改善（出口价格不变时）,关税的净福利效应:,e,-(,b+d),牛牛文库文档分享,This result arises as the improvement in the terms of trade more than offsets the potential deadweight loss of the tariff.,Welfare lost:,b+d,Welfare gained:e,牛牛文库文档分享,二、,Optimum tariff,1,、,Conception,The previous example demonstrates that it is possible for the imposition of a tariff in a large county to improve societal welfare.,An optimal tariff is the tariff rate that maximizes the benefit resulting from the imposition of a tariff.,The gain comes from the improvement in the terms of trade.,牛牛文库文档分享,牛牛文库文档分享,2.,More concern about the optimal tariff,The existence of an optimum tariff appears to be a strong argument for interfering with free trade.,It is important to note that the positive welfare gains exist only if no retaliation in other markets occurs following the imposition of a tariff.,牛牛文库文档分享,三、,The measure of,tariff,One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate.Since tariffs generally reduce imports of foreign products,the higher the tariff,the greater the protection afforded to the countrys import-competing industries.,(,一,)Highness of tariff,1,Unweighted-average tariff rate,Suppose a country have 3 kinds of import goods A,、,B,、,C,，,their tarif rate are 10%,，,15%,，,20%.Then,their unweighted-average tariff rate is:(10%+15%+20%)/3=15%,牛牛文库文档分享,The tariffs above are calculated as a,simple average,.To calculate this rate,one simply adds up all of the tariff rates and divides by the number of import categories.,One problem with this method arises if a country has most of its trade in a few categories with zero tariffs,but has high tariffs in many import categories in which it would never find advantageous to import.In this case the average tariff may overstate the degree of protection in the economy.,牛牛文库文档分享,2,Weighted-average tariff rate,The standard way of calculating,weighted-average tariff rate,is to divide total tariff revenue by the total value of imports.,Take the example,suppose this country import product A,500 000,，,product B,200000,，,product C,100000,，,then the,weighted-average tariff rate is:,(50000010%+20000015%+10000020%)/(500000+200000+100000)=100000/800000=0.125,，,that is 12.5%.,牛牛文库文档分享,(,二,),Nominal tariffs vs.effective protection,1、,Concept,The nominal tariff is the percentage increase in the price of the final commodity.,The effective rate of protection is calculated on the increase in domestic value added offered by tariff protection.,The effective rate of protection offers a better measure of the protection offered producers as it takes into account the cost to producers of tariffs on input markets.,牛牛文库文档分享,2,、,How to get ERP?,ERP=(V,-V)/Vx100%,。,ERP:,某行业的有效保护率；,V,、,V,分别表示征收关税前后该行业,(,或商品,),的国内生产附加值。,牛牛文库文档分享,3,、,Example&Calculation,Suppose,：,A cars P=$10000,Middle cost,=$8000,Added value before tariff,V,j,=$2000,T=50%,After tariff,the cars,P=10000(1+50%)=$15000,牛牛文库文档分享,中间产品的名义税率,中间产品成本,最终产品增加值变化,V,j,ERP,25%,8000(1+25%)=,10000,15000-10000=,5000,(5000-2000)/200
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