英语词汇学教程ppt课件第9章English-Lexicology-9上

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,English Lexicology,Lecture Nine,English LexicologyLecture Nine,English Dictionaries,Dictionaries are very helpful in our daily life.A dictionary is commonly used as a reference work,consulted only on special occasions to find specific information.,The words in a dictionary are usually arranged alphabetically,although there are exceptions,such as the thesaurus(usually a dictionary of synonyms,which may be arranged by meaning).,English DictionariesDictionari,Organization of the Entry,For each lexical item,an entry usually contains four main types of information about the item:,(a)its underlying phonological representation,(b)the possible sequences of morphemes into which it enters,(c)its syntactic properties(such as noun,verb,and so on)and,(d)its semantic representation.,Organization of the EntryFor e,Dictionary entries often consist of six parts:,(1)the headword or lemma,often in bold or some other special font;,(2)its pronunciation,in some form of alphabetic notation;,(3)its word class(part of speech);,(4)its etymology(historical origin and derivation);,(5)its definition;and,(6)examples of its use.,Dictionary entries often consi,Most dictionaries follow this general structure,but there are variations.For example,etymological information may come at the end of the entry rather than near the beginning.,Nowadays dictionaries are compiled for a wide range of different purposes.,Therefore they vary,both in the information they contain and in the way the information is presented.,Besides,additional information may be included.,Most dictionaries follow this,英语词汇学教程ppt课件第9章English-Lexicology-9上,Headword,The headword is the base form under which the word is entered and assigned its place.The number of headwords in the dictionary depends on the purpose,the audience and the size of the dictionary.This part will,of course,give you its spelling.,HeadwordThe headword is the ba,The information about spelling is a complex matter.There is much variation in the spelling of words.,Compounds,like,makeweight,make-work,and,cold war,may be spelled solid,hyphenated,or spaced.T,he dictionary will indicate one common variety,although there may be others.,Some words like,judgment,or,judgement,have more than one standard spelling.,The information about spelling,Pronunciation,The pronunciation in most dictionaries is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet,although some use a modified one.,The pronunciations listed in any dictionary need to be treated with caution because many words can have more than one kind of pronunciation.,PronunciationThe pronunciation,To know the pronunciation symbols correctly,you will have to read their explanation in the front part of the dictionary.The noun,merchandise,may end in/s/as well as in/z/,and most dictionaries will show that variation.,In addition to the consonants and vowels of the word,the pronunciation will show the stress and the syllable division.,To know the pronunciation symb,Grammatical Information,The grammatical information given by dictionaries is limited to the part of speech for a word and the labels prefix,suffix,or combining form for bound forms like,pre-,-er,or,tele-,.,The parts of speech will be one of the primary word classes.Some indication of a subclass may be added,for example count or mass noun,intransitive or transitive verb.,Grammatical InformationThe gra,Following the label,the inflected forms of a noun,verb,or adjective are listed if they are in any way irregular or doubtful.,The inflected forms commonly listed are the plural of nouns,the past tense and the participles of verbs,and the comparative and superlative of adjectives.,In some dictionaries,an irregular form may appear as a separate headword,with cross reference.,Following the label,the infle,Different meanings of a word are closely associated with different lexical and syntactic patterns.Many dictionaries record and exemplify the most important of these patterns.,For example,in,Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary,(1987),most of the grammatical information is given,in an extra column beside the entry,in abbreviated form in capital letters with some symbols such as,+,and,/,.,Different meanings of a word a,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,(1978)gives more descriptions of the behavior of words in the form of letters and numbers between square brackets.,The letters give information about the way a word works in a sentence or about the position it can fill.The numbers give information about the way the rest of a phrase or clause is made up in relation to the word being described.,Longman Dictionary of Contempo,Etymology,Etymology in the dictionary is a statement of the origin of the headword.It may include not only the earliest known form and the language in which this occurs(e.g.Old French)but also cognate form