核外电子排布和元素周期表专题培训课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,核外电子排布和元素周期表,泡利不相容原理,能量最低原理,洪特规则,一、核外电子排布规则：,基态原子的电子分布(第一周期至第三周期),周期序号,原子序数,元素,电子分布式,(一),1,H,1s,l,2,He,1s,2,(二),3,Li,He2s,1,4,Be,He2s,2,5,B,He2s,2,2p,1,6,C,He2s,2,2p,2,7,N,He2s,2,2p,3,8,O,He2s,2,2p,4,9,F,He2s,2,2p,5,10,Ne,He2s,2,2p,6,周期序号,原子序数,元素,电子分布式,(三),11,Na,Ne3s,1,12,Mg,Ne3s,2,13,A1,Ne3s,2,3p,1,14,Si,Ne3s,2,3p,2,15,P,Ne3s,2,3p,3,16,S,Ne3s,2,3p,4,17,Cl,Ne3s,2,3p,5,18,Ar,Ne3s,2,3p,6,(四),19,K,Ar4s,1,20,Ca,Ar4s,2,21,Sc,Ar3d,1,4s,2,22,Ti,Ar3d,2,4s,2,23,V,Ar3d,3,4s,2,24,Cr,Ar3d,5,4s,1,25,Mn,Ar)3d,5,4s,2,26,Fe,Ar)3d,6,4s,2,27,Co,Ar)3d,7,4s,2,28,Ni,Ar)3d,8,4s,2,29,Cu,Ar3d,10,4s,1,30,Zn,Ar)3d,10,4S,2,31,Ga,Ar3d,10,4s,2,4p,1,32,Ce,Ar3d,10,4s,2,4p,2,33,As,Ar3d,10,4s,2,4p,3,34,Se,Ar3d,10,4s,2,4p,4,35,Br,Ar3d,l0,4s,2,4p,5,36,Kr,Ar3d,10,4s,2,4p,6,(,五),37,Rb,Kr5s,1,38,Sr,Kr5s,2,39,Y,Kr4d,1,5s,2,40,Zr,Kr)4d,2,5s,2,41,Nb,Kr4d,4,5s,l,42,Mo,Kr4d,5,5s,1,43,Tc,Kr4d,5,5s,2,44,Ru,Kr4d,7,5s,1,45,Rh,Kr4d,8,5s,l,46,Pd,Kr4d,10,47,Ag,Kr4d,10,5s,1,48,Cd,Kr4d,10,5s,2,49,In,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,1,50,Sn,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,2,51,Sb,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,3,52,Te,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,4,53,I,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,5,54,Xe,Kr4d,10,5s,2,5p,6,(六),55,Cs,Xe6s,1,56,Ba,Xe6s,2,57,La,Xe5d,1,6s,2,58,Ce,Xe4f,1,5d,1,6s,2,59,Pr,Xe4f,3,6s,2,60,Nd,Xe4f,4,6s,2,61,Pm,Xe4f,5,6s,2,62,Sm,Xe4f,6,6s,2,63,Eu,Xe4f,7,6s,2,64,Gd,Xe4f,7,5d,1,6s,2,65,Tb,Xe4f,9,6s,2,66,Dy,Xe4f,10,6s,2,67,Ho,Xe4f,11,6s,2,68,Er,Xe4f,12,6s,2,69,Tm,Xe4f,13,6s,2,70,Yb,Xe4f,14,6s,2,(六),71,Lu,Xe4f,14,5d,1,6s,2,72,Hf,Xe4f,14,5d,2,6s,2,73,Ta,Xe4f,14,5d,3,74,W,Xe4f,14,5d,4,6s,2,75,Re,Xe4f,14,5d,5,6s,2,76,Os,Xe4f,14,5d,6,6s,2,77,Ir,Xe4f,14,5d,7,6s,2,78,Pt,Xe4f,14,5d,9,6s,1,79,Au,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,1,80,Hg,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,81,Tl,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,1,82,Pb,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,2,83,Bi,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,3,84,Po,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,4,85,At,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,5,86,Rn,Xe4f,14,5d,10,6s,2,6p,6,二、元素周期表：,区,原子价层电子构型,最后填入电子的亚层,包括的元素,s,n,s,12,最外层的s亚层,A族,A族,p,n,s,2,n,p,16,最外层的p亚层,A族,零族,d,(,n,-1)d,19,n,s,12,一般为次外层的d亚层,BB族，族（过渡元素）,ds,(,n,-1)d,10,n,s,12,同上,B,B族,f,(,n,-2)f,014,(,n,-1)d,02,n,s,2,一般为外数第三层的f亚层的,(有个别例外),镧系元素 锕系元素（内过渡元素）,三、元素周期律：,原子半径/pm,H37,-,He122,Li152,Be111,-,B88,C77,N70,O66,F64,Ne160,Na186,Mg160,-,Al143,Si117,P110,S104,Cl99,Ar191,K227,Ca197,Sc161,Ti145,V132,Cr125,Mn124,Fe124,Co125,Ni125,Cu128,Zn133,Ga122,Ge122,As121,Se117,Br114,Kr198,Rb248,Sr215,Y181,Zr160,Nb143,Mo136,Tc136,Ru133,Rh135,Pd138,Ag144,Cd149,In163,Sn141,Sb141,Te137,I133,Xe217,Cs265,Ba217,La188,Hf159,Ta143,W137,Re137,Os134,Ir136,Pt136,Au144,Hg160,Tl170,Pb175,Bi155,Po153,At,Rn,元素的电负性（L.Pauling）,s,区,-,p,区,H2.0,-,Li1.1,Be1.5,B2.0,C2.5,N3.0,O3.5,F4.0,Na0.9,Mg1.2,d,区,ds,区,Al1.5,Si1.8,P2.1,S2.5,Cl3.0,K0.8,Ca1.0,Sc1.3,Ti1.5,V1.6,Cr1.6,Mn1.5,Fe1.8,Co1.9,Ni1.9,Cu1.9,Zn1.6,Ga1.6,Ge1.8,As2.0,Se2.4,Br2.8,Rb0.8,Sr1.0,Y1.2,Zr1.4,Nb1.6,Mo1.8,Tc1.9,Ru2.2,Rh2.2,Pd2.2,Ag1.9,Cd1.7,In1.7,Sn1.8,Sb1.9,Te2.1,I2.5,Cs0.7,Ba0.9,La-Lu1.0-1.2,Hf1.3,Ta1.5,W1.7,Re1.9,Os2.2,Ir2.2,Pt2.2,Au2.4,Hg1.9,Tl1.8,Pb1.9,Bi1.9,Po2.0,At2.2,Fr0.7,Ra0.9,Ac1.1,Th1.3,Pa1.4,U1.4,Np-No1.4-1.3,-,族数,A,A,A,A,A,A,A,价层电子构型,n,s,1,n,s,2,n,s,2,n,p,1,n,s,2,n,p,2,n,s,2,n,p,3,n,s,2,n,p,4,n,s,2,n,p,5,价电子总数,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,主要氧化数,+1,+2,+3,(Tl,还有+1),+4 +2,(C,有-4),+5 +3,(N,P,有-3)(N还有+1,+2,，+4),最高氧化数,+1,+2,+3,+4,+5,+6,+7,+6 +4 -2,(O,一般只呈-1),+7 +5,+3 +1 -1,(F,一般呈-1),同周期元素从左至右，由于核电荷依次增多，原子半径逐渐减小，最外层电子数也依次增多，电负性依次增大，因此，元素的金属性依次减弱，非金属性逐渐增强。以第三周期为例，从活泼金属钠到活泼非金属氯。,同主族元素自上而下电负性减小非金属性减弱，金属性增强。例如第VA族，从典型的非金属N变为金属Bi。,元素的金属性,越强,，对应单质的还原性,越强,、最高价氢氧化物碱性,越强,、简单阳离子氧化性,越弱,。,元素的非金属性,越强,，对应单质的氧化性,越强,、最高价含氧酸酸性,越强,、气态氢化物的稳定性,越强,、简单阴离子还原性,越弱,。,