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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Unit 5 A Contrast between English and Chinese,Rigidity vs.Suppleness,This rigid S-V concord(主谓协调全都)forms the kernel of a sentence,with the predicate verb controlling other main members.English sentences,however long and complicated,can be reduced to five basic patterns：SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,and SVOC:,English sentences can be summarized as these five patterns or their variants(变式),expansion(扩展),combination(组合),omission(省略),or inversion(倒装).,Variants:interrogative,negative,and passive;“There be+subject”.,(2)Expansion:adding modifiers,including words,phrases,and clauses;using phrases or clauses instead of words as the members of the basic patterns.,(3)Combination:combining simple sentences into compound or compound-complex sentences.,(4)Omission:omitting certain members of the sentence.,(5)Inversion:inverting the word order of the sentence.,English subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain grammatical constrain,including the patternization and the principles of grammatical and notional concord.,Chinese,however,is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers.The subject-predicate structure is usually varied,flexible,and therefore complicated and supple.,The subject of a Chinese sentence is varied，often optional:,文章翻译完了。,(,受事主语,),The article has been translated.,(2)全市处处都在建新厂。,(地点主语),New factories are being built all over the city.,(3)a.房子盖在西区。,受事主语,The house was built in the western campus.,(3)b.西区盖了一栋房子。,地点主语,The house was built in the western campus.,(3)c.去年又盖了一栋房子。,时间主语,Another house was built last year.,(3)d.房子我们已经盖了一大半了。,受事主语+施事主语,We have finished a good part of the house.,(4)现在正下着毛毛雨。,时间主语,Its drizzling at the moment.,(5)累得我站不起来了。,无主语句,Im so exhausted that l cant stand up.,(6)他有个女儿，在北京工作，已经打 去 了，听说明天回来。,他有个女儿，()在北京工作，()已经打 去了，()听说()明天回来。,变换主语并省略,He has a daughter,who works in Beijing.Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow.,(7)十年前也有西欧和尚来到中国，佛号叫做“照空”，我也跟他谈过话，哪里有一点出家人相貌，谈起话来，就像一颗炸弹，时有爆发之势，恨不得欧人天诛地灭，当时我称他为灭火菩萨。,林语堂,(8)那个学生瞄了我一下，眼里突然放出光，问：“下棋吗”？倒吓了我一跳，连忙摆手说：“不会！”阿城：棋王,雨是最寻常的，一下就是三两天。可别恼，看，象花针，象细丝，密密地斜织着，屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。朱自清春,雨是最寻常的，它指“雨”一下就是三两天。不过你可别恼，你试向外边看，它正在下着，象花针，也象细丝，它那么密密地斜织着，以至于人家的屋顶上全笼着一层薄烟。朱自清春,The predicate of a Chinese sentence is also varied and complicated:,(1)天高云淡。(形容词作谓语),The sky is high and the clouds are pale.,(2)他出国留学去了。(连动式谓语),He has gone abroad for further studies.,(3)我介绍他参与协会。(兼语式谓语),I recommended him for membership of the association.,(4)这项合同经理要签名。(主谓词组作谓语),This contract should be signed by the manager.,(5)这姑娘长得美丽，鹅蛋形脸，两眼又深又黑，披着又长又密的头发。,She is a pretty girl with an oval face,deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses.,In an addition,there are quite a few“illogical”expressions in Chinese.Compare：,(1)a.晒太阳,to bask in the sun,b.晒衣服,to sun ones clothes,(2)a.救国,to save the nation,b.救火,to fight a fire,(3)a.恢复疲乏,to get refreshed,b.恢复安康,to recover ones health,(4)a.吃大碗,to eat with a big bowl,b.吃苹果,to eat an apple,(5)a.清扫卫生,to do some cleaning,b.清扫房间,to clean a room,Noun sentences in Chinese:,一手钱一手货!(谓语隐匿)电视剧金融潮,一手交钱，一手交货!,(2)他高中生，你争论生，差距太大了。,(3)“我”给大家安排联络的对象：“你汪国盾，他萧宇汤，我李小松”。,(4)县长大中华，局长红塔山，科长红山茶，乡长牡丹花。一天两三包，自有人给他。,楚良家乡是非,著名散文大家朱自清认为“是字句，有字句，在字句安排最难。显示景物间的关系，短不了这三种句法；可是老用这一套，谁耐烦！再说这三种句子都显示静态，也够沉闷的”。比较：,楼上正中一间大会议室,楼上正中是一间大会议室,楼上正中有一间大会议室,一间大会议室在楼上的正中,朱自清认为后三个句式都是静态的，老用这一套显得沉闷，他选用了第一句，想法是“希望给读者整个的印象，或者说更具体的印象”。黄伯荣：175,“楼上正中一间大会议室”在汉语中称作名词谓语句。例如：,(1)今日星期三。名名，表时间,(2)明天国庆节。名名，表节日,(3)昨天晴天。名名，表时间,(4)小王，浙江人。,名名词短语，表籍贯,(5)小虎刚好18岁。,名数量短语，表数量,(6)米饭一碗，饮料两瓶。,名数量短语，表数量,(7)两个人一个房间。,名词短语名词短语，表数量,(8)她高个子，高鼻梁。,代定中短语，表容貌,(9)山上净石头。,方位短语副、名，表存在,(10)这本书新买的。,名词短语“的”字短语，表类属,(11)鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。,温庭筠商山早行,The cock crows as the moon sets,over the thatched inn;,Footprints are left on the wood,bridge paved with frost.,(Translated by 许渊冲),(12)天净沙秋思:马致远,枯藤老树昏鸦，小桥流水人家，古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天际。,Oer old trees wreathed with rotten vine,fly evening crows;,Neath tiny bridge beside a hut a clear,stream flows;On ancient road in western breeze a,lean horse goes.Westward declines the sun;Far,far from home is the heart-broken,one.(translated by 许渊冲),The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the“run-on”sentence(流水句),which is composed of the“full sentence”and the“minor sentence”(小句).A full sentence has a subject-predicate structure,while a minor sentence has only a word(s)or phrase(s).as 吕淑湘(1979)points out,“用小句而不用句子做根本单位，较能适应汉语的状况，由于汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连”。例如：,The rigidity of the English language generally requires a complete sentence structure,S-V concord,and,formal cohesion,(形式接应),while the suppleness of Chinese enjoys flexibility of sentence structure and pays more attention to,semantic coherence,(意念接应).,Jesperson(1954):,“,Analysis means suppleness,and synthesis means rigidity,;in analytic languages you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connection”.,王力(1984):“就句子的构造而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”所谓“法治”，即句子的形式严格受到语法的制约，如句子必需有主语和谓语动词，及物动词必需有
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