资源描述
Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.,7-,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Copyright 2014 Pearson Education,Inc.,*,Chapter 7 Written Communication Patterns,Chapter 7 Written Communicati,Written Communication Patterns,International English,Writing Tone and Style,Letter Formats,Facsimiles(Fax),Electronic Mail(E-mail),Rsum and Job Search Information,Written Communication Patterns,What percent of outgoing international correspondence is sent in English?,97%in English,1%in French,German,and Spanish,Percentages for incoming correspondence,96%in English,4%in French,German,and Spanish,What percent of outgoing inter,What are lexical errors?,Content errors;errors in meaning.,Examples of lexical errors:,We,baste(,based)this conclusion on our research.,Thank you for your,patients,(patience).,Our office will be closed on this,wholey,(holy)day.,With your,aide,(aid),we will soon have our office fully staffed.,What are lexical errors?Conten,The results will be worth the,weight,(wait).,Since you plan to visit an,ant,(aunt)in New York,perhaps we could meet at your convenience.,According to the,senses,(census),the number of exported trucks has declined in the last decade.,The results will be worth the,What are syntactic errors?,Errors in the order of the words in a sentence.Native speakers of a language will discover syntactic errors in a sentence more readily than lexical errors.In Spanish,for example,the noun is given first,then adjectives follow.Example:Paseo del Rio(River Walk),What are syntactic errors?,Know Your Reader,In spite of all the trade between the United States and the Far East,Americans fail to study even common Asian customs and business practices.Consider one of the most popular words in the English language-,you,.U.S.people try to personalize writing by taking the“you approach.”But in some other countries,such as Japan,people do not like this personal touch.They believe that writers should refer to their company:“Would,your company,be interested in this plan?”Not:“Would,you,be interested in this plan?”,Know Your ReaderIn spite of al,International English,Use the 3,000 to 4,000 most common English words.Uncommon words,such as,onus,for,burden,and,flux,for,continual change,should be avoided.,Use only the most common meaning of words.The word,high,has 20 meanings;,expensive,has one.,Choose words with singular rather than multiple meanings.,International EnglishUse the 3,Select action-specific verbs and words with few or similar alternate meanings.Use,cook breakfast,rather than,make breakfast,;use,take a taxi,rather than,get a taxi,.,Avoid redundancies(interoffice memorandum),sports terms(ballpark figure),and words that draw mental pictures(red tape).,Select action-specific verbs a,Avoid using words in other than their most common way,such as making verbs out of nouns(,impacting,the economy and,faxing,a message).,Be aware of words that have a unique meaning in some cultures;the word,check,outside the U.S.generally means a financial instrument and is often spelled,cheque,.,Avoid using words in other tha,Be aware of alternate spellings in countries that use the same language;e.g.,theatre/theater,colour/color,and,judgement/judgment,.,Avoid creating or using new words;avoid slang.,Avoid two-word verbs,such as,to pick up,;use,lift.,Be aware of alternate spelling,Use the formal tone and maximum punctuation to assure clarity;use no first names in letter salutations.,Conform carefully to rules of grammar;be careful of dangling participles and incomplete sentences.,Use more short,simple sentences than you would ordinarily use;avoid compound sentences.,Use the formal tone and maximu,Clarify the meaning of words with more than one meaning.,Adapt the tone of the letter to the reader if the cultural background is known;e.g.,use unconditional apologies if that is expected in the readers culture.,Try to capture the flavor of the language when writing to someone whose cultural background you know.,Clarify the meaning of words w,Remember also:,To avoid acronyms(ASAP),emoticons(,),and“shorthand”(4 representing for).,That numbers are written differently in some countries;for example,3,000 may be written as 3.000 or 3000.,Remember also:,Tone and Writing Style,Tone and writing style are more formal and traditional in other countries than in U.S.companies.,Good news messages in the U.S.use the direct approach.,In the U.S.bad news messages use the indirect approach.,Latin Americans avoid bad news completely.,Tone and Writing StyleTone an,In the U.S.:,End negative letters on a positive note.,Avoid apologies.,In France:,Use formal beginnings and endings;endings tend to be flowery.,Apologize for mistakes and express regret for any inconvenience caused.,In Japan:,Begin letters with a comment on the season.,Present negative news is a positive
展开阅读全文