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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,英美国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Unit,7,Social Welfa,re,The,United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Think about these questions before we start:,What does“cradle to grave”mean?,What is the role played by the“NHS”,?,Do you know current forms of British social welfare,?,Warming-up Activities,Contents,Personal Social Services in Britain,Housing and Urban Policy,Social Security,Health Care,IV,Education and Social Policy,V,III,The Beveridge scheme,comprehensiveness,classes of insurance,flat rate benefits,flat rate contributions,adequacy,unified administration,Social Security,The Beveridge scheme,comprehensiveness,classes of insurance,flat rate benefits,flat rate contributions,adequacy,unified administration,Social Security,Income supplements,Social security for unemployed people,Pensions,Social Security,Child Benefit,The basic arguments for Child Benefit are:,-it is paid to the mother,who may have no other income,-it is not means-tested and takeup is very high,-it is simple to administer,-it avoids problems like the poverty trap and stigma,-it helps to protect the position of the working poor.,Social Security,The arguments against are:,-it is not well targeted.,-the redistribution is horizontal,from people without children to people with children-rather than vertical,from rich to poor.,Child Benefit may redistribute from a poor single person to a better-off family.,Social Security,After 1948,three departments were responsible for personal social services:,health departments,responsible for public health and various aspects of social care;,welfare departments,responsible for residential care and help to elderly and disabled people;,Childrens departments,responsible for child care.,Personal Social Services,Slopping out,1938.Victorian prisons had no toilets in cells.Following repeated legal action in the last ten years,toilet facilities have now been introduced in nearly all British prisons-but late in 2011,2000 cells,After 1948,three departments were responsible for personal social services:,health departments,responsible for public health and various aspects of social care;,welfare departments,responsible for residential care and help to elderly and disabled people;,Childrens departments,responsible for child care.,Personal Social Services,Child care policy,Community care policy,Services to criminal justice,Personal Social Services,Since 2001,these objectives have been replaced by aims which have more to do with community based punishment:,the service is intended,to protect the public,to reduce offending,to provide for theper punishment of offenders,to ensure that offenders are aware of the effects of crime,and,to rehabilitate offenders.,Personal Social Services,Owner-occupation,This expansion has led to other problems,including,financial hardship when incomes are unstable,difficulty with the finance companies working at the lower end of the market,legal problems,structural problems,because the houses are often inferior,vulnerability to market fluctuations,particularly since the deregulation of the market in the late 1980s,Housing and Urban Policy,housing,and the housing it,replaced,A hostel for homeless people in,the 1930s,Social housing,Private rented housing,Problem estates,Housing and Urban Policy,An unpopular estate,emptied in preparation for,demolition,An unpopular estate,with,burnt out car,Examples of problems in poor areas are:,Vandalism.,Rubbish.,Home maintenance.,Lack of community facilities.,Empty housing.,Design.,Housing and Urban Policy,Urban deprivation and the inner cities,The basic criticisms of inner city policy are:,the majority of poor people do not live in the inner cities.,the majority of people living in the inner cities are not poor.,the definition of deprived areas has been suspect.,the indicators used-like car ownership-have a bias towards urban areas.,even if the premises of area-based policies are accepted,there are major concentrations of deprivation on the edges of cities.,Housing and Urban Policy,Prior to 1948,health services were mainly based on three sources:,Charity and the voluntary sector.,Private health care.Hospitals were fee paying or voluntary;primary care was mainly fee-paying or insurance-based.,The Poor Law and local government.Poor Law hospitals were transferred to local government by the 1930 Poor Law Act.,Health care,The NHS in principle,The NHS and the hospitals,The organisation of the NHS,Health care,Nurses demonstrate over low pay,1982,Educational standards,A series of conservative critiques of the education system in the 1970s argued that,the abandonment of selection had been destructive;,discipline in schools had been eroded;,new teaching methods had failed.,By contrast,the schools inspectorate made a very different set of criticisms of schooling:,Comprehensives had imitated grammar schools instead of developing their own kind of
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