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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2016/5/10,#,英翻汉的基本方法介绍,3,转换,一、词类转换,词类转换旨在避免逐词死译或硬译,使译文通顺自然。由于汉语中的动词使用频率大大高于英语,因此英汉翻译中,常把名词、介词等转换成动词。,1,英语名词,转译成汉语动词,The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.,根据汉语表达习惯,将名词,awareness,译成动词,同时将形容词,growing,转换为相应的副词,其他部分也作相应变化,便可得到通顺流畅的译文,。,数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后,这就促使他们采取坚决的措施,创造新的生活条件。,Joseph beheld my style of cookery with growing indignation.,我这种烧饭的方式叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了。,把形容词,growing,译成表递进的程度副词短语“越,越,”,,不仅达意,而且传神。,The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music.,我的生活转折点是我决定:不再做生财有望的商人而专攻音乐。,2,英语介词转译成汉语动词。,With unemployment high,the dollar low and the stock market in distress,the economy will be the Presidents sternest trial.,失业增多,美元贬值,股票市场不景气,经济问题将成为总统面临的最严峻的考验。,二、语态转换,英语和汉语中都有主动句和被动句,但据统计,英语中被动句出现的次数远远多于汉语,因此,在英汉翻译过程中,常常(但不是总是)将被动句转译成主动句,使译文符合汉语的语言习惯。,英语句子的被动含义有两种表示方法:一种有形式标志,助动词,be+,过去分词(,+by,)(有施事者出现时用介词,by,引进);一种没有形式标志,仅靠句子的语义逻辑,用主动的形式表示被动的含义,。,汉语表示被动的方法也有两种:一是用“被”(或“受”、“挨”“遭”、“给”、“叫”、“让”、“为,所”、“被,所”等)字表示被动含义,这样的句子成为“被”字句,二是仅靠句子的语义逻辑,用主动形式表示被动含义。,1,英语被动句常常译成汉语主动句。,It is stipulated that foreign investment in a joint venture shall not be,in general,less than 25%of the authorized capital.,按照规定,合资企业中的外资,一般不得,少于核定资本总额的,25%,。,It was soon recognized that this approach offered the best framework for a solution,.,人们不久就认识到,这种方法提供了解决问题的最佳框架。,A truly elegant taste is generally accompanied with excellency of heart.,真正的审美力与心灵美通常是不可分的。,To whom nothing is given,of him can nothing be required.,如果什么东西也没有给人,那就休想从他人那里得到任何东西。,They prefer to be assigned heavier tasks,.,他们喜欢挑重担,。,In the 1960s,the rich and famous came to Rome to be wined,dined and clothed.,20,世纪,60,年代,阔佬和名流到罗马来寻找吃喝穿。,Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is undue absorption in the past.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.,从,心理,方面,来说,到了老年,有两种倾向需要注意防止:一是过分地怀念过去,另一件需要避免的事是老是想和年轻人待在一起,希望从青年的活力中吸取力量,。,The virtue of a man ought to be measured not by his extraordinary exertions,but by his everyday conduct,.,人的品德不能看他一时格外卖力,而要看他的日常行为。,2,英语被动句译成汉语把字句,The tall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire.,大火几乎把这座高大建筑物夷为平地。,The question of forcible diversion of civil aircraft in flight was considered by the General Assembly of the United Nations as an important and urgent matter,.,关于迫使飞行中的民航飞机调转航向的问题,联合国大会是把它当做一项重要而紧迫的议题进行审议的。,3,有为数不多的英语主动句,却往往译成汉语的被字句。,They all succumbed to temptation.,他们都被诱惑征服了。,The jewellers was robbed last night,and the Reagans are under suspicion.,昨夜,珠宝行受到抢劫,里根夫妇成了被怀疑的对象。,三 正反,转换,不同的思维方式往需要不同的语言表达方式。譬如,正说和反说习惯表达不同,就反映了英汉语使用者思维方法的不同。所以翻译时常常要采用正说反译和反说正译的转换法。这样做的目的:(,1,)保证语义明确;(,2,)尊重汉语表达习惯,使译文通顺易懂。,(,1,)正说反译,In the absence of a vaccine,how can HIV be stopped?,如果没有疫苗,能够阻止艾滋病毒传播?,Her conduct is above reproach.,她的行为无可指摘。,Matties hand was underneath,and Ethan kept his clasped on it a moment longer than necessary.,玛提的手在下,伊坦把它握住,没有立刻就放。(吕叔湘译。比较:,握得比必要的时间长了一会儿。),Mary lay awake almost the whole night.,玛丽躺在那儿,几乎一夜没合眼。,This was a view that seems to have escaped the State Secretary.,国务卿似乎没看到这一点。,I know not what course others may take,but as for me,give me liberty or give me death.,我不管别人采取什么行动,但就我而言,不自由,毋宁死!,(,2,)反说正译,I wont keep you waiting long.,我一会儿就回来。,We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.,井枯方知水可贵。,诠释,诠释,或曰文化诠释,是在处理英汉两种语言的诸多差异,尤其是文化差异时采用的对策之一,是以实现语言交际功能为首要目的的翻译方法之一。,文化诠释是与文化保留相对而言的。中国与西方社会在生态、地域、物质、社会、宗教、语言等诸方面既有不同点,也有相同、相通或相似点,因此东西方民族之间的文化交流和思想沟通虽有障碍,但还是可能的。就翻译而言,不妨作如下简单概括:遇到前种情况,可采用文化诠释法(,Cultural Interpretation,);遇到后种情况,可采用文化保留法(,Cultural Preservation,);若两者不能单独奏效,可同时采用文化保留和文化诠释法。,一、保留法,所谓保留法,即保留源出语的文化特征或民族特色。采用这种方法介绍异域文化,可保持作品的“洋味”,丰富汉语的表现手法。,I wouldnt work for that.Its chicken feed.,给这点钱我不干。我才不去刨那点儿鸡食吃呢。,(,chicken feed,借“鸡食”喻指“数目极少的钱”),Take care of the pennies,and the pounds will take care of themselves.,管好便士不乱花,英镑自会守在家。,Your crocodile tears fool nobody.,你的鳄鱼眼泪骗不了谁。,Dont lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen.,不要等马被盗后才锁马厩门。,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,砸破镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散。,二、诠释法,所谓诠释法,即在源出语的文化特性、民族特色难以完全或直接保存时,或者说无法直译时,所采取的对策。采用此种方法时,可参照奈达在,1986,年出版的,从一种语言到另一种语言,(,From One Language to Another,)一书中提出的用意译而不用直译的五个条件:,1,直译会导致意义上的错误时;,2,引入外来语形成语义空白,读者有可能自己填入错误语义时;,3,形式对等引起严重的意义晦涩时;,4,形式对等会引起作者原意所没有的歧义时;,5,形式对等违反译入语的语法或文体规范时。,诠释法是针对文化差异性而采取的一种广泛意义的变通译法,是为了实现翻译的主要意图,文化交流和沟通,使译文读者更迅速、更准确地理解原文作者的话语意义,防止因“形”害“意”的现象发生。,(一)为避免意义错误和语义空白而诠释,1 Yesterday John received a Dear John letter and a pink slip almost at the same time.,昨日约翰几乎同时收到一封绝情信和一份解雇通知书。,2 She is a lady of blue blood.,她出身高贵。,3 You mind your ps and qs!,你要小心谨慎点!,(据说平常小孩子很容易弄错,p,与,q,,所以把,p,与,q,弄清楚是一个基本问题;人的言行也是基本问题。),4 She played the role of Mercury between the two lovers.,她是那对恋人的“传书使者”。,Mercury,是希腊神话中的风神。由于她来去如飞,所以兼任了天国的传书使者,常替诸神传送信息。,(二)为避免意义晦涩和引起歧义而诠释,
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