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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第六章 口腔颌面部感染,Chapter 6 Infection in,Oral and Maxillofacial Regions,第六章 口腔颌面部感染Chapter 6 Infe,1,本章节的教学目的与要求,掌握:口腔颌面部感染的临床表现,肿切,开引流的目的、指征和要求。,熟悉:感染和炎症的概念、口腔颌面部感,染的诊断,口腔颌面部感染的手术,治疗和应用抗菌药的基本原则。,了解:口腔颌面部感染的全身治疗和应用,抗菌药的基本原则。,本章节的教学目的与要求掌握:口腔颌面部感染的临床表现,肿切,2,第一节 概论(,Conspectus,),基本概念(,Basic concept,),:,感染(,Infection,),:,是指由各种生物性因子在宿主体内繁殖及侵袭,在生物因子与宿主相互作用下,导致机体产生以防御为主的一系列全身及局部组织反应的疾病。,第一节 概论(Conspectus)基本概念(B,3,感染(,Infection,),:,Invasion by and multiplication of pathogenic micro-organisms in a bodily part or tissue,which may produce subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease through a variety of cellular or toxic mechanisms.,(美国传统词典),炎症(,Inflammation,),:,A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation,injury,or infection,characterized by pain,redness,swelling,and sometimes loss of function.,(美国传统词典),感染(Infection):,4,“危险三角区”(,Dangerous triangular zone,),:,颜面部血液循环丰富,鼻唇部静脉常无瓣膜,致使在鼻根至两侧口角(,from nanal root to bilateral oral angles,)区域内发生的感染易向颅内扩散,被称为“危险三角区”。,.,“危险三角区”(Dangerous triangular z,5,一、口腔颌面部感染的途径及病原菌,Pathways and Pathogens of Infection in,Oral and Maxillofacial Regions,(一)口腔颌面部感染的途径,牙源性(,Dental genetic,),腺源性(,Adenoid genetic,),损伤性(,Injury genetic,),血源性(,Hemal genetic,),医源性(,Iatrogenic,),一、口腔颌面部感染的途径及病原菌 Pathways and,6,Tooth,Pulp,Root,apex,Periodontium,Alveolus,Pathogenic microorganisms,Maxillary/Mandible,Cellular spaces in oral and maxillofacial regions,ToothPulpRoot apex Period,7,Progression of Odontogenic Infections,Progression of Odontogenic Inf,8,Fascial Space Infections,Fascial Space Infections,9,Progression of Odontogenic Infections,Progression of Odontogenic Inf,10,Progression of Odontogenic Infections,Progression of Odontogenic Inf,11,(二)病原菌(,Pathogens,):,需氧菌(,Aerobic bacteria,),:,金黄色葡萄球菌(,Staphylococci aureus,),溶血性链球菌(,Haemolytic chain cocci,),大肠杆菌(,Escherichia coli,,,E coli,),厌氧菌(,Anaerobic bacteria,),:,类杆菌属(,Bacteroides,),梭杆菌属(,Fusobacteria,),消化链球菌(,Peptostreptococci,),(二)病原菌(Pathogens):需氧菌(Aerobic,12,二、口腔颌面部感染的临床表现,Clinical Features of Infection in,Oral and Maxillofacial Region,(一)局部症状(,local symptoms),:,急性期(,acute phase,):,化脓性炎症的急性期,局部表现为红、肿、热、痛、引流区淋巴结肿痛、功能障碍和脓肿(,abscess,)形成等症状。,功能障碍:张口受限;进食、吞咽、语言困难;甚至呼吸困难。,脓肿形成:由于主要感染菌种不同,其脓液(,pus,)性状有差异:,金黄色葡萄球菌,(,s,taphylococci aureus),黄色粘稠脓液,链球菌,(chain cocci),淡黄或淡红稀薄脓液,绿脓杆菌(,aeruginosus bacillus,),翠绿色、稍粘稠、酸臭味,混合细菌(,combining bacteria,),灰白或灰褐色、腐败臭味,二、口腔颌面部感染的临床表现Clinical Featur,13,Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss Of Func.,慢性期(,chronic phase,),:,在慢性期,正常组织破坏后被增生的纤维组织代替。局部形成较硬的炎性浸润块。,急性炎症临床症状:,Heat,14,Progression of Odontogenic Infections,Periapical,Periodontal,Soft tissue involvement,Determined by perforation of the cortical bone in relation to the muscle attachments,Cellulitis-acute,painful,diffuse borders,Abscess-chronic,localized pain,fluctuant.,Progression of Odontogenic Inf,15,(二)全身症状(,systemic symptoms,),:,局部炎症反应较重者,可出现畏寒、发热、头疼、乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等症状。,实验室检查可见白细胞总数增高,中性粒细胞比例上升。病情重而时间长者,由于代谢紊乱,可出现酸中毒,肝、肾功能障碍。,严重感染伴有败血症或脓毒血症时,可发生中毒性休克。,(二)全身症状(systemic symptoms):,16,三、口腔颌面部感染的诊断,Diagnosis of Infection in,Oral and Maxillofacial Region,(一),临床检查(,clinical examination,):,感染初期,感染区表现为红、肿、热、痛、引流区淋巴结肿痛、功能障碍。,脓肿形成后,,浅部脓肿可扪及波动感(,fluctuance,),深部和筋膜下脓肿难以扪及波动感,但可扪及清楚的压痛点,按压脓肿区的表面皮肤出现凹陷性水肿,穿刺检查可以明确诊断。,畏寒、发热、头疼、乏力、食欲减退、尿量减少等全身症状。,三、口腔颌面部感染的诊断 Diagnosis of Inf,17,第六章-口腔颌面部感染Chapter-6-Infection-in-Oral-and课件,18,(二)实验室检查(,laboratory examination,):,血常规检查:白细胞总数增高,中性粒细胞比例上 升,核左移。,脓液细菌培养,药物敏感试验(,drug sensitivity test,)可辅助临床正确选用抗菌药。,X,线摄片检查对颌骨骨髓炎的诊断、病变范围、破坏程度、死骨的定位等能提供依据。,(二)实验室检查(laboratory examinatio,19,Microbiologic Considerations,Identification of bacteria,Representative specimen collected,Examine specimen,Submit for culture and sensitivity,Gram Stain,Microbiologic ConsiderationsId,20,四、口腔颌面部感染的治疗,Treatment,of Infection in,Oral and Maxillofacial Region,(一)局部治疗(,local treatment),:,保持局部清洁,减少局部活动,避免局部刺激,严禁挤压面部疖,(Furuncle),、痈(,carbuncle,)。,四、口腔颌面部感染的治疗Treatment of Infe,21,Surgical Treatment,Provide drainage,Remove the cause of infection,Pulpectomy,Extraction,Remove foreign body,Debride non-viable bone,Culture and sensitivity,Surgical TreatmentProvide drai,22,Surgical Treatment,Surgical Treatment,23,(二)手术治疗(,operative treatment,):,脓肿切开引流术(,Abscess incision drainage,),切开引流的目的(,Purpose of,incision drainage,),:,使脓液和腐败坏死物迅速排出体外。,防止舌根部、口底间隙脓肿导致的窒息。,引流颌骨周围脓肿,防止发生边缘性颌骨骨髓炎。,预防感染向颅内或胸腔扩散以及侵入血循环。,局部炎症明显,病情发展迅速,或有明显全身中毒症状者,早期切开引流,可减轻局部压力、阻止感染继续扩散。,(二)手术治疗(operative treatment):,24,切开引流的指征(,Indication of incision drainage,):,局部搏动性跳痛;炎性肿胀明显,皮肤表面紧张、发红、光亮;有压痛点、波动感、凹陷性水肿;深部脓肿穿刺有脓液。,经抗生素控制感染无效,全身中毒症状明显。,出现呼吸困难及吞咽困难。,结核性寒性脓肿。,切开引流的指征(Indication of incision,25,切开引流的要求(,Demands,of incision drainage,):,为达到体位自然引流的目的,切口应在脓肿低位,使引流道短、通畅、容易维持。,切口应尽力选择在愈合后瘢痕隐蔽的位置,切口长度以能保证引流通畅为准则;应首选口内引流。,颜面切口应顺皮纹切开,勿损伤重要解剖结构:面神经、血管和唾液腺导管等。,切开引流的要求(Demands of incision dr,26,切开至粘膜下或皮下即可,按脓肿位置用血管钳直达脓腔后,再钝分离扩大引流口。避免在不同组织层次中形成多处腔隙或通道,以减少感染扩散,保证引流通畅。,颜面“危险三角区”的脓肿切开后,严禁挤压,以防感染向颅内扩散。,切开至粘膜下或皮下即可,按脓肿位置用血管钳直达脓腔后,再钝分,27,.,引流(,drains,)的建立,:,口内用碘仿纱条或橡皮片引流,口外用橡皮片或乳胶管引流。每日更换敷料,1,2,次,更换敷料时用,
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