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Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,急性主动脉综合征的诊疗,普洱市人民医院急诊科,董知国,概述,急性主动脉综合征由三种临床特征相似且相互关联的情况组成,主动脉夹层,(AD),主动脉壁内血肿,(IMH),穿透性溃疡,(PAU),主动脉夹层Aortic dissection,AD,胸主动脉腔内的高速、高压血流从动脉内膜撕裂处进入主动脉壁内,使主动脉中膜与外膜别离甚或一并撕破外膜而破裂),外膜继而扩张膨出而形成夹层动脉瘤。,主动脉夹层分型,Debakey,分型,I,型,夹层动脉瘤起源于升主动脉并累及腹主动脉,型,夹层动脉瘤局限于升主动脉;,型,夹层动脉瘤起源于胸降主动脉,向下未累及腹主动脉者称为,A,,累及腹主动脉者称为,B,Stanford,分型,无论夹层起源于哪一部位,只要累及升主动脉者称为,A,型,夹层起源于胸降主动脉且未累及升主动脉者称为,B,型,AD,转归,发病急剧、病情凶险。,Stanford A,型患者,2/3,在急性期内死于夹层破裂或心包填塞、心律失常等并发症。,Stanford B,型患者约,75%,可以度过急性期,但,5,年生存率仅,10%-15%,,大多死于瘤体破裂。,主动脉夹层分型,分期,急性期:发病在3天之内,亚急性期:发病在3天至2个月,慢性期:发病时间超过2个月,主动脉壁内血肿,(Intramural hematoma,IMH),主动脉中膜内滋养血管出血所致;,主动脉内膜微小破口所致血肿,血肿随后可顺行或逆行开展,病症无法与典型AD的病症鉴别,10%20%主动脉夹层影像学检查上显示为IMH,即没有内膜破口,假腔内没有血流,穿透性溃疡,(Penetrating aortic ulcer,PAU),有溃疡动脉粥样硬化病变,溃疡穿透内弹力层,致使主动脉壁中层形成血肿,发生于动脉粥样硬化改变最常见主动脉节段,,90%,以上局限于胸降主动脉,老年人,有高血压和弥漫性动脉粥样硬化,因胸痛或背痛就诊,无主动脉瓣返流或灌注不良,可为,IMH,、,AD,或单纯血管破裂发生前期改变,蘑菇样袋状主动脉管腔,边缘向外突起,穿透性溃疡,(PAU),诊断方法,临床表现不能排除急性主动脉综合征患者,除非有禁忌症,均应行主动脉全程CTA、MRA颈动脉-股骨头水平,初期治疗建议,(I,类,),胸主动脉夹层初始治疗应控制心率和血压,到达降低主动脉壁应力目的:,如无禁忌症,静脉内阻滞剂,目标心率60次/分;,阻滞剂明确禁忌症,采用非二氢吡啶类钙通道阻滞剂控制心率;,如在充分控制心率后SBP120mmHg,静脉内用ACEI/或其他血管扩张剂,在维持充分的终末器官灌注根底上进一步降低血压,硝普钠是疗效最确切药物,可快速地逐步增高剂量以到达最正确血压控制;,如有急性主动脉瓣返流,应慎用阻滞剂,防止阻断代偿性心动过速。,初期治疗建议,(I,类,),充分控制疼痛,可降低交感神经介导的心率和血压升高,-,静脉内阿片类镇痛药;,各种形式的主动脉夹层相关低血压,-,首先扩容提高血压,最初静脉内使用降压药稳定血压后,需要长期的降压治疗时,包括使用,阻滞剂和补充其他类别的降压药物。,ACEI/ARB,可延缓主动脉扩张;,主动脉疾病的治疗选择,Debakey I,-,手术,(,心外科,),Debakey -,腔内治疗,(,杂交术,),主动脉壁内血肿和动脉粥样硬化穿透性溃疡治疗原那么,治疗目的:防止主动脉破裂或进展到典型AD,在紧急手术前稳定患者病情,降低主动脉手术的复杂性;,内科强化治疗(特别有病症患者):阻滞剂和其他降压治疗;,开放手术或覆膜支架治疗适应证:,解剖学特征、临床表现和进程、患者合并症;,覆膜支架技术有关因素。,主动脉腔内修复术,Endovascular Aorta Repair,EVAR,优点,:,微创;,无传统手术引起的疼痛;,减少全麻时间或局麻;减少住院天数;无需主动脉阻断;,降低死亡率,小结,急性主动脉综合征是急性胸痛原因之一,CTA为最正确的诊断方法,首要内科治疗为心率控制,根据临床情况,结合“指引制定治疗方案,
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