生理学第一章绪论

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,PHYSIOLOGY,（,生理学,）,Chapter 1,:,Introduction to Physiology,Section 1,Brief Account,Human Physiology,生理学,医学,Physiology:,a branch of biology dealing with the mechanisms by which the body functions.,The normal,functions,of organs and organ systems of the body.,The,conditions,under which these functions are carried out.,The,mechanisms,by which they are achieved.,植物生理学,动物生理学,人体生理学,细胞生理学,系统生理学,心脏生理学,神经,生理学,内分泌,生理学,呼吸,生理学,肾脏,生理学,生理学,(Physiology),医 学,(Medine),Physiology,is the primary basic medical science.,It is essential to,pharmacology, the study of the effects of drugs on physiologic processes.,Most of medicine itself is,pathophysiology,.,We hope that each student will realize that the study of physiology should continue throughout his or her career.,Besides physiology, the basic medical sciences include,biology, embryology, genetics, anatomy, histology, biochemistry, pathophysiology, pathology, microbiology, immunology, etc. Although taught separately as different courses, these branches of basic medical sciences are closely inter-related inseparable, forming a solid scientific basis for practice of medicine.,William Harvey is famous for having accurately described how blood,circulates around the body.,In 1615 Harvey began to work on the idea,that blood circulated around the body. He,experimented on live animals and dissected,the bodies of executed criminals. He proved,that the heart was a pump that forced blood,around the body through arteries. Veins then,returned the blood to the heart where it was recycled.,In 1628, Harvey published details of his work in his book An Anatomical,Disquisition on the Movement of the Heart and Blood.,William Harvey,(1578-1657),Physiology,is the experimental science.,P,hysiology,is the science which is about living.,M,edicine,is the science which is about disease.,S,o from this point of view,the physiology is more common than the medicine.,生理学,Physiology,概念：,研究生物机体的生命活动（功能 ）及其规律的科学。,主要内容：,一切与生命有关的郑成功能活动及其这些活动的调节问题。,功能,function,调节,regulation,人体生理学,Human Physiology,生命（living）,活,流感病毒,Influenza Virus, 生命的基本特征,1. Metabolism: 同化,异化,能量转换,2. excitability：兴奋,抑制,3. Reproduction,：,生殖活动,Section 2,Internal environment and homeostasis,Body fluid,(60%),Intracellular fluid (40%),Extracellular fluid (20%),Plasma,(5%),Interstitial fluid,(15%),Internal,environment,Claude Bernard,(1813-1878),Homeostasis,: relatively stable condition of extracellular fluid that results from regulatory system actions.,Oxygen,Glucose,Small ions,Carbon dioxide,Metabolic wastes,Secretions,Amino acids,Cell,Homeostasis,A stable internal environment is essential for normal cell function,Conditions in the internal environment must be maintained within narrow limits, including:,Oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions,Concentrations of glucose and other metabolites,Osmotic pressure,Concentrations of H,+,K,+,Ca,2+,Mg,2+,Temperature,Nervous regulation,Humoral regulation,Autoregulation,Section 3,Regulation Physiological Function,Reflex,: biological control system linking stimulus with response and mediated,by a reflex arc.,Nervous regulation,Reflex arc,Spinal reflex,Baroreceptor control of arterial pressure (baroreflex),Paracrine:,chemical messenger that exerts its effects on tissues near its secretion site.,Neurosecretion:,chemical messenger released by a neuron and carried by the blood to its target cell.,Neurosecretion,Oxytocin,Vasopressin,神经内分泌免疫调节网络:,neuroinmmunoendocrinology,Autoregulation: ability of an individual organ to control its activity (vascular resistance) independent of neural and hormonal influence.,Autoregulation,Renal a,utoregulation,神经调节的特点,神经元分泌的“递质”或“调质”通过神经纤维和突触实现其调控作用。,神经系统的作用广泛、迅速、灵敏、定位准确。,它控制了包括内分泌系统和免疫系统在内的机体各个系统的功能作用。具有节律性变化。,体液调节的特点：,内分泌细胞分泌的“激素”通过体液运输来完成其调控作用。其作用范围广泛、缓慢，影响持久，定位不及神经系统明确。内分泌系统从广泛意义上讲，可以视为神经系统传出神经的“延长部分”。具有典型节律性变化。,内分泌系统对刺激的获得、分析、贮存、记忆、整合，是通过和神经系统共同完成。,自身调节的特点,调节幅度小、不够灵敏、作用有限，作用范围也比较小。,在有些情况下有一定的意义。,Control system:,the mechanisms by which the body maintains homeostasis.,Feedback control system,Feed-forward control system,Section 4,Control system in the body,Feedback:,characteristic of control systems in which output response influences input to system.,Sensors,to detect conditions in the body,Effectors,to change conditions in the body,Negative feedback,Positive feedback,Feedback control system,Controller,Effectors,Sensors,Variable,1,Negative feedback,Negative feedback:,aspect of control systems in which systems response opposes input to system.,Homeostatic control illustrating the concept of negative feedback,Set point: 100mmHg,Negative feedback control system for regulation of body temperature,Set point: 37,C,Positive feedback:,aspect of control systems in which an initial disturbance sets off train of events that increases the disturbance even further.,2,Positive feedback,A positive feedback cycle involved in the upstroke of an action potential,Positive feedback,Blood coagulation,Positive feedback,Parturition,Positive feedback,Feed-forward control system,Feed-forward:,aspect of some control systems that allows system to anticipate changes in a regulated variable,.,Sight,Sound,Smell,End,生理学研究与发展展望,Section 5,Cellular and molecular level,Organ and system level,Organismal level,Function occurs at three levels,1,Cellular and molecular level,Cellular and molecular level,2,Organ and system level,3,Organismal level,In vivo: (在体),acute experiment,chronic experiment,In vitro:,(离体),isolated tissue,Methodology,In vivo,Methodology,Cannula,implantation,Rotation,Rotational behavior,Seizure,Tonic seizure,In vitro,Methodology,Patch clamp,Electron microscopy,Steps in the Scientific Method,ObservationInteresting phenomena,Hypothesis,Experiments,Conclusion,Retesting,Publication,Autoregulation,