第二章 英汉语言比较

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,五,.,翻译练习,True Lies,A World without Thieves,The Dream Factory,Shawshank,Redemption,Six of one and half a dozen of the other,半斤八两,隔墙有耳,Walls have ears.,鱼米之乡,a land of milk and honey,白马王子、梦中情人,Mr./Mrs.Right;Prince Charming,Rob Peter to pay Paul,拆东墙补西墙,I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.,直：我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。,意：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍。,少时海为家，归乡两鬓斑。,青春献海洋，暮年伴我妻。,Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful,nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,直：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。,意：逃避并不能解决实际问题。,第二章英汉语言比较,English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(,印欧语系,).Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family,（汉藏语系）,.It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language.On the basis of Angles language(Anglo-Saxon),English was built by absorbing words in various languages.,Vocabulary,在英语史上，英语吸收了大量其他语言的词汇，加上英语本身就具有很多同义词。英语中的同义词和近义词很多，一词多义,(,polysemy,),的现象很普遍：,a,soft,pillow case.,a,soft,aboveground launching site.,The record has been considered,soft,ever since it was set last May.,Marijuana is usually regarded as a,soft,drug.,At this stage there is only,soft,intelligence about the enemy intention.We should not shoot him from the hip.,2.,汉语的一词多义现象：以“地”为例,词语：地方 地步 地球 地势 地位 地头蛇,地震 地狱 地域 天地,词组或成语：天长地久 天翻地覆 天罗地网 不败之地,Collocation,To cut wheat,To cut cake,To cut finger-nails,He wore dark glasses,thick jersey,and stopped up his ears with cotton wool.,他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里面塞了棉花。,But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.,但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人棍子打了回去。,Word Order,1.,定语的位置,汉语的定语通常在所修饰名词前面；英语中单词作定语多放在名词前面，短语作定语多后置。,A research-oriented,hospital;something,important;a candidate with little chance of success.,2.,状语的位置,（,1,）单词作状语：常放在所修饰的形容词和动词前面。,（,2,）短语作状语：英语中短语作状语，可放在修饰动词之前或之后；译成汉语时，大多数放在动词前面，也可放在后面。,.,3.,复合句中的逻辑顺序,(1).,时间先后顺序,.,He was born in London on May 27,1923,(2).,因果、条件关系,Differences in Sentence Structure,（,1,）英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合,.,Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.,车未停稳，请勿下车（原句用,before,将两个分句连成一个复合句,译文分成两个小短句。）,（,2,）英语句子重心在前，汉语句子重心在后。,I was all the more delighted when,as a result of the initiative of your Government,it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.,由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样愉快的重新进行这次访问，这使我感到特别高兴。,1,、不完全对应,eat,与汉语的“吃”：,feed,，,consume,，,prey,，,graze,，,peck,，,pick,吃不开,(,be unpopular),，吃不消,(,be unable to stand,),，吃醋,(,be jealous,),，吃苦,(,bear hardships,),，吃亏,(,suffer losses;be at a disadvantage,),，吃一堑，长一智,(,a fall into the pit,a gain in your wit,),。,Morning,，,marriage,2,、固定搭配的语义差异,努力学习（,work hard,）不是（,learn/study hard,）；,半年,six months,，不常用,half a year,；,学知识,gain/acquire knowledge,，不是,learn knowledge,。,Vocabulary,3,、汉语词典含义与英语习惯表达之间的差异,儿童票价减半,误：,childrens fare reduced by half,正：,half-price fare for children,一次专访,误：,a special visit,正：,an exclusive interview,必须引起密切注意,误：,must cause close attention,正：,require immediate attention,身体状况良好,误：,good body condition,正：,in good shape,走错了路,误：,walk on the wrong road,正：,be on the wrong track,4,、数词的语用含义差异,一目了然,see with half an eye,一模一样,as alike as two peas,三言两语,in a few words;in one or two words,三心二意,to be in two minds,三思而后行,look before you leap,三三两两,by ones and twos,四面八方,all directions;all around;all quarters;far and near,七嘴八舌,all talking at once,半斤八两,six of one and half-a-dozen of the other,十之八九,ten to one,十全十美,be perfect in every way;be out of this world;to the nines,Quiz,：,talk along parallel lines,“,谈不到一块儿”、“各持己见”、“意见不一致”；,“英雄所见略同”,familiar talk,熟悉的交谈,庸俗的交谈,goldbrick,金锭,懒汉，赝品,大忙人,busybody,busy bee,自食其言,to eat ones own words.,to go back on ones words,英汉两种语言的差异,直线型与螺旋型,分析型与综合型,抽象型与形象型,客观性与主观性,前重心与后重心,竹节句法与流水句法,理性型与绘画型,张衡还创造了世界上第一台观测气象的仪器,候风仪,anemograph,。他还制作了已经失传的指南车。这种车不管怎么转弯，车上的木制小人总是把手臂指向南方。,Zhang,Heng,also created the worlds first meteorological instrument anemograph.He made a pointing-south cart with a wooden figure always pointing southward no matter what direction the cart was moving in.The cart has since been lost.,英语是典型的“直线型”思维，而汉语则是典型的“螺旋型”思维。因此，英语里习惯于直切主题，不拐弯抹角。而汉语则不同，中国人常常要在点题之前作充分准备，最后才把重点讲出来。英语里很喜欢使用现有理论作演绎推理，而汉语里更喜欢归纳式讨论，即先罗列现象或先摆出具体的事实再作抽象总结。,一、直线型与螺旋型,Time is an equal opportunity employer.Each human being has exactly the same number of hours and minutes every day.Rich people cant buy more hours.Scientists cant invent new minutes.And you cant save time to spend it on another day.,每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全相同，富人不可能购买更多的小时，科学家也不能发明新的分钟，并且你还不能把时间留到另一天用，所以说，时间是机会均等的雇主。,英语民族偏爱分析型思维，其思维方式是部分优先,所以英语的句子特别注重形式上的完整及各部分之间的关系在形式上的体现。而中国人偏好综合型思维，其思维方式是整体优先,即重整体轻分解,善于简洁含蓄地解释事物整体而不善于分析事物的内部结构,所以汉语句子更注重整体表达效果，对形式上的完整及各部分之间的关系是否严谨并不十分重视,词和句子的意义常靠前后左右综合的意义网来理解。,二、分析型与综合型,As it is too late for you to go home now,you had better stay overnight at this place.,(as,表明主从句的因果关系,),现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。（因果关系靠内在逻辑关系来理解）,天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。（白居易）（注重整体表达效果，转折关系没有明示）,The eternal universe sometimes comes to an end,but my unceasing complaint knows no limit.,（增加连词,but,，明确转折关系）,英语中抽象的内容多，汉语中具体的内容多。西方人受西方哲学思想体系的