语法--句子成分和句子分类

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Best wishes for the holidays and happiness throughout the New Year.,恭贺新禧，万事如意。,Peace all year round.,Wishing you prosperity.,May all your wishes come true.,Safe trip wherever you go.,学习成功的六大因素,1,.,积极的学习心态,2.,勤奋刻苦的精神,3.,牢固的知识基础和全面的知识结构,4.,得当有效的学习方法,5,健康稳定并善于调整的心态,6.,极强的自学能力,句子成分和句子分类,2011,年,8,月,预备知识点一：词类概述,词类,英语名称,作用,例词,名词,n.,表示人或事物的名称,man,dog,tree,book,冠词,art.,用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用,a,an,the,代词,pron.,代替名词或数词,I,you,that,this,some,a few,数词,num.,表示数量或顺序,one,two,first,形容词,adj.,修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征,red,beautiful,young,old,副词,adv.,修饰动词、形容词或其它副词,very,quickly,often,here,动词,v.,表动作或状态,walk,run,study,be,介词,prep.,用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系,in,on,at,behind,from,连词,conj.,用来连接词与词或句与句,and,but,if,or,感叹词,interj.,表示说话时的感情或口气,oh,hello,hi,er,一、句子成分,概述：,组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括,主语、,谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。,主语,和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须,有主语和谓语）。,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,句子成分,特点和功能,例句,主语,谓语,宾语,表语,1.,是一个句子所叙述的主体，,一般位于句首,。,2.,常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词、数词和主语从句充当。,They,are students.,The sun,rises in the east.,太阳在东方升起。,To see,is to believe.,眼见为实。,1.,说明主语的动作、状态和特征，,一般放 在主语的后面,2.,常用动词或动词词组充当,We,study,English.,He,is,asleep.,You,may go,now.,1.,是动作行为的对象或承受者,放在及物动词或介词之后,2.,常用名词或相当于名词的词（动词不定时或动名词）、代词和数词充当,I like,China.,We study,English.,I play with,him,.,位于,系动词（如,be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem,等）之后,表示主语的性质、,状态和特征。,They are,students.,He is,asleep,.,他睡着了。,To see is,to believe.,（一）句子成分的特点和功能,句子成分,特点和功能,例句,定语,状语,修饰限定名词或代词，说明该名词或代词的状态、品质、数量等。,1.,用来修饰动词、形容词和副词等的，表示事情发生的时间、地点、原因、结果、程度等等,2.,修饰动词时，位置在该动词前后均可；修饰形容词或副词，要放在它们之前,The,little,boy needs a,blue,pen.,(,形容词,),小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。,Two,boys need two pens.,（数词）,两个男孩需要两支钢笔,His,name is Tom./,他的名字是汤姆,。（所有格）,The boy,in the classroom,needs a pen of yours.,教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔,。（介词短语）,The boy,sitting under the tree,is Tom.,坐在树下的男孩是,Tom.,（分词短语）,He runs,quickly.,他跑地很快。,She is,very,beautiful.,她非常漂亮。,I will go,there tomorrow.,我明天去那儿。,He works,in this factory,.,（二）练习,说出下列划线部分单词或词组在句子,中各充当什么成分,I dont like the picture on the wall.,My brother hasnt done his homework.,It is a great pleasure,to talk with,you.,He broke a piece of glass.,He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.,主,谓语,宾语,定语,主语,谓语,谓语,谓语,形式主语,主,主,定语,宾语,宾语,状语,定语,宾语,表语,练习：将上四个例句变成,否定,陈述句。,二、句子的分类,（按用途划分）：,陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句,（一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，说明一个事实，表述说话,人的看法、和态度的句子。,常用结构：主语,+,谓语,+,其它。,句末通常是句号。,1.Tom can speak good English.,2.He is a student.3.I like football.,4.Tom gets up early every day.,1.Tom,can not speak,good English.,2.He,is not,a student.,3.I,dont like,football.,4.Tom,doesnt get up,early every day.,.,否定句,注：1）,半否定句,:,hardly,little,I,hardly,know anything about it.,2）,部分否定句与全否定句,I do,nt,like,all,the films.,I like,neither,Cathy,nor,Mary.,3,),否定转移,I,dont think,it will be very cold today.,(,believe,expect,suppose,imagine),I、,句子种类,分类,特点,例句,一般,疑问句,特殊,疑问句,反义,疑问句,选择,疑问句,（二）疑问句：用来提出问题。分为以下四类：,1.,句首是,be,动词、助动词,do,或,have(,包括,did/,does,has,/had),或情态动词，,句末是问号。,2.,用,yes,和,no,进行回答。,Are you Students?,Do you like football?,Can you speak English?,Have you,fininshed,your work?,1.,句首是疑问代词或疑问副词,，句末是问号。直接对疑问代词或疑问副词进行回答,2.,常用结构：,疑问词（在句中不充当主语）,+,一般疑问句；疑问词（在句中充当主语）,+,谓语,+,其它,+,？,What,do you like?,你喜欢什么？,Where,is Tom?Tom,在哪里？,How,can I help you?,我怎样才能帮你？,Who,likes football?,谁喜欢足球？,跟在陈述句后，对它所说的事实提出疑问。,用,Yes,或,no,进行回答。,He is a student,isnt he?,他是一个学生，不是吗？,He doesnt like football,does he?,他不喜欢足球，是吗？,以,or,连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。,Is he a student or a worker?,他是学生还是工人？,将这四个一般疑问句变成陈述句：,You are students.,2.You like football.,3.You can speak English.,4.You have finished your work.,陈述句变一般疑问句方法：,1.,行为动词和除,be,动词,以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加,do,或,does,或,did,。,2.be,动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。,（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称,you,但常常被省略。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加,don,t,Sit down,please!,请坐下！,Give me a piece of paper!,Don,t waste your time!,Let,s go!,补充考点：祈使句的反义疑问句,1.,肯定祈使句，反义疑问部分用,will you,或,won,t you,Give me a piece of paper,will you?(,或,won,t you?),2.,否定祈使句，反义疑问部分只用,will you?,Don,t waste your time,will you?,I、,句子种类,1）带第二人称的祈使句,You,call a taxi.Dont,you,forget it.(,强调),Give me a hand,will/wont/would/,wouldn,you?,2）带第一、三人称的祈使句,Let me try again.,Lets not say anything about it./Dont lets say,Let him be here by 10 oclock.,句型,结构,（,1.,How,beautiful,she,is,!,）,2.,What,a clever boy,he,is,!,3.,What,clever students,they,are,!,4.,What,bad news,it,is,!,1.,How,+,2.,What,+,形容词,/,副词,+,主语,+,谓语动词,+,其它,名词或名词词组,+,主语,+,谓语动词,+,其它,（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。,常用,what,或,how,（表多么）引导，句末用,“,！,”,。,可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词,感叹句练习：,用,what,或,how,填空,1._ warm it is in winter in Hong Kong!,2._ a wonderful performance we had last night!,3._ clever students they are!,4._ delicious food!,5._ a lovely day we are having today!,6._ bad news it is!,7._ hard the students of Class One are working on the farm!,8._ a wonderful time we had last night!,How,What,What,What,What,What,How,What,I、,句子种类,5、,THERE-BE,存在句,There,is,a clock on the table.,Once there,lived,a king called Lear.,There,goes,the bell!,Here,comes,the bus.,There,used to,be a village at the foot of the mountain.,There,seems to be,some misunderstanding.,.,二、句子的分类（按结构划分）：,简单句、并列句和复合句,（一）简单句：句子里只有一个主谓结构，且各个,成分都只由单词或