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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chinese Culture,凌海衡,charles_ling,Why this course?, ,: know thyself,inscribed in the pronaos (forecourt) of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi, an ancient Greek city on the slopes of Mount Parnassus; site of the oracle of Delphi,What to Learn,I Ching, or,The Book of Change,(,周易,),Confucianism (,孔孟程朱,),Taoism (,老庄,),Budhism (,肇论、坛经,),History (,战国策、史记,),Others,How to Learn,Attend classes;,Read the reading materials;,Consult other references;,Take notes & write papers.,Chronology,Yi-Jing, or The Book of Change,Chinese philosophy (both Confucianism & Daoism) as deep thinking on the nature of the world and the nature of human self can be said to have begun with the formation of the text of,Yi-Jing at the,beginning of the Zhou dynasty in the early 12,th,century BCE.,The name suggests that it deals with all changes (,易,yi),in the world, thus covering both natural changes and changes introduced by human action.,From Divination to Philosophy,The disclosure of philosophical insights embodied in the texts of the,Zhou-Yi,transformed it,from a text of divination into a text of philosophical wisdom,.,This transformation is essential for understanding how the,Zhou-Yi,could be regarded as the forming of,a,system of ideas or views about the world and ourselves as human beings.,Yin & Yang,It concerns the genesis of the onto-cosmological world (nature) in terms of the movement and rest of,yin and yang.,explaining all things in their formation and transformation,incorporating human beings as part & parcel of ontocosmological process of realityrealization,enabling human beings to actively change the world,forming the image-forms (trigrams/hexagrams,guas,卦,),and,yaos,(,爻,),in the Yi-Jing text,.,Gua,The book consists of 64 hexagrams (,gua,) and related texts. The hexagrams, as combinations of two trigrams (also gua), are composed of six lines (,yao,) arranged one atop the other in vertical sequence and read from bottom to top.,Each line is either solid (yang ) or broken (yin,-,). The combinations are determined by the numerical manipulation of divining sticks, originally yarrow stalks, or milfoil,蓍草,.,The Eight,Gua,s,Allegedly, a legendary ruler, Fu Xi (ca. 2000 BCE), was responsible for the construction of this earliest form of,Yijing.,These trigrams represent the eight basic natural elements: heaven (,乾,), earth (,坤,), water (,坎,), fire (,离,), wind (,巽,), thunder (,震,), mountain (,艮,), and lake (,兑,).,朱熹：乾三连，坤六断；震仰盂，艮覆碗；离中虚，坎中满；兑上缺，巽下断,The Eight,Gua,s,On the level of natural representations, these eight trigrams stand for eight basic natural phenomena.,However, they also stand for other relations in a metaphorical sense.,E.g., in one of the,Ten Wings,the,Discussion of the Trigrams,(,说卦,),the trigrams are associated,with various things.,Constant flux, or Changes,These trigrams were conceived as images of all that happens in heaven and on earth. At the same time, they were held to be in a state of continual transition, one changing into another.,Attention centers not on things in their state of being, but upon their movements in change. They therefore are not representations of things as such but of their tendencies in movement.,Structure 1,Each hexagram is accompanied by a hexagram name (,卦名,), a hexagram statement (,卦辞,), and line statements (,爻辞,) for each of the six lines.,The line statements have a sequential or associational organization based on the general topic given in the Judgment (,彖,).,Each states a specific, differentiated instance or variation of the topic, followed by a charge or injunction that one should take some action or refrain from it and a final determination.,Duke Zhous Philosophy of Life,At this stage,Yijing,emerged as a philosophy of life,.,It was no,longer just a book for divination.,Each situation, symbolically represented by either the hexagram as a whole or a single line in the hexagram, signifies a moral situation in life.,The Judgment frequently depicts possible options in any given situation along with their possible outcomes.,Structure 2,The 2,nd,layer consists of another two parts: commentary on the Judgments called,Tuanzhuan,彖传,and commentary on the abstract meanings or Images” of the Judgments and the line statements called,Xiangzhuan,象传,.,The Judgments have “Great Images” (,大象,) - the abstract meanings of hexagrams as whole entities - and the line statements have “Little Images” (,小象,) - the abstract meanings of individual lines.,Confucianist Philosophy,彖传,turned the mystical oracle nature of the ancient text into a philosophical exposition of various situations in life. It serves both as an analysis of the various contexts and as a discussion on the moral duties of individuals in these contexts.,象传,fully developed the sense of Natures possessing moral attributes, or Natures being symbolic representations of various moral attributes.,Ten Wings,The traditional format of,Yijing,divides the,彖传,and the,象传,each into two sections; together, they form the first four of the so-called,Ten Wings,(,十翼,) of the exegetical material included in the,Classic o f Changes.,All,Ten Wings are,traditionally attributed to Confucius. However, individual Wings actually date from different periods, with some predating his time while others date from as late as the third century B.C.,Great Treatise,The,Great Treatise (,系辞传,),received the most attention from Neo-Confucians,.,This treatise is divided into two parts. It covers a wide range of topics, including the nature of,Yijing,the method of divination, the social reforms made by ancient sages, and the history of human civilization.,It can be seen as one of the most important philosophical foundations for Neo-Confucianism.,In theory,The Book of Change, or,Yijing, provides a profound cosmological foundation for Chinese philosophy.,In practice,Yijing,was commonly used in divination, a process in which advice is given to a particular person in a particular situation on how to accomplish success and avoid disaster.,It also serves as the theoretical basis for,Feng Shui,an art of the rearrangement of ones life and ones surroundings.,
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